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Latest revision as of 17:50, 4 April 2019

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maria Fernanda Villarreal, M.D. [2] Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S. [3]; Grammar Reviewer: Natalie Harpenau, B.S.[4]

Synonyms and keywords: Elevated white blood cell count; Right-shift leukocytosis; Left-shift leukocytosis

Overview

Leukocytosis is the elevation of the white blood cell count above the normal range (greater than 11,000 per mm3). Leukocytosis is frequently a sign of an inflammatory response, most commonly the result of infection, but may also occur following certain parasitic infections, bone tumors, strenuous exercise, emotional stress, pregnancy, anesthesia, and epinephrine administration. Leukocytosis may be classified into 5 sub-types: neutrophilia (most common), lymphocytosis, monocytosis, eosinophilia, and basophilia. Other classifications include: Left shift or right shift leukocytosis. The pathogenesis of leukocytosis is characterized by the increase of leukocytes (primarily neutrophils), followed by the proliferation and release of granulocyte and monocyte precursors in the bone marrow, which is then stimulated by several products of inflammation including C3a and G-CSF.^[1]

Historical Perspective

Leukocytosis was first discovered by Paul Kautchakoff in 1846.^[1]

Classification

Leukocytosis may be classified into 5 sub-types:^[2]

Leukocytosis may also be classified into 2 groups:^[2]

Left shift (most common)

Immature leukocytes increase
Proliferation and release of granulocyte and monocyte precursors in the bone marrow
Usually stimulated by several products of inflammation including C3a and G-CSF

Right shift

Reduced count or lack of "young neutrophils"
Associated with the presence of "giant neutrophils"

Another variant of leukocytosis is the leukemoid reaction.
The image below demonstrates a graphic figure that illustrates hematopoietic growth factors in leukocytosis.^[3]

Hematopoietic growth factors in leukocytosis, Courtesy of Wikipedia

Pathophysiology

The pathogenesis of leukocytosis is characterized by:^[2]

An increased release of leukocytes from bone marrow storage pools
Decreased margination of leukocytes onto vessel walls
Decreased extravasation of leukocytes from the vessels into tissues
Increase in number of precursor cells in the bone marrow

Causes

To see a comprehensive list of all causes of leukocytosis, please click here

Causes of leukocytosis
Neutrophilic leukocytosis (neutrophilia)	Acute bacterial infections, especially pyogenic infections Sterile inflammation Tissue necrosis Myocardial infarction Burns
Eosinophilic leukocytosis (eosinophilia)	Allergic disorders Asthma Hay fever Drug allergies Allergic skin diseases Pemphigus Dermatitis herpetiformis Parasitic infections Some forms of malignancy Hodgkin's lymphoma Some forms of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Systemic auto-immune diseases (e.g. SLE) Some forms of vasculitis Cholesterol embolism (transiently)
Basophilic leukocytosis Basophilia	Myeloproliferative disease, e.g. Chronic myelogenous leukemia
Monocytosis	Chronic infections Tuberculosis Bacterial endocarditis Rickettsiosis Malaria Systemic autoimmune diseases, e.g. SLE Inflammatory bowel diseases, e.g. ulcerative colitis
Lymphocytosis	Chronic infections Tuberculosis Brucellosis Viral infections Hepatitis Cytomegalovirus infection Infectious mononucleosis Pertussis Some forms of malignancy, such as lymphocytic leukæmias

Epidemiology and Demographics

Leukocytosis is very common.^[2]

Age

Patients of all age groups may develop leukocytosis.
Normal white blood count differential changes with age.
Leukocytosis in neonates is more common, in comparison to children and adults.^[2]

Gender

Leukocytosis affects men and women equally.

Race

There is no racial predilection for leukocytosis.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of leukocytosis include:^[2]

Physiological processes (e.g. stress, exercise, pregnancy)
Drugs (e.g. corticosteroids, lithium, beta agonists)
Trauma
Stress

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

The majority of patients with leukocytosis are initially symptomatic.^[3]
Early clinical features include:^[3]

Common complications of leukocytosis include:^[3]

Prognosis generally depends on the underlying etiologies.^[3]

Diagnosis

Symptoms

Leukocytosis is usually symptomatic.
Symptoms of leukocytosis are often unspecific such as:^[3]

Weight loss
Fevers of unknown origin
Hyperhidrosis
Chronic pain
Fatigue
Dyspnea
Malaise

Obtain history of the following:

Clinical features
Duration (e.g. days, weeks, months)
Remainder of complete blood count

Laboratory Findings

Laboratory findings that are consistent with the diagnosis of leukocytosis involve the ^[3] White blood cell count being above the normal range (greater than 11,000 per mm3).

Differentiating Leukocytosis from Other Diseases

Differential diagnosis methods of leukocytosis:

