Acute myeloid leukemia risk factors: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
 
(11 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown)
Line 2: Line 2:
{{Acute myeloid leukemia}}
{{Acute myeloid leukemia}}


{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{RT}} {{CLG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{RT}}, {{CLG}}, {{shyam}}; {{GRR}} {{Nat}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Common risk factors in the development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia are [[myelodysplastic syndrome|myelodysplastic]] or [[myeloproliferative syndrome|myeloproliferative]] syndromes, [[aplastic anemia]], [[myelofibrosis]], [[paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]], [[polycythemia vera]], chemical exposure and several [[congenital]] conditions such as [[Down syndrome]], [[Bloom syndrome]], [[Fanconi anemia]], [[neurofibromatosis]] and congenital neutropenia.
Common risk factors in the development of acute myeloid leukemia are advanced age, benzene exposure, prior myelodysplastic syndrome, germline mutations, and other conditions like aplastic anemia.


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
A number of risk factors for developing acute myeloid leukemia have been identified including:
A number of risk factors for developing acute myeloid leukemia have been identified including:


===Preleukemia===
*'''Advanced age''': This is the most common risk factor for acute leukemia. Elderly patients are more likely to develop myeloid leukemia, due to a longer duration and opportunity for mutations to accumulate in cells. These mutations are more likely to accumulate in [[hematopoietic stem cells]] through a process called clonal evolution.<ref name="pmid25056697">{{cite journal| author=Grove CS, Vassiliou GS| title=Acute myeloid leukaemia: a paradigm for the clonal evolution of cancer? | journal=Dis Model Mech | year= 2014 | volume= 7 | issue= 8 | pages= 941-51 | pmid=25056697 | doi=10.1242/dmm.015974 | pmc=4107323 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25056697  }} </ref>
"Pre-leukemic" blood disorders such as [[myelodysplastic syndrome|myelodysplastic]] or [[myeloproliferative syndrome|myeloproliferative]] syndromes can evolve into acute myeloid leukemia; the exact risk depends on the type of MDS/MPS<ref>{{cite journal | author = Sanz G, Sanz M, Vallespí T, Cañizo M, Torrabadella M, García S, Irriguible D, San Miguel J | title = Two regression models and a scoring system for predicting survival and planning treatment in myelodysplastic syndromes: a multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in 370 patients. | journal = Blood | volume = 74 | issue = 1 | pages = 395–408 | year = 1989 | pmid = 2752119}}</ref>. Other hematological disorders that can progress to acute myeloid leukemia include:
*'''Benzene'''<ref name="pmid22166497">{{cite journal| author=McHale CM, Zhang L, Smith MT| title=Current understanding of the mechanism of benzene-induced leukemia in humans: implications for risk assessment. | journal=Carcinogenesis | year= 2012 | volume= 33 | issue= 2 | pages= 240-52 | pmid=22166497 | doi=10.1093/carcin/bgr297 | pmc=3271273 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166497  }} </ref>: Benzene is a chemical solvent and aromatic hydrocarbon, for which exposure is a significant risk factor for acute leukemia.<ref name="pmid22166497">{{cite journal| author=McHale CM, Zhang L, Smith MT| title=Current understanding of the mechanism of benzene-induced leukemia in humans: implications for risk assessment. | journal=Carcinogenesis | year= 2012 | volume= 33 | issue= 2 | pages= 240-52 | pmid=22166497 | doi=10.1093/carcin/bgr297 | pmc=3271273 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22166497  }} </ref>
* [[Aplastic anemia]]
*'''Prior myelodysplastic syndrome''': [[Myelodysplastic syndrome]] is a disorder characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, defective maturation of blood cells, and peripheral cytopenias. Antecedent [[myelodysplastic syndrome]] is implicated in some forms of acute leukemia, such as [[acute myeloid leukemia]]. Myelodysplastic syndrome is a precursor for leukemia, as this disease is characterized by the presence of dysplastic or cancerous cells that do not meet the requirements for a formal diagnosis of leukemia.<ref name="pmid23980065">{{cite journal| author=Malcovati L, Hellström-Lindberg E, Bowen D, Adès L, Cermak J, Del Cañizo C et al.| title=Diagnosis and treatment of primary myelodysplastic syndromes in adults: recommendations from the European LeukemiaNet. | journal=Blood | year= 2013 | volume= 122 | issue= 17 | pages= 2943-64 | pmid=23980065 | doi=10.1182/blood-2013-03-492884 | pmc=3811170 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23980065  }} </ref>
* [[Myelofibrosis]]
*'''Germline mutations''': In general, germline predisposition to acute promyelocytic leukemia is rare. In patients with [[acute myeloid leukemia]], germline mutations in the ''[[RUNX1]]'' gene can predispose to the development of the cancer.<ref name="pmid28179279">{{cite journal| author=Sood R, Kamikubo Y, Liu P| title=Role of RUNX1 in hematological malignancies. | journal=Blood | year= 2017 | volume= 129 | issue= 15 | pages= 2070-2082 | pmid=28179279 | doi=10.1182/blood-2016-10-687830 | pmc=5391618 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28179279  }} </ref>
* [[Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]]
*'''Other conditions''': Other causes include [[myeloproliferative syndrome|myeloproliferative]] syndromes, [[aplastic anemia]], [[myelofibrosis]], [[paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]], [[polycythemia vera]], chemical exposure and several [[congenital]] conditions such as [[Down syndrome]], [[Bloom syndrome]], [[Fanconi anemia]], and [[neurofibromatosis]].
* [[Polycythemia vera]]


