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{{Acute lymphoblastic leukemia}} | {{Acute lymphoblastic leukemia}} | ||
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{RT}} | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{RT}} {{CLG}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Common [[risk factors]] in the development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia are [[Down syndrome]], [[ataxia telangiectasia]], [[Bloom syndrome]], [[X-linked agammaglobulinemia]], [[Fanconi's anemia]] and [[severe combined immunodeficiency]]. | |||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia risk factors may include the following: | Common [[risk factors]] in the development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia are [[Down syndrome]], [[ataxia telangiectasia]], [[Bloom syndrome]], [[X-linked agammaglobulinemia]], [[Fanconi's anemia]] [[severe combined immunodeficiency]], [[Radiation therapy|radiation]] exposure, exposure to [[benzene]], and [[smoking]]. | ||
* [[Down syndrome]] | ===Common risk factors=== | ||
* [[Ataxia telangiectasia]] | Acute lymphoblastic leukemia [[risk factors]] may include the following:<ref name="pmid17366834">{{cite journal |vauthors=Belson M, Kingsley B, Holmes A |title=Risk factors for acute leukemia in children: a review |journal=Environ. Health Perspect. |volume=115 |issue=1 |pages=138–45 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17366834 |pmc=1817663 |doi=10.1289/ehp.9023 |url=}}</ref> | ||
* [[Bloom syndrome]] | *[[Radiation exposure]]<ref name="pmid9024390">{{cite journal| author=Greaves MF| title=Aetiology of acute leukaemia. | journal=Lancet | year= 1997 | volume= 349 | issue= 9048 | pages= 344-9 | pmid=9024390 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9024390 }} </ref> | ||
* [[X-linked agammaglobulinemia]] | *[[Benzene]] exposure<ref name="pmid20584305">{{cite journal| author=Khalade A, Jaakkola MS, Pukkala E, Jaakkola JJ| title=Exposure to benzene at work and the risk of leukemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=Environ Health | year= 2010 | volume= 9 | issue= | pages= 31 | pmid=20584305 | doi=10.1186/1476-069X-9-31 | pmc=2903550 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20584305 }} </ref> | ||
* [[Fanconi's anemia]] | *[[Infections]] with the following [[viruses]]: | ||
* [[Severe combined immunodeficiency]] | **[[EBV]]<ref name="pmid28225168">{{cite journal| author=Guan H, Miao H, Ma N, Lu W, Luo B| title=Correlations between Epstein-Barr virus and acute leukemia. | journal=J Med Virol | year= 2017 | volume= 89 | issue= 8 | pages= 1453-1460 | pmid=28225168 | doi=10.1002/jmv.24797 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28225168 }} </ref> | ||
**[[Human T-lymphotropic virus|HTLV-1]]<ref name="pmid9024390">{{cite journal| author=Greaves MF| title=Aetiology of acute leukaemia. | journal=Lancet | year= 1997 | volume= 349 | issue= 9048 | pages= 344-9 | pmid=9024390 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9024390 }} </ref> | |||
*Previous use of [[chemotherapy]] drugs | |||
*Smoking<ref name="pmid23853208">{{cite journal| author=Metayer C, Zhang L, Wiemels JL, Bartley K, Schiffman J, Ma X et al.| title=Tobacco smoke exposure and the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemias by cytogenetic subtype. | journal=Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev | year= 2013 | volume= 22 | issue= 9 | pages= 1600-11 | pmid=23853208 | doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0350 | pmc=3769478 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23853208 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24699944">{{cite journal| author=Farioli A, Legittimo P, Mattioli S, Miligi L, Benvenuti A, Ranucci A et al.| title=Tobacco smoke and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: findings from the SETIL case-control study. | journal=Cancer Causes Control | year= 2014 | volume= 25 | issue= 6 | pages= 683-92 | pmid=24699944 | doi=10.1007/s10552-014-0371-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24699944 }} </ref> | |||
* [[Down syndrome]] <ref name="pmid30428356">{{cite journal| author=Mowery CT, Reyes JM, Cabal-Hierro L, Higby KJ, Karlin KL, Wang JH et al.| title=Trisomy of a Down Syndrome Critical Region Globally Amplifies Transcription via HMGN1 Overexpression. | journal=Cell Rep | year= 2018 | volume= 25 | issue= 7 | pages= 1898-1911.e5 | pmid=30428356 | doi=10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.061 | pmc=6321629 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30428356 }} </ref> | |||