Category	Condition	Etiology	Mechanism				Congenital	Acquried	Clinical manifestations											Para−clinical findings								Gold standard	Associated findings
									Demography	History	Symptoms			Signs						Para−clinical findings
											Symptoms			Signs						Lab Findings
			Physiologic	Increased bone marrow production		Demargination of peripheral blood neutrophils					Appearance	Fever	Abdominal pain	BP	Asplenia	Hepatosplenomegaly	Lymphadenopathy	Joint involvement	Other	CBC			PBS	Bone marrow exam	ESR/CRP	BUN/Cr	LFT
			Physiologic	Autonomous	Reactive	Demargination of peripheral blood neutrophils					Appearance	Fever	Abdominal pain	BP	Asplenia	Hepatosplenomegaly	Lymphadenopathy	Joint involvement	Other	WBC	HB	Plt	PBS	Bone marrow exam	ESR/CRP	BUN/Cr	LFT
Hematologic	Hereditary neutrophilia^[4]	Unknown Germline mutation in CSF3R	−	+	−	−	+	−	Rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder	Positive family history	Normal	−	−	Nl	−	+	−	−	−	↑	Nl	Nl	Normal granulocytes Histiocytes of Gaucher type	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Molecular testing	High leukocyte alkaline phosphatase Progress to leukemia
	Myeloproliferative neoplasms^[5]	Unknown Mutation	−	+	−	−	+	+	Elderly	Exposure to: Chemotherapy Radiation therapy Tobacco smoke	Petechiae Purpura Diffuse erythematous rash	±	+	Nl	−	+	−	−	Shortness of breath Fatigue	↑/↓	↓	↑/↓	Large platelets Ovalomacrocytosis Basophilic stippling Howell-Jolly body Pelger-Huet anomaly Ring sideroblasts	Impaired myeloid maturation Dyserythropoiesis Dysgranulopoiesis Dysmegakaryocytopoiesis Hypercellular bone marrow Fibrosis	↑	Nl	Nl	Bone marrow examination + clinical manifestation	Thrombosis at unusual sites Thrombosis in younger patients Might transformed to acute leukemia
	Polycythemia vera^[6]	Autonomous erythrocyte production JAK2 mutation (> 95%)	−	+	−	−	+	−	Mean age > 60 years old	Stroke Visual disturbance	Facial plethora	−	−	↑	−	+	+	−	Painful erythema	Nl to ↑	↑	↑	Elevated normochromic, normocytic RBCs Thrombocytosis ≥ 10% immature myeloid precursors Leukoerythroblastic picture	Increased myeloid:erythroid ratio due to granulocytic proliferation	Nl	Nl	Nl	Bone marrow examination + clinical manifestation	Stroke Venous thrombosis Myelofibrosis Acute leukemia
	Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA)^[7]	Microangiopathy Leukemoid reaction	−	+	−	−	+	+	Any	Bleeding disorder Positive family history	Pallor	+	+	↓	−	+	−	−	Shortness of breath Fatigue	↑	↓	↑	Fragmented RBCs Schistocytes	NA	↑	↑	↑	Bone marrow examination + clinical manifestation	Non-immune hemolysis Elevated LDH Elevated alkaline phosphatase Negative direct Coomb's test Thrombosis
	Leukoerythroblastosis^[8]	Space-occupying lesions in the bone marrow Infection	−	+	−	−	−	+	Any	Bleeding disorder	Pallor	−	+	Nl	−	+	−	−	Early satiety Fatigue	↑	↓	↓	Nucleated red cells Reticulocytosis Poikilocytes Circulating immature white cells, generally myelocytes and promyelocytes	Circulating immature white cells, generally myelocytes and promyelocytes Myelofibrosis	↑	Nl	↑	Bone marrow biopsy	Marrow infiltrative disorders Trauma Septicemia Massive hemolysis Megaloblastic anemia Extramedullary hematopoiesis
Immunology/ Rheumatology	Condition	Etiology	Physiologic	Autonomous increased bone marrow production	Reactive increased bone marrow production	Demargination of peripheral blood neutrophils	Congenital	Acquried	Demography	History	Appearance	Fever	Abdominal pain	BP	Asplenia	Hepatosplenomegaly	Lymphadenopathy	Joint involvement	Other signs	WBC	HB	Plt	PBS	Bone marrow exam	ESR/CRP	BUN/Cr	LFT	Gold standard	Associated findings
	Leukocyte adhesion deficiency^[9]	Primary immunodeficiency Failure to express CD18	−	+	−	−	+	−	Rare autosomal recessive, LAD II more in Middle East and Brazil	Positive family history	Characteristic facial appearance, short stature, limb malformations, and severe developmental delay in LAD II	+	−	Nl	−	−	−	−	Signs of different infections	↑	↓	↓/↑	Leukocytosis	Leukocytosis	Nl	Nl	Nl	Flow cytometry	Recurrent bacterial infections Delay in umbilical cord sloughing Inability to form abscesses
	Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes^[10]	Unknown Mutation	−	+	−	−	+	−	Autosomal dominant autoinflammatory syndrome	Positive family history	Hive-like rash without itching	+	−	Nl	−	−	−	+	Red eyes Vomiting Headache	↑	↓	↓/↑	Leukocytosis	Leukocytosis	↑	Nl	↑	Genetic tests	Blindness Hearing loss
	Rheumatoid arthritis^[11]^[12]	Immune-mediated	−	+	−	−	−	+	Any, more in young women, between 30-60 years old	Positive family history Cigarette smoking Obesity	Deformed joints Rheumatoid nodules	+	−	Nl	−	−	−	+	Weight loss Fatigue Dry eyes and mouth	↑	↓	↑	Leukocytosis	NA	↑	Nl	Nl	Clinical manifestation + positive anti-CCP antibodies	Osteoporosis Infections Carpal tunnel syndrome Multi-organ involvement Lymphoma
	Juvenile onset rheumatoid arthritis^[13]	Immune-mediated	−	+	−	−	−	+	Children under the age of 16	Positive family history	Blotchy rash on a child's arms and legs	+	−	Nl	−	−	+	+	Fatigue Dry eyes and mouth	↑	↓	↑	Leukocytosis	NA	↑	Nl	Nl	Clinical manifestation + laboratory findings	Uveitis Infections Multi-organ involvement
	Adult Still's disease^[14]	Immune-mediated	−	+	−	−	−	+	Rare autoimmune disease	NA	Nonpruritic salmon-colored rash (usually over trunk or extremities while febrile)	+	−	Nl	−	−	+	+	Headache Sore throat Weight loss Muscle pain	↑	↓	↑	Leukocytosis	NA	↑	Nl	Nl	Diagnosis of exclusion	High ferritin Negative ANA Aseptic meningitis Sensorineural hearing loss
	Kawasaki disease^[15]	Immune-mediated	−	+	−	−	−	+	Autoimmune disease, more in Asian ethnicity boys	NA	Diffuse maculopapular erythematous rash in the genital area, and red eyes, lips, palms or soles of the feet	+	+	Nl	−	−	+	+	Strawberry tongue Sore throat Diarrhea Bilateral conjunctival inflammation	↑	↓	↑	Leukocytosis	NA	↑	Nl	Nl	Diagnostic criteria	Medium-sized-vessel vasculitis Coronary artery aneurysm
	IBD^[16]	Immune-mediated Mutation	−	+	−	−	−	+	Autoimmune disease, more in young	Stress Positive family history	Pyoderma gangrenosum	+	+	Nl	−	+	+	+	Vomiting Diarrhea Rectal bleeding	↑	↓	↑	Leukocytosis	NA	↑	Nl	Nl	Colonoscopy and biopsy	Primary sclerosing cholangitis Non-thyroidal illness syndrome DVT Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia
	Sarcoidosis^[17]	Immune-mediated Unknown	−	+	−	−	−	+	Autoimmune disease, more in young African American women	Positive family history	Rashes Erythema nodosum Granuloma annulare Lupus pernio	+	+	Nl	−	+	+ Bilateral hilar adenopathy	+	Fatigue Weight loss Blurry vision Shortness of breath Cough	↑	↓	↑	Leukocytosis	NA	↑	Nl	Nl	Diagnosis of exclusion	Interstitial lung disease Systemic inflammatory disease
	Chronic hepatitis^[18]	Infection Autoimmune Ischemic	−	+	−	−	−	+	Elderly	Alcohol use Acute infection	Jaundice Ascites and peripheral edema	+	+	↓	−	+	+	+	Fatigue Weight loss Nausea and vomiting	↑	↓	↑	Leukocytosis	NA	↑	↑	↑	Liver biopsy	Hirsutism Amenorrhea Coagulopathy Hepatic encephalopathy Esophageal varices Hepatorenal syndrome Liver cancer
	Sweet syndrome^[19]	Immune-mediated Unknown	−	+	−	−	−	+	Rare	Relapse and remission	Tender, red, well-demarcated papules and plaques on the head, neck, legs, and arms	+	+	Nl	−	−	+	+	Conjunctivitis Iridocyclitis Oral aphthae	↑	↓	↑	Leukocytosis	Papillary and mid-dermal mixed infiltrate of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with nuclear fragmentation and histiocytic cells	↑	Nl	Nl	Diagnostic criteria	Cutaneous marker of systemic disease Acute myelogenous leukemia Immunologic disease Slight increase in alkaline phosphatase
	Acute gout^[20]	Elevated levels of uric acid in the blood Diet Genetic	−	+	−	−	−	+	Older males	Alcohol use Acute infection	Tophi	+	−		−	−	−	+	Fatigue	↑	↓	↑	Leukocytosis	NA	↑	↑	Nl	Clinical manifestation	Arthritis Urate nephropathy
Medication	Condition	Etiology	Physiologic	Autonomous increased bone marrow production	Reactive increased bone marrow production	Demargination of peripheral blood neutrophils	Congenital	Acquried	Demography	History	Appearance	Fever	Abdominal pain	BP	Asplenia	Hepatosplenomegaly	Lymphadenopathy	Joint involvement	Other signs	WBC	HB	Plt	PBS	Bone marrow exam	ESR/CRP	BUN/Cr	LFT	Gold standard	Associated findings
	Steroid^[21]	Release of granulocytes from the bone marrow	−	−	+	+	−	+	Any	Steroid use Autoimmune disease Malignancy	Obese	−	+	Nl to ↓	−	−	−	−	Abdominal pain Muscle weakness Growth failure Pubertal delay	↑	Nl to ↓	↑	Megakaryocyticfragments Large numbers of microspherocytes	Proliferation of megakaryocytes	↑	↑	Nl	Clinical manifestation + history of drug consumption	Thromboemboliccomplications Cushing syndrome Diabetes mellitus
	Filgrastim (Myeloid growth factor)^[22]	Release of granulocytes from the bone marrow	−	−	+	+	−	+	Any	Malignancy Neutropenia	Hair loss Local skin reactions at the site of injection	+	−	Nl to ↓	−	−	−	+	Cough Chest pain Vomiting	↑	Nl to ↓	↑	NA	NA	↑	Nl	Nl	Clinical manifestation + history of drug consumption	Alveolar hemorrhage Acute respiratory distress syndrome
	Lithium^[23]	Unknown	−	−	+	+	−	+	Any	Bipolar disorder	Weight gain Acne Hand tremor	−	−	Nl	−	−	−	−	Confusion Constipation or diarrhea Decreased memory Dry mouth Muscle weakness	↑	Nl to ↓	↑	NA	NA	Nl	↑	Nl	Clinical manifestation + history of drug consumption	Extrapyramidal side effects Euthyroid goitre Hypothyroidism Kidney damage
	Catecholamines (epinephrine)^[24]	Stimulation of bone marrow myelopoiesis Egress into the circulation	−	−	+	+	−	+	Any	Anaphylaxis Respiratory diseases	Acutely ill Diaphoretic	−	−	Nl to ↓	−	−	−	−	Dizziness Tremor Anxiety Dyspnea	↑	↑	↑	Megakaryocyticfragments	Proliferation of megakaryocytes	↑	Nl	Nl	Clinical manifestation + history of drug consumption	Thromboemboliccomplications
	ATRA^[25]	Differentiating promyelocytes	−	−	+	+	−	+	Any	Acne Acute promyelocytic leukemia	Skin dryness Hair loss	−	−	Nl	−	−	−	−	Shortness of breath Headache Numbness Depression Itchiness Vomiting Muscle pain	↑	Nl	Nl	NA	NA	↑	Nl	↑	Clinical manifestation + history of drug consumption	Teratogen Thrombosis Benign intracranial hypertension Hypercholesterolemia Liver damage
Other	Condition	Etiology	Physiologic	Autonomous increased bone marrow production	Reactive increased bone marrow production	Demargination of peripheral blood neutrophils	Congenital	Acquried	Demography	History	Appearance	Fever	Abdominal pain	BP	Asplenia	Hepatosplenomegaly	Lymphadenopathy	Joint involvement	Other signs	WBC	HB	Plt	PBS	Bone marrow exam	ESR/CRP	BUN/Cr	LFT	Gold standard	Associated findings
	Infections^[26]	Infection	−	+	+	+	−	+	Any	Close contact Immunodeficiency	Acutely ill	+	+	Nl to ↓	−	±	±	±	Fatigue Nausea and vomiting	↑	↓	↑	Howell-Jolly bodies Nucleated RBCs	Proliferation of megakaryocytes	↑	Nl	Nl	Clinical manifestation+ culture	Depends on etiology
	Allergy^[27]	Unknown Activation of chloride transport	−	+	+	+	−	+	Any	Anaphylaxis Respiratory diseases	Acutely ill Diaphoretic	−	−	Nl to ↓	−	−	−	−	Dizziness Tremor Anxiety Dyspnea	↑	↑	↑	Megakaryocyticfragments	Proliferation of megakaryocytes	↑	Nl	Nl	Clinical manifestation	−
	Post splenectomy^[28]	Unknown	−	−	+	+	−	+	Any	Prior surgical removal of the spleen Sickle cell disease	Normal	±	−	Nl	+	−	−	−	−	↑	↓	↑	Howell-Jolly bodies Nucleated RBCs	Proliferation of megakaryocytes	↑	Nl	Nl	Clinical manifestation	Incidental laboratory finding Thrombosis
	Cigarette smoking^[29]	Reduced plasma volume Accelerated erythropoiesis	−	−	+	+	−	+	Any	Cigarette smoking	Cyanosis	−	−	Nl	−	−	−	−	Cough Dyspnea	↑	↑	↑	NA	NA	Nl	Nl	Nl	Clinical manifestation	−
	Stress/exercise^[30]	Reduced plasma volume	+	−	+	−	−	+	Athlete	Exercise	Normal	−	−	Nl	−	−	−	−	−	↑	↑	↑	Howell-Jolly bodies Nucleated RBCs	Proliferation of megakaryocytes	↑	Nl	Nl	Clinical manifestation	−
	Infancy^[31]	Physiologic	+	−	−	−	−	+	Infancy	−	Normal	−	−	Nl	−	−	−	−	−	↑	↑	↑	NA	NA	Nl	Nl	Nl	Clinical manifestation	−
	Pregnancy^[32]	Physiologic	+	−	−	−	−	+	Pregnancy	−	Normal	−	−	Nl	−	−	−	−	−	↑	↓	↑	NA	NA	Nl	Nl	Nl	Clinical manifestation	−
	Platelet clumping^[33]	Spurious	−	−	−	−	−	+	Any	−	Normal	−	−	Nl	−	−	−	−	−	↑	Nl	↑	Cytoplasmic fragments	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Clinical manifestation	−
	Mixed cryoglobulinemia^[34]	Spurious	−	−	−	−	−	+	Any	Malignancy Autoimmune disease Infection	Atypical cutaneous ulcers Palpable purpura	−	−	Nl	−	−	−	+	Headache Confusion Blurry or loss of vision Generalized weakness	↑	Nl to ↓	↑	Cytoplasmic fragments	Nl	Nl	Nl	Nl	Skin biopsy	Vasculitis Neuropathy Raynaud phenomenon
Category	Condition	Etiology	Physiologic	Autonomous increased bone marrow production	Reactive increased bone marrow production	Demargination of peripheral blood neutrophils	Congenital	Acquried	Demography	History	Appearance	Fever	Abdominal pain	BP	Asplenia	Hepatosplenomegaly	Lymphadenopathy	Joint involvement	Other signs	WBC	HB	Plt	PBS	Bone marrow exam	ESR/CRP	BUN/Cr	LFT	Gold standard	Associated findings