===Chemical exposure===
Exposure to [[chemotherapy|anti-cancer chemotherapy]], in particular [[alkylating antineoplastic agent|alkylating agents]], can increase the risk for the subsequent development of acute myeloid leukemia.  The risk is highest about 3–5 years after chemotherapy.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Le Beau M, Albain K, Larson R, Vardiman J, Davis E, Blough R, Golomb H, Rowley J | title = Clinical and cytogenetic correlations in 63 patients with therapy-related myelodysplastic syndromes and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: further evidence for characteristic abnormalities of chromosomes no. 5 and 7 | journal = J Clin Oncol | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 325-45 | year = 1986 | pmid = 3950675}}</ref>  Other chemotherapy agents, specifically [[Podophyllotoxin|epipodophyllotoxins]] and [[anthracycline]]s, have also been associated with treatment-related leukemia.  These treatment-related leukemias are often associated with specific chromosomal abnormalities in the leukemic cells.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Thirman M, Gill H, Burnett R, Mbangkollo D, McCabe N, Kobayashi H, Ziemin-van der Poel S, Kaneko Y, Morgan R, Sandberg A | title = Rearrangement of the MLL gene in acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukemias with 11q23 chromosomal translocations | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 329 | issue = 13 | pages = 909-14 | year = 1993 | pmid = 8361504}}</ref>
* [[Ionizing radiation]] exposure can increase the risk of acute myeloid leukemia.  Survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki had an increased rate of acute myeloid leukemia,<ref>{{cite journal | author = Bizzozero O, Johnson K, Ciocco A | title = Radiation-related leukemia in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1946–1964. I. Distribution, incidence and appearance time | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 274 | issue = 20 | pages = 1095-101 | year = 1966 | pmid = 5932020}}</ref> as did [[radiologist]]s exposed to high levels of [[X-ray]]s prior to the adoption of modern radiation safety practices.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Yoshinaga S, Mabuchi K, Sigurdson A, Doody M, Ron E | title = Cancer risks among radiologists and radiologic technologists: review of epidemiologic studies | journal = Radiology | volume = 233 | issue = 2 | pages = 313-21 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15375227}}</ref>
* Occupational chemical exposure to [[benzene]] and other [[organic solvent|aromatic organic solvents]] is controversial as a cause of acute myeloid leukemia. Benzene and many of its derivatives are known to be [[carcinogenic]] ''in vitro''.  It is known to cause [[aplastic anemia]] and [[pancytopenia]].  While some studies have suggested a link between occupational exposure to benzene and increased risk of acute myeloid leukemia (M6 type),<ref>{{cite journal | author = Austin H, Delzell E, Cole P | title = Benzene and leukemia. A review of the literature and a risk assessment. | journal = Am J Epidemiol | volume = 127 | issue = 3 | pages = 419-39 | year = 1988 | pmid = 3277397}}</ref> others have suggested that the attributable risk, if any, is slight.<ref>Linet, MS. The Leukemias: Epidemiologic Aspects. Oxford University Press, New York 1985.</ref>
===Genetics===
A hereditary risk for acute myeloid leukemia appears to exist. Multiple cases of acute myeloid leukemia developing in a family at a rate higher than predicted by chance alone have been reported.<ref>{{cite book|author=Taylor GM, Birch JM|chapter=The hereditary basis of human leukemia| editor=Henderson ES, Lister TA, Greaves MF| title=Leukemia|edition=6th|location=Philadelphia|publisher= WB Saunders|year= 1996|isbn=0-7216-5381-2|page=210}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Horwitz M, Goode EL, Jarvik GP | title = Anticipation in familial leukemia | journal = Am. J. Hum. Genet. | volume = 59 | issue = 5 | pages = 990–8 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8900225 | pmc = 1914843 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Crittenden LB | title = An interpretation of familial aggregation based on multiple genetic and environmental factors | journal = Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. | volume = 91 | issue = 3 | pages = 769–80 | year = 1961 | pmid = 13696504 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1961.tb31106.x | bibcode = 1961NYASA..91..769C }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Horwitz M | title = The genetics of familial leukemia | journal = Leukemia | volume = 11 | issue = 8 | pages = 1347–59 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9264391 | doi = 10.1038/sj.leu.2400707 }}</ref>
Several [[congenital]] conditions may increase the risk of leukemia; the most common is probably [[Down syndrome]], which is associated with a 10 to 18-fold increase in the risk of acute myeloid leukemia.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Evans D, Steward J | title = Down's syndrome and leukaemia | journal = Lancet | volume = 2 | issue = 7790 | pages = 1322 | year = 1972 | pmid = 4117858}}</ref>  Other congenital disorders with such predisposition include:
* [[Bloom syndrome]]
* [[Fanconi anemia]]
* [[Neurofibromatosis]]
* Congenital neutropenia