* [[Ataxia telangiectasia]]<ref name="pmid23509889">{{cite journal| author=Bielorai B, Fisher T, Waldman D, Lerenthal Y, Nissenkorn A, Tohami T et al.| title=Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in early childhood as the presenting sign of ataxia-telangiectasia variant. | journal=Pediatr Hematol Oncol | year= 2013 | volume= 30 | issue= 6 | pages= 574-82 | pmid=23509889 | doi=10.3109/08880018.2013.777949 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23509889 }} </ref> | |||
* [[Bloom syndrome]]<ref name="pmid24932421">{{cite journal| author=Adams M, Jenney M, Lazarou L, White R, Birdsall S, Staab T et al.| title=Acute myeloid leukaemia after treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in girl with Bloom syndrome. | journal=J Genet Syndr Gene Ther | year= 2013 | volume= 4 | issue= 8 | pages= | pmid=24932421 | doi=10.4172/2157-7412.1000177 | pmc=4052885 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24932421 }} </ref> | |||
* [[X-linked agammaglobulinemia]]<ref name="Conley2015">{{cite journal|last1=Conley|first1=Mary Ellen|title=Are Patients with X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia at Increased Risk of Developing Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia?|journal=Journal of Clinical Immunology|volume=35|issue=2|year=2015|pages=98–99|issn=0271-9142|doi=10.1007/s10875-015-0132-x}}</ref> | |||
* [[Fanconi's anemia]]<ref name="pmid22747869">{{cite journal| author=Mushtaq N, Wali R, Fadoo Z, Saleem AF| title=Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a child with Fanconi's anaemia. | journal=J Coll Physicians Surg Pak | year= 2012 | volume= 22 | issue= 7 | pages= 458-60 | pmid=22747869 | doi=07.2012/JCPSP.558560 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22747869 }} </ref> | |||
* [[Severe combined immunodeficiency]]<ref name="pmid2039829">{{cite journal| author=Cesano A, O'Connor R, Lange B, Finan J, Rovera G, Santoli D| title=Homing and progression patterns of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemias in severe combined immunodeficiency mice. | journal=Blood | year= 1991 | volume= 77 | issue= 11 | pages= 2463-74 | pmid=2039829 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2039829 }} </ref> | |||
===Less common risk factors=== | |||
*Exposure to paint<ref name="pmid26134047">{{cite journal| author=Bailey HD, Metayer C, Milne E, Petridou ET, Infante-Rivard C, Spector LG et al.| title=Home paint exposures and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: findings from the Childhood Leukemia International Consortium. | journal=Cancer Causes Control | year= 2015 | volume= 26 | issue= 9 | pages= 1257-70 | pmid=26134047 | doi=10.1007/s10552-015-0618-0 | pmc=5257283 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26134047 }} </ref> | |||
*[[Electromagnetic]] field [[radiation exposure]]<ref name="pmid26625771">{{cite journal| author=Tabrizi MM, Hosseini SA| title=Role of Electromagnetic Field Exposure in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and No Impact of Urinary Alpha- Amylase--a Case Control Study in Tehran, Iran. | journal=Asian Pac J Cancer Prev | year= 2015 | volume= 16 | issue= 17 | pages= 7613-8 | pmid=26625771 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26625771 }} </ref> | |||
*[[Obesity]]<ref name="OrgelTucci2014">{{cite journal|last1=Orgel|first1=E.|last2=Tucci|first2=J.|last3=Alhushki|first3=W.|last4=Malvar|first4=J.|last5=Sposto|first5=R.|last6=Fu|first6=C. H.|last7=Freyer|first7=D. R.|last8=Abdel-Azim|first8=H.|last9=Mittelman|first9=S. D.|title=Obesity is associated with residual leukemia following induction therapy for childhood B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia|journal=Blood|volume=124|issue=26|year=2014|pages=3932–3938|issn=0006-4971|doi=10.1182/blood-2014-08-595389}}</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Lymphocytic leukemia]] | |||
[[Category:Leukemia]] | |||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Oncology]] | |||
[[Category:Medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Hematology]] | |||
[[Category:Immunology]] | |||
Latest revision as of 17:45, 12 April 2019
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [2] Carlos A Lopez, M.D. [3]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia are Down syndrome, ataxia telangiectasia, Bloom syndrome, X-linked agammaglobulinemia, Fanconi's anemia and severe combined immunodeficiency.
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia are Down syndrome, ataxia telangiectasia, Bloom syndrome, X-linked agammaglobulinemia, Fanconi's anemia severe combined immunodeficiency, radiation exposure, exposure to benzene, and smoking.