References

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↑ Aiff H, Attman PO, Aurell M, Bendz H, Ramsauer B, Schön S, Svedlund J (May 2015). "Effects of 10 to 30 years of lithium treatment on kidney function". J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford). 29 (5): 608–14. doi:10.1177/0269881115573808. PMID 25735990.
↑ Bedoui S, Lechner S, Gebhardt T, Nave H, Beck-Sickinger AG, Straub RH, Pabst R, von Hörsten S (November 2002). "NPY modulates epinephrine-induced leukocytosis via Y-1 and Y-5 receptor activation in vivo: sympathetic co-transmission during leukocyte mobilization". J. Neuroimmunol. 132 (1–2): 25–33. PMID 12417430.
↑ Bi KH, Jiang GS (December 2006). "Relationship between cytokines and leukocytosis in patients with APL induced by all-trans retinoic acid or arsenic trioxide". Cell. Mol. Immunol. 3 (6): 421–7. PMID 17257495.
↑ Horasan ES, Dağ A, Ersoz G, Kaya A (October 2013). "Surgical site infections and mortality in elderly patients". Med Mal Infect. 43 (10): 417–22. doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2013.07.009. PMID 24012414.
↑ Davis M, van der Hilst J (2018). "Mimickers of Urticaria: Urticarial Vasculitis and Autoinflammatory Diseases". J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 6 (4): 1162–1170. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2018.05.006. PMID 29871797. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
↑ Bilello JF, Sharp VL, Dirks RC, Kaups KL, Davis JW (2018). "After the embo: predicting non-hemorrhagic indications for splenectomy after angioembolization in patients with blunt trauma". Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 3 (1): e000159. doi:10.1136/tsaco-2017-000159. PMC 5887792. PMID 29766137.
↑ Lymperaki E, Makedou K, Iliadis S, Vagdatli E (2015). "Effects of acute cigarette smoking on total blood count and markers of oxidative stress in active and passive smokers". Hippokratia. 19 (4): 293–7. PMC 5033137. PMID 27688691.
↑ Simpson RJ, Kunz H, Agha N, Graff R (2015). "Exercise and the Regulation of Immune Functions". Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 135: 355–80. doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.08.001. PMID 26477922.
↑ Nouatin O, Gbédandé K, Ibitokou S, Vianou B, Houngbegnon P, Ezinmegnon S, Borgella S, Akplogan C, Cottrell G, Varani S, Massougbodji A, Moutairou K, Troye-Blomberg M, Deloron P, Luty AJ, Fievet N (2015). "Infants' Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Composition Reflects Both Maternal and Post-Natal Infection with Plasmodium falciparum". PLoS ONE. 10 (11): e0139606. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139606. PMC 4651557. PMID 26580401.
↑ Perseghin P (December 2015). "Erythrocyte exchange and leukapheresis in pregnancy". Transfus. Apher. Sci. 53 (3): 279–82. doi:10.1016/j.transci.2015.11.007. PMID 26621538.
↑ Castrillo A, Álvarez I, Tolksdorf F (April 2015). "In vitro evaluation of platelet concentrates suspended in additive solution and treated for pathogen reduction: effects of clumping formation". Blood Transfus. 13 (2): 281–6. doi:10.2450/2014.0162-14. PMC 4385077. PMID 25369589.
↑ Cacoub P, Comarmond C, Domont F, Savey L, Saadoun D (September 2015). "Cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis". Am. J. Med. 128 (9): 950–5. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.02.017. PMID 25837517.

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[pmid11087187-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Abramson N, Melton B (2000). "Leukocytosis: basics of clinical assessment". Am Fam Physician. 62 (9): 2053–60. PMID 11087187.

[wiki-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 ^3.6 Leukocytosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis Accessed on May 23, 2016

[HerringSmith1974-4] Herring, William Benjamin; Smith, Laurin Gresham; Walker, Richard Isley; Herion, John Carroll (1974). "Hereditary neutrophilia". The American Journal of Medicine. 56 (5): 729–734. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(74)90642-1. ISSN 0002-9343.

[pmid20052751-5] Tefferi A (February 2010). "Leukocytosis as a risk factor for thrombosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms-biologically plausible but clinically uncertain". Am. J. Hematol. 85 (2): 93–4. doi:10.1002/ajh.21614. PMID 20052751.

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[pmid12417430-24] Bedoui S, Lechner S, Gebhardt T, Nave H, Beck-Sickinger AG, Straub RH, Pabst R, von Hörsten S (November 2002). "NPY modulates epinephrine-induced leukocytosis via Y-1 and Y-5 receptor activation in vivo: sympathetic co-transmission during leukocyte mobilization". J. Neuroimmunol. 132 (1–2): 25–33. PMID 12417430.

[pmid17257495-25] Bi KH, Jiang GS (December 2006). "Relationship between cytokines and leukocytosis in patients with APL induced by all-trans retinoic acid or arsenic trioxide". Cell. Mol. Immunol. 3 (6): 421–7. PMID 17257495.

[pmid24012414-26] Horasan ES, Dağ A, Ersoz G, Kaya A (October 2013). "Surgical site infections and mortality in elderly patients". Med Mal Infect. 43 (10): 417–22. doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2013.07.009. PMID 24012414.

[pmid29871797-27] Davis M, van der Hilst J (2018). "Mimickers of Urticaria: Urticarial Vasculitis and Autoinflammatory Diseases". J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 6 (4): 1162–1170. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2018.05.006. PMID 29871797. Vancouver style error: initials (help)

[pmid29766137-28] Bilello JF, Sharp VL, Dirks RC, Kaups KL, Davis JW (2018). "After the embo: predicting non-hemorrhagic indications for splenectomy after angioembolization in patients with blunt trauma". Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 3 (1): e000159. doi:10.1136/tsaco-2017-000159. PMC 5887792. PMID 29766137.

[pmid27688691-29] Lymperaki E, Makedou K, Iliadis S, Vagdatli E (2015). "Effects of acute cigarette smoking on total blood count and markers of oxidative stress in active and passive smokers". Hippokratia. 19 (4): 293–7. PMC 5033137. PMID 27688691.

[pmid26477922-30] Simpson RJ, Kunz H, Agha N, Graff R (2015). "Exercise and the Regulation of Immune Functions". Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 135: 355–80. doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.08.001. PMID 26477922.

[pmid26580401-31] Nouatin O, Gbédandé K, Ibitokou S, Vianou B, Houngbegnon P, Ezinmegnon S, Borgella S, Akplogan C, Cottrell G, Varani S, Massougbodji A, Moutairou K, Troye-Blomberg M, Deloron P, Luty AJ, Fievet N (2015). "Infants' Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Composition Reflects Both Maternal and Post-Natal Infection with Plasmodium falciparum". PLoS ONE. 10 (11): e0139606. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139606. PMC 4651557. PMID 26580401.

[pmid26621538-32] Perseghin P (December 2015). "Erythrocyte exchange and leukapheresis in pregnancy". Transfus. Apher. Sci. 53 (3): 279–82. doi:10.1016/j.transci.2015.11.007. PMID 26621538.

[pmid25369589-33] Castrillo A, Álvarez I, Tolksdorf F (April 2015). "In vitro evaluation of platelet concentrates suspended in additive solution and treated for pathogen reduction: effects of clumping formation". Blood Transfus. 13 (2): 281–6. doi:10.2450/2014.0162-14. PMC 4385077. PMID 25369589.