==References==
==References==
Line 38: Line 23:
[[Category:Hematology]]
[[Category:Hematology]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Leukemia]]
[[Category:Leukemia]]


Line 44: Line 28:
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Hematology]]
[[Category:Immunology]]

Latest revision as of 13:03, 11 April 2019

Acute myeloid leukemia Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Acute myeloid leukemia from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardigram

Chest X Ray

Echocardiograph and Ultrasound

CT

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Acute myeloid leukemia risk factors On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Acute myeloid leukemia risk factors

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Acute myeloid leukemia risk factors

CDC on Acute myeloid leukemia risk factors

Acute myeloid leukemia risk factors in the news

Blogs on Acute myeloid leukemia risk factors

Directions to Hospitals Treating Acute myeloid leukemia

Risk calculators and risk factors for Acute myeloid leukemia risk factors

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [2], Carlos A Lopez, M.D. [3], Shyam Patel [4]; Grammar Reviewer: Natalie Harpenau, B.S.[5]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of acute myeloid leukemia are advanced age, benzene exposure, prior myelodysplastic syndrome, germline mutations, and other conditions like aplastic anemia.

Risk Factors

A number of risk factors for developing acute myeloid leukemia have been identified including:


References

  1. ↑ Grove CS, Vassiliou GS (2014). "Acute myeloid leukaemia: a paradigm for the clonal evolution of cancer?". Dis Model Mech. 7 (8): 941–51. doi:10.1242/dmm.015974. PMC 4107323. PMID 25056697.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 McHale CM, Zhang L, Smith MT (2012). "Current understanding of the mechanism of benzene-induced leukemia in humans: implications for risk assessment". Carcinogenesis. 33 (2): 240–52. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgr297. PMC 3271273. PMID 22166497.
  3. ↑ Malcovati L, Hellström-Lindberg E, Bowen D, Adès L, Cermak J, Del Cañizo C; et al. (2013). "Diagnosis and treatment of primary myelodysplastic syndromes in adults: recommendations from the European LeukemiaNet". Blood. 122 (17): 2943–64. doi:10.1182/blood-2013-03-492884. PMC 3811170. PMID 23980065.
  4. ↑ Sood R, Kamikubo Y, Liu P (2017). "Role of RUNX1 in hematological malignancies". Blood. 129 (15): 2070–2082. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-10-687830. PMC 5391618. PMID 28179279.

Template:Hematology


Template:WikiDoc Sources

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Acute_myeloid_leukemia_risk_factors&oldid=1562716"