Common risk factors
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia risk factors may include the following:[1]
- Radiation exposure[2]
- Benzene exposure[3]
- Infections with the following viruses:
- Previous use of chemotherapy drugs
- Smoking[5][6]
- Down syndrome [7]
- Ataxia telangiectasia[8]
- Bloom syndrome[9]
- X-linked agammaglobulinemia[10]
- Fanconi's anemia[11]
- Severe combined immunodeficiency[12]
Less common risk factors
- Exposure to paint[13]
- Electromagnetic field radiation exposure[14]
- Obesity[15]
References
- ↑ Belson M, Kingsley B, Holmes A (January 2007). "Risk factors for acute leukemia in children: a review". Environ. Health Perspect. 115 (1): 138–45. doi:10.1289/ehp.9023. PMC 1817663. PMID 17366834.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Greaves MF (1997). "Aetiology of acute leukaemia". Lancet. 349 (9048): 344–9. PMID 9024390.
- ↑ Khalade A, Jaakkola MS, Pukkala E, Jaakkola JJ (2010). "Exposure to benzene at work and the risk of leukemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Environ Health. 9: 31. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-9-31. PMC 2903550. PMID 20584305.
- ↑ Guan H, Miao H, Ma N, Lu W, Luo B (2017). "Correlations between Epstein-Barr virus and acute leukemia". J Med Virol. 89 (8): 1453–1460. doi:10.1002/jmv.24797. PMID 28225168.
- ↑ Metayer C, Zhang L, Wiemels JL, Bartley K, Schiffman J, Ma X; et al. (2013). "Tobacco smoke exposure and the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemias by cytogenetic subtype". Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 22 (9): 1600–11. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0350. PMC 3769478. PMID 23853208.
- ↑ Farioli A, Legittimo P, Mattioli S, Miligi L, Benvenuti A, Ranucci A; et al. (2014). "Tobacco smoke and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: findings from the SETIL case-control study". Cancer Causes Control. 25 (6): 683–92. doi:10.1007/s10552-014-0371-9. PMID 24699944.
- ↑ Mowery CT, Reyes JM, Cabal-Hierro L, Higby KJ, Karlin KL, Wang JH; et al. (2018). "Trisomy of a Down Syndrome Critical Region Globally Amplifies Transcription via HMGN1 Overexpression". Cell Rep. 25 (7): 1898–1911.e5. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.061. PMC 6321629. PMID 30428356.
- ↑ Bielorai B, Fisher T, Waldman D, Lerenthal Y, Nissenkorn A, Tohami T; et al. (2013). "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in early childhood as the presenting sign of ataxia-telangiectasia variant". Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 30 (6): 574–82. doi:10.3109/08880018.2013.777949. PMID 23509889.
- ↑ Adams M, Jenney M, Lazarou L, White R, Birdsall S, Staab T; et al. (2013). "Acute myeloid leukaemia after treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in girl with Bloom syndrome". J Genet Syndr Gene Ther. 4 (8). doi:10.4172/2157-7412.1000177. PMC 4052885. PMID 24932421.
- ↑ Conley, Mary Ellen (2015). "Are Patients with X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia at Increased Risk of Developing Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia?". Journal of Clinical Immunology. 35 (2): 98–99. doi:10.1007/s10875-015-0132-x. ISSN 0271-9142.
- ↑ Mushtaq N, Wali R, Fadoo Z, Saleem AF (2012). "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a child with Fanconi's anaemia". J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 22 (7): 458–60. doi:07.2012/JCPSP.558560 Check
|doi=value (help). PMID 22747869. - ↑ Cesano A, O'Connor R, Lange B, Finan J, Rovera G, Santoli D (1991). "Homing and progression patterns of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemias in severe combined immunodeficiency mice". Blood. 77 (11): 2463–74. PMID 2039829.
- ↑ Bailey HD, Metayer C, Milne E, Petridou ET, Infante-Rivard C, Spector LG; et al. (2015). "Home paint exposures and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: findings from the Childhood Leukemia International Consortium". Cancer Causes Control. 26 (9): 1257–70. doi:10.1007/s10552-015-0618-0. PMC 5257283. PMID 26134047.
- ↑ Tabrizi MM, Hosseini SA (2015). "Role of Electromagnetic Field Exposure in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and No Impact of Urinary Alpha- Amylase--a Case Control Study in Tehran, Iran". Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 16 (17): 7613–8. PMID 26625771.
- ↑ Orgel, E.; Tucci, J.; Alhushki, W.; Malvar, J.; Sposto, R.; Fu, C. H.; Freyer, D. R.; Abdel-Azim, H.; Mittelman, S. D. (2014). "Obesity is associated with residual leukemia following induction therapy for childhood B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia". Blood. 124 (26): 3932–3938. doi:10.1182/blood-2014-08-595389. ISSN 0006-4971.