[pmid25837517-34] Cacoub P, Comarmond C, Domont F, Savey L, Saadoun D (September 2015). "Cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis". Am. J. Med. 128 (9): 950–5. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.02.017. PMID 25837517.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{SI}}
-{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{MV}} {{LG}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MV}} {{LG}}; {{GRR}} {{Nat}}
-{{SK}}  Elevated white blood cell count; Right-shift leukocytosis; Left-leukocytosis
+{{SK}}  Elevated white blood cell count; Right-shift leukocytosis; Left-shift leukocytosis
 ==Overview==
-'''Leukocytosis'''  is an elevation of the white blood cell count above the normal range (greater than 11,000 per mm3). Leukocytosis is frequently a sign of an [[Inflammation|inflammatory response]], most commonly the result of [[infection]], but may also occur following certain parasitic infections, [[bone tumor|bone tumors]], strenuous exercise, emotional stress, pregnancy,  anesthesia, and epinephrine administration. Leukocytosis may be classified into 5 subtypes: [[neutrophilia]] (most common), [[lymphocytosis]], [[monocytosis]], [[eosinophilia]], and [[basophilia]]. Other classification, include: Left shift or right shift leucocytosis. The pathogenesis of leukocytosis is characterized by the increase of leukocytes (primarily neutrophils), followed by the proliferation and release of granulocyte and monocyte precursors in the bone marrow which is stimulated by several products of inflammation including C3a and G-CSF.<ref name="pmid24750674">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chabot-Richards DS, George TI |title=Leukocytosis |journal=Int J Lab Hematol |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=279–88 |year=2014 |pmid=24750674 |doi=10.1111/ijlh.12212 |url=}}</ref>
+'''Leukocytosis''' is the elevation of the white blood cell count above the normal range (greater than 11,000 per mm3). Leukocytosis is frequently a sign of an [[Inflammation|inflammatory response]], most commonly the result of [[infection]], but may also occur following certain parasitic infections, [[bone tumor|bone tumors]], strenuous exercise, emotional stress, pregnancy,  anesthesia, and epinephrine administration. Leukocytosis may be classified into 5 sub-types: [[neutrophilia]] (most common), [[lymphocytosis]], [[monocytosis]], [[eosinophilia]], and [[basophilia]]. Other classifications include: Left shift or right shift leukocytosis. The pathogenesis of leukocytosis is characterized by the increase of leukocytes (primarily neutrophils), followed by the proliferation and release of granulocyte and monocyte precursors in the bone marrow, which is then stimulated by several products of inflammation including [[C3a]] and [[G-CSF]].<ref name="pmid24750674">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chabot-Richards DS, George TI |title=Leukocytosis |journal=Int J Lab Hematol |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=279–88 |year=2014 |pmid=24750674 |doi=10.1111/ijlh.12212 |url=}}</ref>
 ==Historical Perspective==
-*Leukocytosis was first discovered by Paul Kautchakoff, in 1846.<ref name="pmid24750674">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chabot-Richards DS, George TI |title=Leukocytosis |journal=Int J Lab Hematol |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=279–88 |year=2014 |pmid=24750674 |doi=10.1111/ijlh.12212 |url=}}</ref>
+*Leukocytosis was first discovered by Paul Kautchakoff in 1846.<ref name="pmid24750674">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chabot-Richards DS, George TI |title=Leukocytosis |journal=Int J Lab Hematol |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=279–88 |year=2014 |pmid=24750674 |doi=10.1111/ijlh.12212 |url=}}</ref>
 ==Classification==
-*Leukocytosis may be classified into 5 subtypes:<ref name="pmid11087187">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abramson N, Melton B |title=Leukocytosis: basics of clinical assessment |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=2053–60 |year=2000 |pmid=11087187 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+*Leukocytosis may be classified into 5 sub-types:<ref name="pmid11087187">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abramson N, Melton B |title=Leukocytosis: basics of clinical assessment |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=2053–60 |year=2000 |pmid=11087187 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 :*[[Neutrophilia]] (most common)
 :*[[Lymphocytosis]]
@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 :*'''Left shift''' (most common)
 ::*Immature leukocytes increase
-::*Proliferation and release of granulocyte and monocyte precursors in the bone marrow
+::*Proliferation and release of [[granulocyte]] and [[monocyte]] precursors in the [[bone marrow]]
-::*Usually stimulated by several products of inflammation including C3a and G-CSF
+::*Usually stimulated by several products of inflammation including [[C3a]] and [[Granulocyte colony stimulating factor|G-CSF]]
 :*'''Right shift'''
-::*Reduced count or lack of "young neutrophils"
+::*Reduced count or lack of "young [[neutrophils]]"
-::*Associated with the presence of "giant neutrophils
+::*Associated with the presence of "giant [[Neutrophil|neutrophils]]"
-*Other variant of leukocytosis is the leukemoid reaction.
+*Another variant of leukocytosis is the [[leukemoid reaction]].
-*The image below demonstrates a graphic figure that illustrates hematopoietic growth factors in leukocytosis.<ref name="wiki">Leukocytosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis Accessed on May 23, 2016 </ref>
+*The image below demonstrates a graphic figure that illustrates [[hematopoietic]] growth factors in leukocytosis.<ref name="wiki">Leukocytosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis Accessed on May 23, 2016 </ref>
-<gallery>
-Image: Hematopoietic growth factors.png|Hematopoietic growth factors in leukocytosis<br><SMALL> Courtesy of Wikipedia </SMALL>
+[[Image:Hematopoietic growth factors.png|600px|center|thumb|Hematopoietic growth factors in leukocytosis, Courtesy of Wikipedia]]
-</gallery>
 ==Pathophysiology==
 *The pathogenesis of leukocytosis is characterized by:<ref name="pmid11087187">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abramson N, Melton B |title=Leukocytosis: basics of clinical assessment |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=2053–60 |year=2000 |pmid=11087187 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-:*An increased release of leukocytes from bone marrow storage pools
+:*An increased release of [[White blood cells|leukocytes]] from bone marrow storage pools
 :*Decreased margination of leukocytes onto vessel walls
-:*Decreased extravasation of leukocytes from the vessels into tissues
+:*Decreased [[extravasation]] of leukocytes from the vessels into tissues
-:*Increase in number of precursor cells in the marrow
+:*Increase in number of precursor cells in the [[bone marrow]]
 ==Causes==
@@ Line 52: / Line 51: @@
 |
 *Acute [[bacterial infection]]s, especially [[pyogenic infection]]s
-*[[Sterile inflammation]]
+*Sterile inflammation
 ** [[Tissue necrosis]]
 ***[[Myocardial infarction]]
@@ Line 70: / Line 69: @@
 **[[Hodgkin's lymphoma]]
 **Some forms of [[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma]]
-*[[Systemic autoimmune disease]]s (e.g. [[systemic lupus erythematosus|SLE]])
+*Systemic [[autoimmune|auto-immune]] diseases (e.g. [[systemic lupus erythematosus|SLE]])
 *Some forms of [[vasculitis]]
 *[[Cholesterol embolism]] (transiently)
@@ Line 107: / Line 106: @@
 ===Age===
 *Patients of all age groups may develop leukocytosis.
-*Normal white blood count differential changes with age.
+*Normal [[White blood cell|white blood count]] differential changes with age.
-*Leukocytosis in neonates is more common, compared to children and adults.<ref name="pmid11087187">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abramson N, Melton B |title=Leukocytosis: basics of clinical assessment |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=2053–60 |year=2000 |pmid=11087187 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+*Leukocytosis in [[neonates]] is more common, in comparison to children and adults.<ref name="pmid11087187">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abramson N, Melton B |title=Leukocytosis: basics of clinical assessment |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=2053–60 |year=2000 |pmid=11087187 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 ===Gender===
@@ Line 117: / Line 116: @@
 ==Risk Factors==
-*Common risk factors in the development of leukocytosis, include:<ref name="pmid11087187">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abramson N, Melton B |title=Leukocytosis: basics of clinical assessment |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=2053–60 |year=2000 |pmid=11087187 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+*Common risk factors in the development of leukocytosis include:<ref name="pmid11087187">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abramson N, Melton B |title=Leukocytosis: basics of clinical assessment |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=2053–60 |year=2000 |pmid=11087187 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-:*Physiologic processes (eg, stress, exercise, pregnancy)
+:*Physiological processes (e.g. stress, exercise, [[pregnancy]])
-:*Drugs (e.g.corticosteroids, lithium, beta agonists)
+:*Drugs (e.g. [[Corticosteroid|corticosteroids]], [[lithium]], [[Beta agonist|beta agonists]])
-:*Trauma
+:*[[Physical trauma|Trauma]]
-:*Stress
+:*[[Stress (medicine)|Stress]]
 == Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
 *The majority of patients with leukocytosis are initially symptomatic.<ref name="wiki">Leukocytosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis Accessed on May 23, 2016 </ref>
-*Early clinical features, include:<ref name="wiki">Leukocytosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis Accessed on May 23, 2016 </ref>
+*Early clinical features include:<ref name="wiki">Leukocytosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis Accessed on May 23, 2016 </ref>
-:*Fever
+:*[[Fever]]
-:*Hyperhidrosis
+:*[[Hyperhidrosis]]
-:*Fatigue
+:*[[Fatigue]]
-*Common complications of leukocytosis, include:<ref name="wiki">Leukocytosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis Accessed on May 23, 2016 </ref>
+*Common complications of leukocytosis include:<ref name="wiki">Leukocytosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis Accessed on May 23, 2016 </ref>
-:*Tumor lysis syndrome
+:*[[Tumor lysis syndrome]]
-:*Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
+:*[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation|Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy]]
-:*Acute respiratory failure
+:*[[Respiratory failure|Acute respiratory failure]]
-:*Pulmonary hemorrhage
+:*[[Pulmonary hemorrhage]]
 :*CNS infarction
-:*Splenic infarction
+:*[[Splenic infarction]]
-:*Myocardial ischemia
+:*[[Myocardial ischemia]]
-:*Renal failure
+:*[[Renal failure]]
-*Prognosis is generally depends on the underlying etiologies.<ref name="wiki">Leukocytosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis Accessed on May 23, 2016 </ref>
+*Prognosis generally depends on the underlying etiologies.<ref name="wiki">Leukocytosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis Accessed on May 23, 2016 </ref>
 == Diagnosis ==
@@ Line 145: / Line 144: @@
 === Symptoms ===
 *Leukocytosis is usually symptomatic.
-*Symptoms of leukocytosis are often unspecific, such as:<ref name="wiki">Leukocytosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis Accessed on May 23, 2016 </ref>
+*Symptoms of leukocytosis are often unspecific such as:<ref name="wiki">Leukocytosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis Accessed on May 23, 2016 </ref>
 :*Weight loss
 :*Fevers of unknown origin
-:*Hyperhidrosis
+:*[[Hyperhidrosis]]
-:*Chronic pain
+:*[[Chronic pain]]
-:*Fatigue
+:*[[Fatigue]]
-:*Dyspnea
+:*[[Dyspnea]]
-:*Malaise
+:*[[Malaise]]
 *Obtain history of the following:
 :*Clinical features
@@ Line 159: / Line 158: @@
 === Laboratory Findings ===
