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{{Acute myeloid leukemia}}
{{Acute myeloid leukemia}}


{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{RT}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{shyam}}; {{GRR}} {{Nat}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia was first described in 1827 by a french physician named [[Alfred-Armand-Louis-Marie Velpeau]].
In the 17th and 18th centuries, scientists first discovered and described blood cells, which are the malignant cells in acute myeloid leukemia. In the 19th century, the first case of acute leukemia was described. In the 20th century, chemotherapy was introduced for the treatment of acute leukemia. The 21st century witnessed advancements in the understanding of disease biology, and targeted therapies for acute myeloid leukemia were introduced to the market.


==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
* The first published description of a case of leukemia in medical literature dates to 1827, when a French physician named [[Alfred-Armand-Louis-Marie Velpeau]] described a 63-year-old florist who developed an illness characterized by [[fever]], [[weakness]], [[nephrolithiasis|urinary stones]], and substantial [[hepatosplenomegaly|enlargement of the liver and spleen]]. Velpeau noted that the blood of this patient had a consistency "like gruel", and speculated that the appearance of the blood was due to white corpuscles.<ref>
*In '''130-200 AD''', Galen first used the term ''cancer.'' This included hematologic and solid [[malignancies]].
{{cite book |last = Hoffman |first = Ronald ''et al.'' |title= Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice |year= 2005 |publisher= Elsevier Churchill Livingstone |location= St. Louis, Mo. |edition = 4th. ed. |pages = p. 1071 |id= ISBN 0-443-06629-9}}</ref>  
*In '''1674''', Van Leeuwenhoek was the first scientist to discover [[red blood cells]].<ref name="pmid26631112">{{cite journal| author=Coller BS| title=Blood at 70: its roots in the history of hematology and its birth. | journal=Blood | year= 2015 | volume= 126 | issue= 24 | pages= 2548-60 | pmid=26631112 | doi=10.1182/blood-2015-09-659581 | pmc=4671105 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26631112  }} </ref>
 
*In '''1749''', Joseph Lieutaud, a French anatomist, described what he called ''the globuli albicantes,'' which later came to be known as [[white blood cells]].
* In 1845, a series of patients who died with enlarged spleens and changes in the "colors and consistencies of their blood" was reported by the Edinburgh-based [[pathologist]] J.H. Bennett; he used the term "leucocythemia" to describe this pathological condition.<ref>Bennett JH. Two cases of hypertrophy of the spleen and liver, in which death took place from suppuration of blood. ''Edinburgh Med Surg J.'' (1845)64:413.</ref>
*In '''1749''', after De Sanc described ''globules blancs du pus,'' it became known that pus and inflammation were related to blood.
 
*In '''1774''', William Hewson gave a detailed description of the [[lymphatic system]] and [[lymphocytes]].
* The term "leukemia" was coined by [[Rudolf Virchow]], the renowned German [[pathologist]], in 1856. As a pioneer in the use of the [[light microscope]] in pathology, Virchow was the first to describe the abnormal excess of white blood cells in patients with the clinical syndrome described by Velpeau and Bennett.  As Virchow was uncertain of the [[etiology|cause]] of the white blood cell excess, he used the purely descriptive term "leukemia" (Greek: "white blood") to refer to the condition.<ref>Virchow R: Die Leukämie. In Virchow R (ed): Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Wissenschaftlichen Medizin. Frankfurt, Meidinger, 1856, p 190.</ref>
*In '''1846''', Dr. Henry Fuller, a physician at St George's Hospital in London, published the first case report of [[chronic granulocytic leukemia]]. This was the first recorded use of the microscope to diagnose leukemia in a patient. He noted that the time from the onset of ill health to death was 8 months. He labeled his diagnosis as "leucocythaemia".
 
