Ovarian germ cell tumor natural history: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Ovarian germ cell tumor}} | {{Ovarian germ cell tumor}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Sahar}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Sahar}} {{MD}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
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*[[Rupture]] in < 4% of the affected individuals.<ref name="AyhanBukulmez2000">{{cite journal|last1=Ayhan|first1=Ali|last2=Bukulmez|first2=Orhan|last3=Genc|first3=Cuneyt|last4=Karamursel|first4=Burcu S.|last5=Ayhan|first5=Ayse|title=Mature cystic teratomas of the ovary: case series from one institution over 34 years|journal=European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology|volume=88|issue=2|year=2000|pages=153–157|issn=03012115|doi=10.1016/S0301-2115(99)00141-4}}</ref> | *[[Rupture]] in < 4% of the affected individuals.<ref name="AyhanBukulmez2000">{{cite journal|last1=Ayhan|first1=Ali|last2=Bukulmez|first2=Orhan|last3=Genc|first3=Cuneyt|last4=Karamursel|first4=Burcu S.|last5=Ayhan|first5=Ayse|title=Mature cystic teratomas of the ovary: case series from one institution over 34 years|journal=European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology|volume=88|issue=2|year=2000|pages=153–157|issn=03012115|doi=10.1016/S0301-2115(99)00141-4}}</ref> | ||
**[[Rupture]] may be associated with leakage of [[sebaceous]] contents of the [[tumor]] into the [[peritoneal cavity]] and leads to [[granulomatous]] [[peritonitis]].<ref name="pmid8008317">{{cite journal |vauthors=Comerci JT, Licciardi F, Bergh PA, Gregori C, Breen JL |title=Mature cystic teratoma: a clinicopathologic evaluation of 517 cases and review of the literature |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=22–8 |date=July 1994 |pmid=8008317 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | **[[Rupture]] may be associated with leakage of [[sebaceous]] contents of the [[tumor]] into the [[peritoneal cavity]] and leads to [[granulomatous]] [[peritonitis]].<ref name="pmid8008317">{{cite journal |vauthors=Comerci JT, Licciardi F, Bergh PA, Gregori C, Breen JL |title=Mature cystic teratoma: a clinicopathologic evaluation of 517 cases and review of the literature |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=22–8 |date=July 1994 |pmid=8008317 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
**This [[complication]] is very [[rare]] and happens in less than 1% of the affected individuals. | |||
*[[Malignant transformation]] of the [[tumor]] may also happen in approximately 2% of affected individuals.<ref name="pmid2841767">{{cite journal |vauthors=Singh P, Yordan EL, Wilbanks GD, Miller AW, Wee A |title=Malignancy associated with benign cystic teratomas (dermoid cysts) of the ovary |journal=Singapore Med J |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=30–4 |date=February 1988 |pmid=2841767 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *[[Malignant transformation]] of the [[tumor]] may also happen in approximately 2% of affected individuals.<ref name="pmid2841767">{{cite journal |vauthors=Singh P, Yordan EL, Wilbanks GD, Miller AW, Wee A |title=Malignancy associated with benign cystic teratomas (dermoid cysts) of the ovary |journal=Singapore Med J |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=30–4 |date=February 1988 |pmid=2841767 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
**The [[tumor]] undergoes [[malignant transformation]] to [[squamous cell carcinoma]] in 80% of them and to [[adenocarcinoma]] in the rest of the cases. | **The [[tumor]] undergoes [[malignant transformation]] to [[squamous cell carcinoma]] in 80% of them and to [[adenocarcinoma]] in the rest of the cases. | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
! | ! colspan="2" |Prognosis of ovarian germ cell tumors | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Mature teratoma | |Mature teratoma | ||
|[[Prognosis]] is generally excellent in the [[Mature cystic teratoma|mature teratoma]], but in case of simultaneous [[malignant transformation]], the 5-year [[survival rate]] of patients is approximately [15-30]%.<ref name="ParkKim2008" /> | |[[Prognosis]] is generally excellent in the [[Mature cystic teratoma|mature teratoma]], but in case of simultaneous [[malignant transformation]], the 5-year [[survival rate]] of patients is approximately [15-30]%.<ref name="ParkKim2008">{{cite journal|last1=Park|first1=Jeong-Yeol|last2=Kim|first2=Dae-Yeon|last3=Kim|first3=Jong-Hyeok|last4=Kim|first4=Yong-Man|last5=Kim|first5=Young-Tak|last6=Nam|first6=Joo-Hyun|title=Malignant transformation of mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: Experience at a single institution|journal=European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology|volume=141|issue=2|year=2008|pages=173–178|issn=03012115|doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.07.032}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Immature teratoma | |Immature teratoma | ||
|The [[prognosis]] of immature [[teratoma]] is favorable.<ref name="urlHarvardKey Login" /> | |The [[prognosis]] of immature [[teratoma]] is favorable.<ref name="urlHarvardKey Login">{{cite web |url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/book/9780323447324/diagnostic-gynecologic-and-obstetric-pathology |title=HarvardKey Login |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