-*Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of leukocytosis, include:<ref name="wiki">Leukocytosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis Accessed on May 23, 2016 </ref>
+*Laboratory findings that are consistent with the diagnosis of leukocytosis involve the <ref name="wiki">Leukocytosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis Accessed on May 23, 2016 </ref> [[White blood cell count]] being above the normal range (greater than 11,000 per mm3).
-:*White blood cell count above the normal range
-::*Greater than 11,000 per mm3
 ==Differentiating Leukocytosis from Other Diseases==
+Differential diagnosis methods of leukocytosis:
 {|
 ! rowspan="5" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Category
@@ Line 210: / Line 207: @@
 ! rowspan="5" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hematologic
 ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Granulocytosis|Hereditary neutrophilia]]<ref name="HerringSmith1974">{{cite journal|last1=Herring|first1=William Benjamin|last2=Smith|first2=Laurin Gresham|last3=Walker|first3=Richard Isley|last4=Herion|first4=John Carroll|title=Hereditary neutrophilia|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=56|issue=5|year=1974|pages=729–734|issn=00029343|doi=10.1016/0002-9343(74)90642-1}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Unknown
 * Germline [[mutation]] in [[CSF3R]]
@@ Line 220: / Line 217: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | −
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Rare [[Dominance relationship|autosomal dominant]] genetic disorder
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Positive family history
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Normal
@@ Line 234: / Line 231: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Normal [[Granulocyte|granulocytes]]
 * [[Histiocyte|Histiocytes]] of Gaucher type
@@ Line 242: / Line 239: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Molecular testing
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * High [[leukocyte alkaline phosphatase]]
 * Progress to [[leukemia]]
@@ Line 257: / Line 254: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Elderly
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Exposure to
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Exposure to:
 *[[Chemotherapy]]
 *[[Radiation therapy]]
 *[[Tobacco smoking|Tobacco smoke]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Petechia|Petechiae]]
 * [[Purpura]]
@@ Line 272: / Line 269: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 *[[Shortness of breath]]
 *[[Fatigue]]
@@ Line 278: / Line 275: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑/↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 *Large [[Platelet|platelets]]
 *Ovalomacrocytosis
@@ Line 285: / Line 282: @@
 *Pelger-Huet anomaly
 *Ring [[Sideroblastic anemia|sideroblasts]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 *Impaired [[myeloid]] maturation
 *[[Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia|Dyserythropoiesis]]
@@ Line 296: / Line 293: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Bone marrow examination]] + clinical manifestation
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 *[[Thrombosis]] at unusual sites
 *[[Thrombosis]] in younger patients
@@ Line 302: / Line 299: @@
 |-
 ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Polycythemia vera]]<ref name="pmid26336886">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boiocchi L, Gianelli U, Iurlo A, Fend F, Bonzheim I, Cattaneo D, Knowles DM, Orazi A |title=Neutrophilic leukocytosis in advanced stage polycythemia vera: hematopathologic features and prognostic implications |journal=Mod. Pathol. |volume=28 |issue=11 |pages=1448–57 |date=November 2015 |pmid=26336886 |doi=10.1038/modpathol.2015.100 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 *Autonomous [[Red blood cell|erythrocyte]] production
 *[[JAK2]] mutation (> 95%)
@@ Line 311: / Line 308: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Mean age >60 years old
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Mean age > 60 years old
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 *[[Stroke]]
 *[[Visual system|Visual disturbance]]
@@ Line 324: / Line 321: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 *Painful [[erythema]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 *Elevated normochromic, normocytic [[Red blood cell|RBCs]]
 *[[Thrombocytosis]]
 *≥ 10% immature myeloid precursors
 *Leukoerythroblastic picture
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Increased myeloid:erythroid ratio due to granulocytic proliferation
+* Increased [[myeloid]]:[[Red blood cell|erythroid]] ratio due to granulocytic proliferation
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Bone marrow examination]] + clinical manifestation
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 *[[Stroke]]
 *[[Venous thrombosis]]
@@ Line 347: / Line 344: @@
 |-
 ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia]] (MAHA)<ref name="pmid27288467">{{cite journal |vauthors=Morton JM, George JN |title=Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia and Thrombocytopenia in Patients With Cancer |journal=J Oncol Pract |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=523–30 |date=June 2016 |pmid=27288467 |doi=10.1200/JOP.2016.012096 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Microvascular disease|Microangiopathy]]
 * [[Leukemoid reaction]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 358: / Line 354: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Coagulopathy|Bleeding disorder]]
 * Positive family history
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Pallor]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 376: / Line 372: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Fragmented [[Red blood cell|RBCs]]
 * [[Red blood cell|Schistocytes]]
@@ Line 384: / Line 380: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Bone marrow examination]] + clinical manifestation
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Non-immune [[hemolysis]]
 * Elevated [[Lactate dehydrogenase|LDH]]
@@ Line 392: / Line 388: @@
 |-
 ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Leukoerythroblastosis<ref name="pmid25562031">{{cite journal |vauthors=Canbolat Ayhan A, Timur C, Ayhan Y, Kes G |title=Leukoerythroblastosis Mimicking Leukemia: A case report |journal=Iran J Pediatr |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=332–3 |date=June 2014 |pmid=25562031 |pmc=4276592 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Space-occupying lesions in the [[bone marrow]]
 * [[Infection]]
@@ Line 402: / Line 398: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Coagulopathy|Bleeding disorder]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Pallor]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 413: / Line 409: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Early satiety
+* [[Satiety|Early satiety]]
-* Fatigue
+* [[Fatigue]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Nucleated red cells
 * [[Reticulocyte|Reticulocytosis]]
 * [[Poikilocytosis|Poikilocytes]]
 * Circulating immature [[White blood cells|white cells]], generally [[Myelocyte|myelocytes]] and [[Promyelocyte|promyelocytes]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Circulating immature [[White blood cells|white cells]], generally [[Myelocyte|myelocytes]] and [[Promyelocyte|promyelocytes]]
 * [[Myelofibrosis]]
@@ Line 431: / Line 427: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Bone marrow examination|Bone marrow biopsy]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Marrow infiltrative disorders
+* [[Bone marrow|Marrow]] infiltrative disorders
 * [[Physical trauma|Trauma]]
 * [[Sepsis|Septicemia]]
@@ Line 472: / Line 468: @@
 |-
 ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Leukocyte adhesion deficiency]]<ref name="pmid26434744">{{cite journal |vauthors=Levy-Mendelovich S, Rechavi E, Abuzaitoun O, Vernitsky H, Simon AJ, Lev A, Somech R |title=Highlighting the problematic reliance on CD18 for diagnosing leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 |journal=Immunol. Res. |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=476–82 |date=April 2016 |pmid=26434744 |doi=10.1007/s12026-015-8706-5 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Primary immunodeficiency]]
 * Failure to express [[CD18]]
@@ Line 482: / Line 478: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Rare [[autosomal recessive]], [[Leukocyte adhesion deficiency|LAD]] II more in Middle East and Brazil
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Positive family history
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Characteristic facial appearance, short stature, limb malformations, and severe [[Developmental disability|developmental delay]] in [[Leukocyte adhesion deficiency|LAD]] II
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 493: / Line 489: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Signs of different [[Infection|infections]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓/↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Leukocytosis
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Leukocytosis
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
@@ Line 506: / Line 502: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Flow cytometry]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Recurrent [[Infection|bacterial infections]]
+* Delay in [[umbilical cord]] sloughing
-* Delay in umbilical cord sloughing
 * Inability to form [[Abscess|abscesses]]
 |-
 ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes<ref name="pmid30035647">{{cite journal |vauthors=Labrousse M, Kevorkian-Verguet C, Boursier G, Rowczenio D, Maurier F, Lazaro E, Aggarwal M, Lemelle I, Mura T, Belot A, Touitou I, Sarrabay G |title=Mosaicism in autoinflammatory diseases: Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS) and beyond. A systematic review |journal=Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=432–442 |date=September 2018 |pmid=30035647 |doi=10.1080/10408363.2018.1488805 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Unknown
 * [[Mutation]]
@@ Line 523: / Line 518: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Dominance relationship|Autosomal dominant]] autoinflammatory syndrome
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Positive family history
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Hive-like rash without itching
+* [[Urticaria|Hive]]-like [[rash]] without [[Itch|itching]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 534: / Line 529: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Red eyes
 * [[Nausea and vomiting|Vomiting]]
@@ Line 541: / Line 536: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓/↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Leukocytosis
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Leukocytosis
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Genetic tests
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Genetic testing|Genetic tests]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Blindness]]
 * [[Hearing impairment|Hearing loss]]
 |-
 ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]<ref name="pmid20870100">{{cite journal |vauthors=Scott DL, Wolfe F, Huizinga TW |title=Rheumatoid arthritis |journal=Lancet |volume=376 |issue=9746 |pages=1094–108 |date=September 2010 |pmid=20870100 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60826-4 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24568138">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glant TT, Mikecz K, Rauch TA |title=Epigenetics in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis |journal=BMC Med |volume=12 |issue= |pages=35 |date=February 2014 |pmid=24568138 |pmc=3936819 |doi=10.1186/1741-7015-12-35 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Immune mediated
+* [[Immunity (medical)|Immune]]-mediated
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 563: / Line 558: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any, more in young women, between 30-60 years old
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Positive family history
-* Cigarette smoking
+* [[Smoking|Cigarette smoking]]