*In '''1857''', Nikolaus Friedreich documented the first case of [[acute leukemia]].<ref name="pmid29340131">{{cite journal| author=Lagunas-Rangel FA, Chávez-Valencia V, Gómez-Guijosa MÁ, Cortes-Penagos C| title=Acute Myeloid Leukemia-Genetic Alterations and Their Clinical Prognosis. | journal=Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res | year= 2017 | volume= 11 | issue= 4 | pages= 328-339 | pmid=29340131 | doi= | pmc=5767295 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29340131  }} </ref>
* [[Wilhelm Ebstein]] introduced the term ''"acute leukemia"'' in 1889 to differentiate rapidly progressive and fatal leukemias from the more indolent [[chronic leukemia]]s.<ref>Ebstein W. Ueber die acute Leukämie und Pseudoleukämie. ''Deutsch Arch Klin Med''. (1889)44:343.</ref>
*In '''1877''', Paul Ehrlich performed polychromatophilic stains to classify leukemia into myeloid or lymphoid.<ref name="pmid29340131">{{cite journal| author=Lagunas-Rangel FA, Chávez-Valencia V, Gómez-Guijosa MÁ, Cortes-Penagos C| title=Acute Myeloid Leukemia-Genetic Alterations and Their Clinical Prognosis. | journal=Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res | year= 2017 | volume= 11 | issue= 4 | pages= 328-339 | pmid=29340131 | doi= | pmc=5767295 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29340131  }} </ref>
 
*In '''1878''', Ernst Neumann described the [[bone marrow]] as the origin of leukemia.<ref name="pmid29340131">{{cite journal| author=Lagunas-Rangel FA, Chávez-Valencia V, Gómez-Guijosa MÁ, Cortes-Penagos C| title=Acute Myeloid Leukemia-Genetic Alterations and Their Clinical Prognosis. | journal=Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res | year= 2017 | volume= 11 | issue= 4 | pages= 328-339 | pmid=29340131 | doi= | pmc=5767295 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29340131  }} </ref>
* The technique of [[bone marrow examination]] to diagnose leukemia was first described in 1879 by Mosler.<ref>Mosler F. Klinische Symptome und Therapie der medullären Leukämie. ''Berl Klin Wochenschr''. (1876)13:702. </ref>  
*In '''1882''', A.C. Doyle reported on the efficacy of [[arsenic]] in acute promyelocytic leukemia.<ref name="pmid26716387">{{cite journal| author=Falchi L, Verstovsek S, Ravandi-Kashani F, Kantarjian HM| title=The evolution of arsenic in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia and other myeloid neoplasms: Moving toward an effective oral, outpatient therapy. | journal=Cancer | year= 2016 | volume= 122 | issue= 8 | pages= 1160-8 | pmid=26716387 | doi=10.1002/cncr.29852 | pmc=5042140 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26716387 }} </ref>
 