*The overall 5-year [[survival rate]] is 90%. | *The overall 5-year [[survival rate]] is 90%. | ||
*The 5-year [[Survival rate|survival]] for stages III and IV is 75%. | *The 5-year [[Survival rate|survival]] for stages III and IV is 75%. | ||
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|Dysgerminoma | |Dysgerminoma | ||
| | | | ||
*Depending on the stage of the [[tumor]] at the time of [[diagnosis]], the [[prognosis]] may vary. However, the [[prognosis]] is generally regarded as good.<ref name="VicusBeiner2010" /> | *Depending on the stage of the [[tumor]] at the time of [[diagnosis]], the [[prognosis]] may vary. However, the [[prognosis]] is generally regarded as good.<ref name="VicusBeiner2010">{{cite journal|last1=Vicus|first1=Danielle|last2=Beiner|first2=Mario E.|last3=Klachook|first3=Shany|last4=Le|first4=Lisa W.|last5=Laframboise|first5=Stephane|last6=Mackay|first6=Helen|title=Pure dysgerminoma of the ovary 35 years on: A single institutional experience|journal=Gynecologic Oncology|volume=117|issue=1|year=2010|pages=23–26|issn=00908258|doi=10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.12.024}}</ref> | ||
*The 5-year [[survival rate]] of the patient even with disseminated [[disease]] at the time of [[diagnosis]] is above 90%. | *The 5-year [[survival rate]] of the patient even with disseminated [[disease]] at the time of [[diagnosis]] is above 90%. | ||
*Recurrence of the [[tumor]] may occur within 2-years of [[diagnosis]] and is curable. | *Recurrence of the [[tumor]] may occur within 2-years of [[diagnosis]] and is curable. | ||
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*[[Relapse]] rate is 20% overall. | *[[Relapse]] rate is 20% overall. | ||
|} | |} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 13:50, 22 April 2019
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Ovarian germ cell tumor Microchapters |
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Ovarian germ cell tumor natural history On the Web |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sahar Memar Montazerin, M.D.[2] Monalisa Dmello, M.B,B.S., M.D. [3]
Overview
The prognosis of germ cells of the ovary depends on the type of the tumor and its malignant potentials. Possible complications of benign teratomas are a rupture and ovarian torsion also malignant transformation. Prognosis is generally excellent in the mature teratoma, but in case of simultaneous malignant transformation, the 5-year survival rate of patients is approximately [15-30]%. The 5-year survival rate of the patient even with disseminated dysgerminoma at the time of diagnosis is above 90%. The overall 5-year survival rate for yolk sac tumor, embryonal carcinoma and choriocarcinoma are approximately 80%.
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Natural History
- The symptoms of ovarian germ cell tumors usually develop in the teenage years with abdominal pain or fullness, and palpable pelvic/abdominal mass.[1]
- Dysgerminoma may be misdiagnosed with ectopic pregnancy given the presence of pelvic mass accompanied with high serum concentrations of B-hCG.[2]
- These tumors tend to spread late and do so through lymphatic system primarily.[3]
- These tumors tend to grow rapidly and spread to abdominal/pelvic cavity in early stages.[4]
- They are mostly affects women in their second or third decade of life.[5]
- These tumors tend to metastasize early.[6]
- They spread through the lymphatic system.
- These tumors are highly malignant and tend to spread locally and within the abdominal cavity.[6]
- They spread early in the course of the tumor.
- Non-gestational choriocarcinomas spread through lymphatic system.
- Gestational choriocarcinomas spread through Bloodstream.
Complications
Mature teratoma
Common complications of mature teratoma include:[7]
- Ovarian torsion is the most common complication and affects 5% to 10% of the individuals.
- Rupture in < 4% of the affected individuals.[7]
- Rupture may be associated with leakage of sebaceous contents of the tumor into the peritoneal cavity and leads to granulomatous peritonitis.[9]
- This complication is very rare and happens in less than 1% of the affected individuals.
- Malignant transformation of the tumor may also happen in approximately 2% of affected individuals.[10]
- The tumor undergoes malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma in 80% of them and to adenocarcinoma in the rest of the cases.
Dysgerminoma
- Ovarian torsion and acute abdominal pain may occur in < 10% of the cases.[11]
Prognosis
- Only 3% to 5% of ovarian germ cell tumors are malignant which the majority include:[12]
- Dysgerminomas
- Immature teratoma
- Yolk sac tumor
| Prognosis of ovarian germ cell tumors | |
|---|---|
| Mature teratoma | Prognosis is generally excellent in the mature teratoma, but in case of simultaneous malignant transformation, the 5-year survival rate of patients is approximately [15-30]%.[13] |
| Immature teratoma | The prognosis of immature teratoma is favorable.[14]
|
| Dysgerminoma |
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| Yolk sac tumor |
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| Embryonal carcinoma |
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| Choriocarcinoma |
|
References
- ↑ Low, Jeffrey J.H.; Ilancheran, Arunachalam; Ng, Joseph S. (2012). "Malignant ovarian germ-cell tumours". Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 26 (3): 347–355. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.01.002. ISSN 1521-6934.