 * [[Obesity]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Deformed joints
+* Deformed [[Joint|joints]]
-* Rheumatoid nodules
+* [[Rheumatoid nodule|Rheumatoid nodules]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 577: / Line 572: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Weight loss]]
 * [[Fatigue]]
-* Dry eyes and mouth
+* [[Dry eyes]] and mouth
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Leukocytosis
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
@@ Line 590: / Line 585: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + positive anti-CCP antibodies
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + positive [[Anti-citrullinated protein antibody|anti-CCP antibodies]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Osteoporosis]]
 * [[Infection|Infections]]
@@ Line 599: / Line 594: @@
 |-
 ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis|Juvenile onset rheumatoid arthritis]]<ref name="pmid23763801">{{cite journal |vauthors=Naz S, Mushtaq A, Rehman S, Bari A, Maqsud A, Khan MZ, Ahmad TM |title=Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis |journal=J Coll Physicians Surg Pak |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=409–12 |date=June 2013 |pmid=23763801 |doi=06.2013/JCPSP.409412 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Immune mediated
+* [[Immunity (medical)|Immune]]-mediated
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 608: / Line 603: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Children under the age of 16
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Positive family history
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-** Blotchy rash on a child's arms and legs
+*Blotchy [[rash]] on a child's arms and legs
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 619: / Line 614: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Fatigue]]
-* Dry eyes and mouth
+* [[Dry eyes]] and mouth
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Leukocytosis
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
@@ Line 632: / Line 627: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + laboratory findings
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Uveitis]]
 * [[Infection|Infections]]
 * Multi-organ involvement
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Still's disease|Adult Still's disease]]
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Still's disease|Adult Still's disease]]<ref name="pmid25613167">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kadavath S, Efthimiou P |title=Adult-onset Still's disease-pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and new treatment options |journal=Ann. Med. |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=6–14 |date=February 2015 |pmid=25613167 |doi=10.3109/07853890.2014.971052 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Immune mediated
+* [[Immunity (medical)|Immune]]-mediated
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 646: / Line 641: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Rare autoimmune disease
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Rare [[autoimmune disease]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Nonpruritic salmon-colored [[rash]] (usually over trunk or extremities while [[Fever|febrile]])
+* Nonpruritic salmon-colored [[rash]] (usually over [[trunk]] or [[Limb (anatomy)|extremities]] while [[Fever|febrile]])
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 657: / Line 652: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Headache]]
 * [[Pharyngitis|Sore throat]]
-*[[Weight loss]]
+* [[Weight loss]]
 * [[Muscle pain]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Leukocytosis
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
@@ Line 672: / Line 667: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Diagnosis of exclusion
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * High [[ferritin]]
 * Negative [[Antinuclear antibodies|ANA]]
@@ Line 678: / Line 673: @@
 *[[Sensorineural hearing loss]]
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Kawasaki disease]]
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Kawasaki disease]]<ref name="pmid25399940">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sundel RP |title=Kawasaki disease |journal=Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=63–73, viii |date=2015 |pmid=25399940 |doi=10.1016/j.rdc.2014.09.010 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Immune mediated
+* [[Immunity (medical)|Immune]]-mediated
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 687: / Line 682: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Autoimmune disease, more in Asian ethnicity boys
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Autoimmune disease]], more in Asian ethnicity boys
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Diffuse macular-papular erythematous rash in the genital area, and red eyes, lips, palms or soles of the feet
+* Diffuse [[maculopapular]] erythematous [[rash]] in the [[Sex organ|genital]] area, and red [[Eye|eyes]], [[Lip (disambiguation)|lips]], [[Hand|palms]] or [[Sole (foot)|soles]] of the feet
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 698: / Line 693: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Strawberry tongue
+* Strawberry [[tongue]]
-* Sore throat
+* [[Pharyngitis|Sore throat]]
-* Diarrhea
+* [[Diarrhea]]
-* Bilateral conjunctival inflammation
+* Bilateral [[Conjunctiva|conjunctival]] inflammation
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Leukocytosis
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
@@ Line 713: / Line 708: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Diagnostic criteria
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Medium-sized-vessel [[vasculitis]]
 * [[Coronary artery aneurysm]]
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Inflammatory bowel disease|IBD]]
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Inflammatory bowel disease|IBD]]<ref name="pmid24415861">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang YZ, Li YY |title=Inflammatory bowel disease: pathogenesis |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=91–9 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24415861 |pmc=3886036 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i1.91 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Immune mediated
+* [[Immunity (medical)|Immune]]-mediated
-* Mutation
+* [[Mutation]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 727: / Line 722: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Autoimmune disease, more in young
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Autoimmune disease]], more in young
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Stress
+* [[Stress (medicine)|Stress]]
 * Positive family history
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Pyoderma gangrenosum
+* [[Pyoderma gangrenosum]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 740: / Line 735: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Vomiting
+* [[Nausea and vomiting|Vomiting]]
-* Diarrhea
+* [[Diarrhea]]
-* Rectal bleeding
+* [[Rectal bleeding]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Leukocytosis
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
@@ Line 753: / Line 748: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Colonoscopy and biopsy
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Colonoscopy]] and [[biopsy]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Primary sclerosing cholangitis
+* [[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]]
-* Non-thyroidal illness syndrome
+* [[Euthyroid sick syndrome|Non-thyroidal illness syndrome]]
-* DVT
+* [[Deep vein thrombosis|DVT]]
-* Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia
+* [[Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia|Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia]]
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Sarcoidosis]]
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Sarcoidosis]]<ref name="pmid25473783">{{cite journal |vauthors=Modaresi Esfeh J, Culver D, Plesec T, John B |title=Clinical presentation and protocol for management of hepatic sarcoidosis |journal=Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=349–58 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25473783 |doi=10.1586/17474124.2015.958468 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Immune mediated
+* [[Immunity (medical)|Immune-]]<nowiki/>mediated
 * Unknown
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 770: / Line 765: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Autoimmune disease, more in young African American women
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Autoimmune disease]], more in young African American women
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Positive family history
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Rashes, noduli, erythema nodosum, granuloma annulare, lupus pernio
+* [[Rash|Rashes]]
+* [[Erythema nodosum]]
+* [[Granuloma annulare]]
+* [[Lupus pernio]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 781: / Line 779: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
+Bilateral [[Hilar lymphadenopathy|hilar adenopathy]]
-Bilateral hilar
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Fatigue
+* [[Fatigue]]
-* Weight loss
+* [[Weight loss]]
-* Blurry vision
+* [[Blurred vision|Blurry vision]]
-* Shortness of breath
+* [[Dyspnea|Shortness of breath]]
-* Cough
+* [[Cough]]
-*
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Leukocytosis
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
@@ Line 801: / Line 797: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Diagnosis of exclusion
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Interstitial lung disease
+* [[Interstitial lung disease]]
-* Systemic inflammatory disease
+* Systemic [[Inflammation|inflammatory]] disease
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hepatitis|Chronic hepatitis]]
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hepatitis|Chronic hepatitis]]<ref name="pmid26092643">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gish RG, Given BD, Lai CL, Locarnini SA, Lau JY, Lewis DL, Schluep T |title=Chronic hepatitis B: Virology, natural history, current management and a glimpse at future opportunities |journal=Antiviral Res. |volume=121 |issue= |pages=47–58 |date=September 2015 |pmid=26092643 |doi=10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.06.008 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Infection
+* [[Infection]]
-* Autoimmune
+* [[Autoimmunity|Autoimmune]]
-* Ischemic
+* [[Ischemia|Ischemic]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 817: / Line 813: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Elderly
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Alcohol use
+* [[Alcoholism|Alcohol use]]
-* Acute infection
+* Acute [[infection]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Jaundice
+* [[Jaundice]]
-* Ascites and peripheral edema
+* [[Ascites]] and [[peripheral edema]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 830: / Line 826: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Fatigue
+* [[Fatigue]]
-* Weight loss
+* [[Weight loss]]
-* Nausea and vomitting
+* [[Nausea and vomiting]]
-*
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Leukocytosis
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
@@ Line 844: / Line 839: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Liver biopsy
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Liver biopsy]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Hirsutism
+* [[Hirsutism]]
-* Amenorrhea
+* [[Amenorrhea]]
-* Coagulopathy
+* [[Coagulopathy]]
-* Hepatic encephalopathy
+* [[Hepatic encephalopathy]]
-* Esophageal varices
+* [[Esophageal varices]]
-* Hepatorenal syndrome
+* [[Hepatorenal syndrome]]
-* Liver cancer
+* [[Liver mass|Liver cancer]]
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Sweet's syndrome|Sweet syndrome]]
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Sweet's syndrome|Sweet syndrome]]<ref name="pmid30247226">{{cite journal |vauthors=Das A, Burmeister R, Chhaya R, Eisenga B, Kumar A |title=Sweet Syndrome in a Patient With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus |journal=J Clin Rheumatol |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=September 2018 |pmid=30247226 |doi=10.1097/RHU.0000000000000904 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Immune mediated