*In '''1889''', Willhelm Ebstein described leukemia as a fast and fatal disease.<ref name="pmid29340131">{{cite journal| author=Lagunas-Rangel FA, Chávez-Valencia V, Gómez-Guijosa MÁ, Cortes-Penagos C| title=Acute Myeloid Leukemia-Genetic Alterations and Their Clinical Prognosis. | journal=Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res | year= 2017 | volume= 11 | issue= 4 | pages= 328-339 | pmid=29340131 | doi= | pmc=5767295 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29340131  }} </ref>
* Finally, in 1900 the [[myeloblast]], which is the malignant cell in AML, was characterized by Naegeli, who divided the leukemias into ''myeloid'' and ''lymphocytic''.<ref>Naegeli O. Über rothes Knochenmark und Myeloblasten. ''Deutsch Med Wochenschr''. (1900) 26:287.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Zhen-yi, Wang |title = Ham-Wasserman Lecture: Treatment of Acute Leukemia by Inducing Differentiation and Apoptosis | year=2003 | journal = Hematology | pmid = 14633774}}</ref>
*In '''1900''', Otto Naegeli described the differences between blasts (blood cancer cells) of myeloid versus lymphoid origin.<ref name="pmid29340131">{{cite journal| author=Lagunas-Rangel FA, Chávez-Valencia V, Gómez-Guijosa MÁ, Cortes-Penagos C| title=Acute Myeloid Leukemia-Genetic Alterations and Their Clinical Prognosis. | journal=Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res | year= 2017 | volume= 11 | issue= 4 | pages= 328-339 | pmid=29340131 | doi= | pmc=5767295 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29340131  }} </ref>
*In '''1914''', Theodor Boveri described the role of chromosomal aberrations in the development of cancer. This later became very important to the classification of acute myeloid leukemia, which is largely based on [[Chromosome abnormality|chromosomal abnormalities]].<ref name="pmid29340131">{{cite journal| author=Lagunas-Rangel FA, Chávez-Valencia V, Gómez-Guijosa MÁ, Cortes-Penagos C| title=Acute Myeloid Leukemia-Genetic Alterations and Their Clinical Prognosis. | journal=Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res | year= 2017 | volume= 11 | issue= 4 | pages= 328-339 | pmid=29340131 | doi= | pmc=5767295 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29340131  }} </ref>
*In '''1973''', [[cytarabine]] and [[Anthracycline|anthracyclines]] were introduced as induction therapy for acute myeloid leukemia.
*In '''2000''', gemtuzumab ozogamycin was approved by the Food and Drug Administration and was introduced to the market after phase II data showed a 26% response rate.<ref name="pmid23747885">{{cite journal| author=Cowan AJ, Laszlo GS, Estey EH, Walter RB| title=Antibody-based therapy of acute myeloid leukemia with gemtuzumab ozogamicin. | journal=Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) | year= 2013 | volume= 18 | issue=  | pages= 1311-34 | pmid=23747885 | doi= | pmc=3683663 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23747885  }} </ref>
*In '''2010''', gemtuzumab ozogamycin was taken off the market after data showed concerns about the safety and efficacy of this medication in acute myeloid leukemia.<ref name="pmid23747885">{{cite journal| author=Cowan AJ, Laszlo GS, Estey EH, Walter RB| title=Antibody-based therapy of acute myeloid leukemia with gemtuzumab ozogamicin. | journal=Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) | year= 2013 | volume= 18 | issue=  | pages= 1311-34 | pmid=23747885 | doi= | pmc=3683663 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23747885  }} </ref>
*In '''2017''', the European LeukemiaNet (ELN) classification system was devised to help risk stratify patients with acute myeloid leukemia.<ref name="pmid23382473">{{cite journal| author=Li Z, Herold T, He C, Valk PJ, Chen P, Jurinovic V et al.| title=Identification of a 24-gene prognostic signature that improves the European LeukemiaNet risk classification of acute myeloid leukemia: an international collaborative study. | journal=J Clin Oncol | year= 2013 | volume= 31 | issue= 9 | pages= 1172-81 | pmid=23382473 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2012.44.3184 | pmc=3595425 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23382473  }} </ref>
*In '''2017''', there were multiple new drugs approved for acute myeloid leukemia after a 40-year period of stagnation. These medications included [[midostaurin]], [[enasidenib]], [[CPX-351]], and gemtuzumab ozogamycin (re-approved in 2017 after its discontinuation in 2010).
*In '''2018''', ivosidenib was approved by the Food and Drug Administration after a phase 1 dose-escalation and dose-expansion study showed an overall response rate of 40%.<ref name="pmid29670690">{{cite journal| author=Popovici-Muller J, Lemieux RM, Artin E, Saunders JO, Salituro FG, Travins J et al.| title=Discovery of AG-120 (Ivosidenib): A First-in-Class Mutant IDH1 Inhibitor for the Treatment of IDH1 Mutant Cancers. | journal=ACS Med Chem Lett | year= 2018 | volume= 9 | issue= 4 | pages= 300-305 | pmid=29670690 | doi=10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00421 | pmc=5900343 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29670690  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 13:02, 11 April 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shyam Patel [2]; Grammar Reviewer: Natalie Harpenau, B.S.[3]

Overview

In the 17th and 18th centuries, scientists first discovered and described blood cells, which are the malignant cells in acute myeloid leukemia. In the 19th century, the first case of acute leukemia was described. In the 20th century, chemotherapy was introduced for the treatment of acute leukemia. The 21st century witnessed advancements in the understanding of disease biology, and targeted therapies for acute myeloid leukemia were introduced to the market.