- ↑ Rozenholc A, Abdulcadir J, Pelte MF, Petignat P (2012). "A pelvic mass on ultrasonography and high human chorionic gonadotropin level: not always an ectopic pregnancy". BMJ Case Rep. 2012. doi:10.1136/bcr.01.2012.5577. PMC 4543203. PMID 22669919.
- ↑ Shaaban, Akram M.; Rezvani, Maryam; Elsayes, Khaled M.; Baskin, Henry; Mourad, Amr; Foster, Bryan R.; Jarboe, Elke A.; Menias, Christine O. (2014). "Ovarian Malignant Germ Cell Tumors: Cellular Classification and Clinical and Imaging Features". RadioGraphics. 34 (3): 777–801. doi:10.1148/rg.343130067. ISSN 0271-5333.
- ↑ Stein, Erica B.; Wasnik, Ashish P.; Sciallis, Andrew P.; Kamaya, Aya; Maturen, Katherine E. (2017). "MR Imaging–Pathologic Correlation in Ovarian Cancer". Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America. 25 (3): 545–562. doi:10.1016/j.mric.2017.03.004. ISSN 1064-9689.
- ↑ Kurman RJ, Norris HJ (December 1976). "Endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary: a clinical and pathologic analysis of 71 cases". Cancer. 38 (6): 2404–19. PMID 63318.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Chen VW, Ruiz B, Killeen JL, Coté TR, Wu XC, Correa CN (May 2003). "Pathology and classification of ovarian tumors". Cancer. 97 (10 Suppl): 2631–42. doi:10.1002/cncr.11345. PMID 12733128.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ayhan, Ali; Bukulmez, Orhan; Genc, Cuneyt; Karamursel, Burcu S.; Ayhan, Ayse (2000). "Mature cystic teratomas of the ovary: case series from one institution over 34 years". European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 88 (2): 153–157. doi:10.1016/S0301-2115(99)00141-4. ISSN 0301-2115.
- ↑ Kim, Min Jae; Kim, Na Young; Lee, Dong-Yun; Yoon, Byung-Koo; Choi, DooSeok (2011). "Clinical characteristics of ovarian teratoma: age-focused retrospective analysis of 580 cases". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 205 (1): 32.e1–32.e4. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2011.02.044. ISSN 0002-9378.
- ↑ Comerci JT, Licciardi F, Bergh PA, Gregori C, Breen JL (July 1994). "Mature cystic teratoma: a clinicopathologic evaluation of 517 cases and review of the literature". Obstet Gynecol. 84 (1): 22–8. PMID 8008317.
- ↑ Singh P, Yordan EL, Wilbanks GD, Miller AW, Wee A (February 1988). "Malignancy associated with benign cystic teratomas (dermoid cysts) of the ovary". Singapore Med J. 29 (1): 30–4. PMID 2841767.
- ↑ AL Husaini, Hamed; Soudy, Hussein; Darwish, Alaa El Din; Ahmed, Mohamed; Eltigani, Amin; AL Mubarak, Mustafa; Sabaa, Amal Abu; Edesa, Wael; AL-Tweigeri, Taher; Al-Badawi, Ismail A. (2012). "Pure dysgerminoma of the ovary: a single institutional experience of 65 patients". Medical Oncology. 29 (4): 2944–2948. doi:10.1007/s12032-012-0194-z. ISSN 1357-0560.
- ↑ Smith, Harriet O.; Berwick, Marianne; Verschraegen, Claire F.; Wiggins, Charles; Lansing, Letitia; Muller, Carolyn Y.; Qualls, Clifford R. (2006). "Incidence and Survival Rates for Female Malignant Germ Cell Tumors". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 107 (5): 1075–1085. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000216004.22588.ce. ISSN 0029-7844.
- ↑ Park, Jeong-Yeol; Kim, Dae-Yeon; Kim, Jong-Hyeok; Kim, Yong-Man; Kim, Young-Tak; Nam, Joo-Hyun (2008). "Malignant transformation of mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: Experience at a single institution". European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 141 (2): 173–178. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.07.032. ISSN 0301-2115.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 "HarvardKey Login".
- ↑ Vicus, Danielle; Beiner, Mario E.; Klachook, Shany; Le, Lisa W.; Laframboise, Stephane; Mackay, Helen (2010). "Pure dysgerminoma of the ovary 35 years on: A single institutional experience". Gynecologic Oncology. 117 (1): 23–26. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.12.024. ISSN 0090-8258.