+* [[Immunity (medical)|Immune]]-mediated
 * Unknown
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 865: / Line 860: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Rare
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Relapse and remission
+* [[Relapse]] and [[Remission (medicine)|remission]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Tender, red, well-demarcated papules and plaques on the head, neck, legs, and arms
+* [[Tenderness (medicine)|Tender]], red, well-demarcated [[Papule|papules]] and [[Plaque|plaques]] on the [[head]], [[neck]], [[Leg|legs]], and arms
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 876: / Line 871: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Conjunctivitis
+* [[Conjunctivitis]]
-* Iridocyclitis
+* [[Iridocyclitis]]
-* Oral aphthae
+* [[Aphthous ulcer|Oral aphthae]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Leukocytosis
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Papillary and mid-dermal mixed infiltrate of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with nuclear fragmentation and histiocytic cells
+* Papillary and mid-dermal mixed infiltrate of [[Neutrophil|polymorphonuclear]] leukocytes with nuclear fragmentation and [[Histiocytic|histiocytic cells]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Diagnostic criteria
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Cutaneous marker of systemic disease
-* Acute myelogenous leukemia
+* [[Acute myeloid leukemia|Acute myelogenous leukemia]]
 * Immunologic disease
-* Slight increase in alkaline phosphatase
+* Slight increase in [[alkaline phosphatase]]
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Gout|Acute gout]]
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Gout|Acute gout]]<ref name="pmid24334652">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dalbeth N, Zhong CS, Grainger R, Khanna D, Khanna PP, Singh JA, McQueen FM, Taylor WJ |title=Outcome measures in acute gout: a systematic literature review |journal=J. Rheumatol. |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=558–68 |date=March 2014 |pmid=24334652 |pmc=4217650 |doi=10.3899/jrheum.131244 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Elevated levels of uric acid in the blood
+* Elevated levels of [[uric acid]] in the [[blood]]
-* Diet
+* [[Diet (nutrition)|Diet]]
-* Genetic
+* [[Genetics|Genetic]]
-*
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 910: / Line 904: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Older males
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Alcohol use
+* [[Alcoholism|Alcohol use]]
-* Acute infection
+* Acute [[infection]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Tophi
+* [[Tophus|Tophi]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 922: / Line 916: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Fatigue
+* [[Fatigue]]
-*
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Leukocytosis
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |NA
@@ Line 935: / Line 928: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Arthritis
+* [[Arthritis]]
-* Urate nephropathy
+* Urate [[nephropathy]]
 |-
 ! rowspan="6" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Medication
@@ Line 970: / Line 963: @@
 ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Associated findings
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Steroid]]
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Steroid]]<ref name="pmid7304648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shoenfeld Y, Gurewich Y, Gallant LA, Pinkhas J |title=Prednisone-induced leukocytosis. Influence of dosage, method and duration of administration on the degree of leukocytosis |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=773–8 |date=November 1981 |pmid=7304648 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Release of granulocytes from the bone marrow
+* Release of [[Granulocyte|granulocytes]] from the [[bone marrow]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 980: / Line 973: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+* [[Steroid]] use
+* [[Autoimmune disease]]
+* [[Cancer|Malignancy]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Steroid use
+* [[Obesity|Obese]]
-* Autoimmune disease
-* Malignancy
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Obese
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 993: / Line 986: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Abdominal pain]]
 * [[Muscle weakness]]
@@ Line 1,001: / Line 994: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↓
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Myelofibrosis|Megakaryocytic]]<nowiki/>fragments
 * Large numbers of microspherocytes
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Proliferation of [[Megakaryocyte|megakaryocytes]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
@@ Line 1,010: / Line 1,003: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + history of drug consumption
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Thrombosis|Thromboembolic]]<nowiki/>complications
 * [[Cushing's syndrome|Cushing syndrome]]
 * [[Diabetes mellitus]]
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Filgrastim]] (Myeloid growth factor)
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Filgrastim]] (Myeloid growth factor)<ref name="pmid24142827">{{cite journal |vauthors=Crawford J, Armitage J, Balducci L, Becker PS, Blayney DW, Cataland SR, Heaney ML, Hudock S, Kloth DD, Kuter DJ, Lyman GH, McMahon B, Rugo HS, Saad AA, Schwartzberg LS, Shayani S, Steensma DP, Talbott M, Vadhan-Raj S, Westervelt P, Westmoreland M, Dwyer M, Ho M |title=Myeloid growth factors |journal=J Natl Compr Canc Netw |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=1266–90 |date=October 2013 |pmid=24142827 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Release of granulocytes from the bone marrow
+* Release of [[Granulocyte|granulocytes]] from the [[bone marrow]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 1,025: / Line 1,018: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Malignancy
+* [[Cancer|Malignancy]]
-* Neutropenia
+* [[Neutropenia]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Hair loss
+* [[Alopecia|Hair loss]]
-* Local skin reactions at the site of injection
+* Local skin reactions at the site of [[Injection (medicine)|injection]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 1,038: / Line 1,031: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Cough
+* [[Cough]]
-* Chest pain
+* [[Chest pain]]
-* Vomiting
+* [[Nausea and vomiting|Vomiting]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↓
@@ Line 1,050: / Line 1,043: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + history of drug consumption
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + history of drug consumption
-|
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Alveolar hemorrhage
+* [[Alveolus|Alveolar]] hemorrhage
-* Acute respiratory distress syndrome
+* [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome]]
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Lithium]]
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Lithium]]<ref name="pmid25735990">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aiff H, Attman PO, Aurell M, Bendz H, Ramsauer B, Schön S, Svedlund J |title=Effects of 10 to 30 years of lithium treatment on kidney function |journal=J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford) |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=608–14 |date=May 2015 |pmid=25735990 |doi=10.1177/0269881115573808 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Unknown
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 1,065: / Line 1,058: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Bipolar disorder
+* [[Bipolar disorder]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Weight gain
+* [[Weight gain]]
-* Acne
+* [[Acne vulgaris|Acne]]
-* Hand tremor
+* Hand [[tremor]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 1,078: / Line 1,071: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Confusion]]
 * [[Constipation]] or [[diarrhea]]
-* Decreased memory
+* Decreased [[memory]]
-* Dry mouth
+* [[Xerostomia|Dry mouth]]
-* Muscle weakness
+* [[Muscle weakness]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↓
@@ Line 1,093: / Line 1,086: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + history of drug consumption
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Extrapyramidal side effects
+* [[Extrapyramidal system|Extrapyramidal side effects]]
-* Euthyroid goitre
+* [[Goitre|Euthyroid goitre]]
-* Hypothyroidism
+* [[Hypothyroidism]]
-* Kidney damage
+* [[Renal insufficiency|Kidney damage]]
 |-
 ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Catecholamine|Catecholamines]]
-([[epinephrine]])
+([[epinephrine]])<ref name="pmid12417430">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bedoui S, Lechner S, Gebhardt T, Nave H, Beck-Sickinger AG, Straub RH, Pabst R, von Hörsten S |title=NPY modulates epinephrine-induced leukocytosis via Y-1 and Y-5 receptor activation in vivo: sympathetic co-transmission during leukocyte mobilization |journal=J. Neuroimmunol. |volume=132 |issue=1-2 |pages=25–33 |date=November 2002 |pmid=12417430 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Stimulation of bone marrow myelopoiesis
+* Stimulation of [[bone marrow]] myelopoiesis
 * Egress into the circulation
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 1,111: / Line 1,104: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Anaphylaxis]]
-* Respiratory diseases
+* [[Respiratory disease|Respiratory diseases]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Acutely ill
-* Diaphoretic
+* [[Diaphoresis|Diaphoretic]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 1,124: / Line 1,117: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Dizziness]]
 * [[Tremor]]
@@ Line 1,132: / Line 1,125: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Myelofibrosis|Megakaryocytic]]<nowiki/>fragments
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Proliferation of [[Megakaryocyte|megakaryocytes]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
@@ Line 1,140: / Line 1,133: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + history of drug consumption
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Thrombosis|Thromboembolic]]<nowiki/>complications
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Tretinoin|ATRA]]
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Tretinoin|ATRA]]<ref name="pmid17257495">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bi KH, Jiang GS |title=Relationship between cytokines and leukocytosis in patients with APL induced by all-trans retinoic acid or arsenic trioxide |journal=Cell. Mol. Immunol. |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=421–7 |date=December 2006 |pmid=17257495 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Differentiating [[Promyelocyte|promyelocytes]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 1,153: / Line 1,146: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Acne
+* [[Acne vulgaris|Acne]]
-* Acute promyelocytic leukemia
+* [[Acute promyelocytic leukemia]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Skin dryness
+* [[Xeroderma|Skin dryness]]
-* Hair loss
+* [[Alopecia|Hair loss]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 1,166: / Line 1,159: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Shortness of breath
+* [[Dyspnea|Shortness of breath]]
-* Headache
+* [[Headache]]
-* Numbness
+* [[Paresthesia|Numbness]]
-* Depression
+* [[Depression]]
-* Itchiness
+* [[Itch|Itchiness]]
-* Vomiting
+* [[Nausea and vomiting|Vomiting]]
-* Muscle pain
+* [[Myalgia|Muscle pain]]
-* Vision changes
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
@@ Line 1,184: / Line 1,176: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation + history of drug consumption
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Teratogen
+* [[Teratology|Teratogen]]
-* Thrombosis
+* [[Thrombosis]]