Historical Perspective

  • In 130-200 AD, Galen first used the term cancer. This included hematologic and solid malignancies.
  • In 1674, Van Leeuwenhoek was the first scientist to discover red blood cells.[1]
  • In 1749, Joseph Lieutaud, a French anatomist, described what he called the globuli albicantes, which later came to be known as white blood cells.
  • In 1749, after De Sanc described globules blancs du pus, it became known that pus and inflammation were related to blood.
  • In 1774, William Hewson gave a detailed description of the lymphatic system and lymphocytes.
  • In 1846, Dr. Henry Fuller, a physician at St George's Hospital in London, published the first case report of chronic granulocytic leukemia. This was the first recorded use of the microscope to diagnose leukemia in a patient. He noted that the time from the onset of ill health to death was 8 months. He labeled his diagnosis as "leucocythaemia".
  • In 1857, Nikolaus Friedreich documented the first case of acute leukemia.[2]
  • In 1877, Paul Ehrlich performed polychromatophilic stains to classify leukemia into myeloid or lymphoid.[2]
  • In 1878, Ernst Neumann described the bone marrow as the origin of leukemia.[2]
  • In 1882, A.C. Doyle reported on the efficacy of arsenic in acute promyelocytic leukemia.[3]
  • In 1889, Willhelm Ebstein described leukemia as a fast and fatal disease.[2]
  • In 1900, Otto Naegeli described the differences between blasts (blood cancer cells) of myeloid versus lymphoid origin.[2]
  • In 1914, Theodor Boveri described the role of chromosomal aberrations in the development of cancer. This later became very important to the classification of acute myeloid leukemia, which is largely based on chromosomal abnormalities.[2]
  • In 1973, cytarabine and anthracyclines were introduced as induction therapy for acute myeloid leukemia.
  • In 2000, gemtuzumab ozogamycin was approved by the Food and Drug Administration and was introduced to the market after phase II data showed a 26% response rate.[4]
  • In 2010, gemtuzumab ozogamycin was taken off the market after data showed concerns about the safety and efficacy of this medication in acute myeloid leukemia.[4]
  • In 2017, the European LeukemiaNet (ELN) classification system was devised to help risk stratify patients with acute myeloid leukemia.[5]
  • In 2017, there were multiple new drugs approved for acute myeloid leukemia after a 40-year period of stagnation. These medications included midostaurin, enasidenib, CPX-351, and gemtuzumab ozogamycin (re-approved in 2017 after its discontinuation in 2010).
  • In 2018, ivosidenib was approved by the Food and Drug Administration after a phase 1 dose-escalation and dose-expansion study showed an overall response rate of 40%.[6]

References

  1. ↑ Coller BS (2015). "Blood at 70: its roots in the history of hematology and its birth". Blood. 126 (24): 2548–60. doi:10.1182/blood-2015-09-659581. PMC 4671105. PMID 26631112.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Lagunas-Rangel FA, Chávez-Valencia V, Gómez-Guijosa MÁ, Cortes-Penagos C (2017). "Acute Myeloid Leukemia-Genetic Alterations and Their Clinical Prognosis". Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res. 11 (4): 328–339. PMC 5767295. PMID 29340131.
  3. ↑ Falchi L, Verstovsek S, Ravandi-Kashani F, Kantarjian HM (2016). "The evolution of arsenic in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia and other myeloid neoplasms: Moving toward an effective oral, outpatient therapy". Cancer. 122 (8): 1160–8. doi:10.1002/cncr.29852. PMC 5042140. PMID 26716387.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cowan AJ, Laszlo GS, Estey EH, Walter RB (2013). "Antibody-based therapy of acute myeloid leukemia with gemtuzumab ozogamicin". Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 18: 1311–34. PMC 3683663. PMID 23747885.
  5. ↑ Li Z, Herold T, He C, Valk PJ, Chen P, Jurinovic V; et al. (2013). "Identification of a 24-gene prognostic signature that improves the European LeukemiaNet risk classification of acute myeloid leukemia: an international collaborative study". J Clin Oncol. 31 (9): 1172–81. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.44.3184. PMC 3595425. PMID 23382473.
  6. ↑ Popovici-Muller J, Lemieux RM, Artin E, Saunders JO, Salituro FG, Travins J; et al. (2018). "Discovery of AG-120 (Ivosidenib): A First-in-Class Mutant IDH1 Inhibitor for the Treatment of IDH1 Mutant Cancers". ACS Med Chem Lett. 9 (4): 300–305. doi:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00421. PMC 5900343. PMID 29670690.

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