-* Benign intracranial hypertension
+* [[Idiopathic intracranial hypertension|Benign intracranial hypertension]]
-* Hypercholesterolemia
+* [[Hyperlipoproteinemia|Hypercholesterolemia]]
-* Liver damage
+* [[Liver|Liver damage]]
 |-
 ! rowspan="10" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other
@@ Line 1,222: / Line 1,214: @@
 ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Associated findings
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Infections
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Infection|Infections]]<ref name="pmid24012414">{{cite journal |vauthors=Horasan ES, Dağ A, Ersoz G, Kaya A |title=Surgical site infections and mortality in elderly patients |journal=Med Mal Infect |volume=43 |issue=10 |pages=417–22 |date=October 2013 |pmid=24012414 |doi=10.1016/j.medmal.2013.07.009 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Infection
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+* [[Infection]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 1,231: / Line 1,224: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Close contact
-* Immunodeficiency
+* [[Immunodeficiency]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Acutely ill
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 1,243: / Line 1,236: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Fatigue
+* [[Fatigue]]
-* Nausea and vomiting
+* [[Nausea and vomiting]]
-*
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Howell-Jolly body|Howell-Jolly bodies]]
 * Nucleated [[Red blood cell|RBCs]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Proliferation of [[Megakaryocyte|megakaryocytes]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
@@ Line 1,259: / Line 1,251: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation+ culture
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Depends on etiology
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Allergy]]
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Allergy]]<ref name="pmid29871797">{{cite journal |vauthors=Davis MDP, van der Hilst JCH |title=Mimickers of Urticaria: Urticarial Vasculitis and Autoinflammatory Diseases |journal=J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1162–1170 |date=2018 |pmid=29871797 |doi=10.1016/j.jaip.2018.05.006 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Unknown
-* Activation of chloride transport
+* Activation of [[chloride]] transport
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 1,273: / Line 1,265: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Anaphylaxis]]
-* Respiratory diseases
+* [[Respiratory|Respiratory diseases]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Acutely ill
-* Diaphoretic
+* [[Diaphoresis|Diaphoretic]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 1,286: / Line 1,278: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Dizziness]]
 * [[Tremor]]
@@ Line 1,294: / Line 1,286: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Myelofibrosis|Megakaryocytic]]<nowiki/>fragments
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Proliferation of [[Megakaryocyte|megakaryocytes]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
@@ Line 1,304: / Line 1,296: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Post [[splenectomy]]
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Post [[splenectomy]]<ref name="pmid29766137">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bilello JF, Sharp VL, Dirks RC, Kaups KL, Davis JW |title=After the embo: predicting non-hemorrhagic indications for splenectomy after angioembolization in patients with blunt trauma |journal=Trauma Surg Acute Care Open |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e000159 |date=2018 |pmid=29766137 |pmc=5887792 |doi=10.1136/tsaco-2017-000159 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Unknown
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 1,314: / Line 1,306: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Prior surgical removal of the spleen
+* Prior surgical removal of the [[spleen]]
 * [[Sickle-cell disease|Sickle cell disease]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Normal
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
@@ Line 1,330: / Line 1,322: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Howell-Jolly body|Howell-Jolly bodies]]
 * Nucleated [[Red blood cell|RBCs]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Proliferation of [[Megakaryocyte|megakaryocytes]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
@@ Line 1,339: / Line 1,331: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Clinical manifestation
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Incidental laboratory finding
 * [[Thrombosis]]
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Smoking|Cigarette smoking]]
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Smoking|Cigarette smoking]]<ref name="pmid27688691">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lymperaki E, Makedou K, Iliadis S, Vagdatli E |title=Effects of acute cigarette smoking on total blood count and markers of oxidative stress in active and passive smokers |journal=Hippokratia |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=293–7 |date=2015 |pmid=27688691 |pmc=5033137 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Reduced plasma volume
+* Reduced [[Blood plasma|plasma]] volume
 * Accelerated [[erythropoiesis]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 1,354: / Line 1,346: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Smoking|Cigarette smoking]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Cyanosis]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 1,365: / Line 1,357: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Cough
+* [[Cough]]
 * [[Dyspnea]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
@@ Line 1,379: / Line 1,371: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Stress (medicine)|Stress]]/[[Physical exercise|exercise]]
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Stress (medicine)|Stress]]/[[Physical exercise|exercise]]<ref name="pmid26477922">{{cite journal |vauthors=Simpson RJ, Kunz H, Agha N, Graff R |title=Exercise and the Regulation of Immune Functions |journal=Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci |volume=135 |issue= |pages=355–80 |date=2015 |pmid=26477922 |doi=10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.08.001 |url=}}</ref>
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Reduced plasma volume
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 1,389: / Line 1,381: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Athlete
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Exercise
+* [[Physical exercise|Exercise]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Normal
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 1,404: / Line 1,396: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Howell-Jolly body|Howell-Jolly bodies]]
 * Nucleated [[Red blood cell|RBCs]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Proliferation of [[Megakaryocyte|megakaryocytes]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
@@ Line 1,415: / Line 1,407: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Infant|Infancy]]
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Infant|Infancy]]<ref name="pmid26580401">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nouatin O, Gbédandé K, Ibitokou S, Vianou B, Houngbegnon P, Ezinmegnon S, Borgella S, Akplogan C, Cottrell G, Varani S, Massougbodji A, Moutairou K, Troye-Blomberg M, Deloron P, Luty AJ, Fievet N |title=Infants' Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Composition Reflects Both Maternal and Post-Natal Infection with Plasmodium falciparum |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=e0139606 |date=2015 |pmid=26580401 |pmc=4651557 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0139606 |url=}}</ref>
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Physiologic
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 1,423: / Line 1,415: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Infancy
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Infant|Infancy]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Normal
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 1,446: / Line 1,438: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Pregnancy]]
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Pregnancy]]<ref name="pmid26621538">{{cite journal |vauthors=Perseghin P |title=Erythrocyte exchange and leukapheresis in pregnancy |journal=Transfus. Apher. Sci. |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=279–82 |date=December 2015 |pmid=26621538 |doi=10.1016/j.transci.2015.11.007 |url=}}</ref>
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Physiologic
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
@@ Line 1,454: / Line 1,446: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Pregnancy
+| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Pregnancy]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Normal
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 1,477: / Line 1,469: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Platelet]] clumping
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Platelet]] clumping<ref name="pmid25369589">{{cite journal |vauthors=Castrillo A, Álvarez I, Tolksdorf F |title=In vitro evaluation of platelet concentrates suspended in additive solution and treated for pathogen reduction: effects of clumping formation |journal=Blood Transfus |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=281–6 |date=April 2015 |pmid=25369589 |pmc=4385077 |doi=10.2450/2014.0162-14 |url=}}</ref>
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Spurious
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 1,487: / Line 1,479: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * Normal
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 1,500: / Line 1,492: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Cytoplasmic fragments
+* [[Cytoplasm|Cytoplasmic]] fragments
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
@@ Line 1,509: / Line 1,501: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 |-
-! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Cryoglobulinemia|Mixed cryoglobulinemia]]
+! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Cryoglobulinemia|Mixed cryoglobulinemia]]<ref name="pmid25837517">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cacoub P, Comarmond C, Domont F, Savey L, Saadoun D |title=Cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=128 |issue=9 |pages=950–5 |date=September 2015 |pmid=25837517 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.02.017 |url=}}</ref>
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Spurious
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 1,518: / Line 1,510: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Any
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Cancer|Malignancy]]
 * [[Autoimmune disease]]
 * [[Infection]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Atypical cutaneous ulcers
+* Atypical cutaneous [[Ulcer|ulcers]]
 * Palpable [[purpura]]
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
@@ Line 1,532: / Line 1,524: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |−
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Headache]]
 * [[Confusion]]
@@ Line 1,540: / Line 1,532: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↓
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
-* Cytoplasmic fragments
+* [[Cytoplasm|Cytoplasmic]] fragments
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
@@ Line 1,547: / Line 1,539: @@
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
 | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |[[Skin biopsy]]
-| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
+| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
 * [[Vasculitis]]
 * [[Neuropathy]]
@@ Line 1,583: / Line 1,575: @@
 ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Associated findings
 |}
-== Treatment ==
-=== Medical Therapy ===
-*The treatment for leukocytosis will depend on the underlying condition.<ref name="wiki">Leukocytosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis Accessed on May 23, 2016 </ref>
 ==References==