Ovarian germ cell tumor ultrasound: Difference between revisions

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{{Ovarian germ cell tumor}}
{{Ovarian germ cell tumor}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}} {{MD}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}} {{Sahar}} {{MD}}
 
==Overview==
==Overview==
 
It is difficult to distinguish [[ovarian]] [[germ cell]] [[tumors]] on [[ultrasound]] alone. Both [[solid]] and [[cystic]] [[lesions]] with [[calcification]] may be present. Dysgerminoma often appears as a [[Echogenicity|hypoechoic]] [[mass]] while other [[ovarian]] [[germ cell]] [[tumors]] often have variable [[echogenicity]]. Ovarian teratoma may be further characterized by the presence of [[sebaceous]] and [[hair]] components arising from the Rokitansky protuberance.
==Ultrasound==
==Ultrasound==
 
'''Ovarian mature teratoma'''
'''Dysgerminomas'''<ref name= xab> Ovarian dysgerminoma. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/ovarian-dysgerminoma. URL Accessed on November 11, 2015</ref>
*[[Ultrasound]] is the most frequently used [[modality]] for the [[diagnosis]].<ref name="SabaGuerriero2009">{{cite journal|last1=Saba|first1=Luca|last2=Guerriero|first2=Stefano|last3=Sulcis|first3=Rosa|last4=Virgilio|first4=Bruna|last5=Melis|first5=GianBenedetto|last6=Mallarini|first6=Giorgio|title=Mature and immature ovarian teratomas: CT, US and MR imaging characteristics|journal=European Journal of Radiology|volume=72|issue=3|year=2009|pages=454–463|issn=0720048X|doi=10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.07.044}}</ref>
* They may be seen as a septated ovarian mass with varying echotexture
*On [[Ultrasound]] imaging, it may have [[Variable-order Markov model|variable]] appearances, however, the three most common appearances from the most common to least common include:<ref name="SabaGuerriero2009">{{cite journal|last1=Saba|first1=Luca|last2=Guerriero|first2=Stefano|last3=Sulcis|first3=Rosa|last4=Virgilio|first4=Bruna|last5=Melis|first5=GianBenedetto|last6=Mallarini|first6=Giorgio|title=Mature and immature ovarian teratomas: CT, US and MR imaging characteristics|journal=European Journal of Radiology|volume=72|issue=3|year=2009|pages=454–463|issn=0720048X|doi=10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.07.044}}</ref><ref name="pmid11259710">{{cite journal |vauthors=Outwater EK, Siegelman ES, Hunt JL |title=Ovarian teratomas: tumor types and imaging characteristics |journal=Radiographics |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=475–90 |date=2001 |pmid=11259710 |doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr09475 |url=}}</ref>
* Color Doppler interrogation may show prominent flow signal within the fibrovascular septa
**[[Cystic]] [[lesion]] with a projecting [[Tubercle (anatomy)|tubercle]] (Rokitansky [[nodule]]) into the [[cyst]] [[lumen]] that is [[Dens|densely]] [[echogenic]]
 
**A mass with partial or diffuse echogenicity due to [[sebaceous]] material and [[ hair]] within the [[cyst]] [[cavity]]
'''Ovarian dermoid'''<ref name= abc> Mature (cystic) ovarian teratoma. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/mature-cystic-ovarian-teratoma. URL Accessed on November 11, 2015</ref>
**A [[cyst]] [[cavity]] with multiple thin, [[echogenic]] [[bands]] owing to [[hair]] materials
* [[Ultrasound]] is the preferred imaging modality. Typically an ovarian dermoid is seen as a [[cystic]] adnexal mass with some mural components.  Most lesions are unilocular.
'''Immature ovarian teratoma'''
* The spectrum of sonographic features includes:
* [[Ultrasound imaging]] is not helpful for the [[diagnosis]] of immature teratoma.<ref name="OutwaterSiegelman2001">{{cite journal|last1=Outwater|first1=Eric K.|last2=Siegelman|first2=Evan S.|last3=Hunt|first3=Jennifer L.|title=Ovarian Teratomas: Tumor Types and Imaging Characteristics|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=21|issue=2|year=2001|pages=475–490|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr09475}}</ref>
* Diffusely or partially echogenic mass with posterior sound attenuation owing to [[sebaceous]] material and [[ hair]] within the cyst cavity
* The [[Ultrasound|US]] finding are usually nonspecific and include:
* Echogenic interface at the edge of mass that obscures deep structures: the tip of the iceberg sign
** [[Heterogeneous]] appearance with partially [[solid]] [[lesion]]
* Mural hyperechoic Rokitansky nodule: [[dermoid]] plug
** Foci of [[calcification]]
* Echogenic, shadowing calcific or dental (tooth) components
'''Monodermal teratoma'''
* Presence of fluid-fluid levels
* Struma ovarii:
* Multiple thin, echogenic bands caused by hair in the cyst cavity: the dot-dash pattern
** Nonspecific finding on the [[ultrasound imaging]].<ref name="OutwaterSiegelman2001">{{cite journal|last1=Outwater|first1=Eric K.|last2=Siegelman|first2=Evan S.|last3=Hunt|first3=Jennifer L.|title=Ovarian Teratomas: Tumor Types and Imaging Characteristics|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=21|issue=2|year=2001|pages=475–490|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr09475}}</ref>
* Color Doppler: no internal [[vascularity]]
** A [[heterogeneous]] [[mass]] which is predominantly [[solid]]
* Internal vascularity requires further workup to exclude a [[malignant]] lesion
** A complex [[mass]] with multiple [[solid]] and [[cystic]] areas
 
'''Dysgerminoma'''
'''Immature ovarian teratoma'''<ref name= yyy> Immature ovarian teratoma. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/immature-ovarian-teratoma. URL Accessed on November 11, 2015</ref>
* They are purely [[solid]] (with rare exceptions)<ref name="ShaabanRezvani2014">{{cite journal|last1=Shaaban|first1=Akram M.|last2=Rezvani|first2=Maryam|last3=Elsayes|first3=Khaled M.|last4=Baskin|first4=Henry|last5=Mourad|first5=Amr|last6=Foster|first6=Bryan R.|last7=Jarboe|first7=Elke A.|last8=Menias|first8=Christine O.|title=Ovarian Malignant Germ Cell Tumors: Cellular Classification and Clinical and Imaging Features|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=34|issue=3|year=2014|pages=777–801|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.343130067}}</ref>
* Ultrasound appearance can be as a heterogeneous adnexal mass although is non-specific. Calcifications may be present
* [[Lobular|Lobulated]] components with [[heterogeneous]] [[echogenicity]] and with well-defined borders.
 
On color and power [[Doppler ultrasound]]:
'''Ovarian yolk sac tumor'''<ref name= xxx> Ovarian yolk sac tumour. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/ovarian-yolk-sac-tumour. URL Accessed on November 11, 2015</ref>
* These [[Tumor|tumors]] are highly [[Vascular|vascularized]].
* Tends to have both echogenic and hypoechoic components.
'''Yolk sac tumor'''
 
* [[Heterogeneous]] [[echogenicity]] in the [[solid]] portion<ref name="ShaabanRezvani2014">{{cite journal|last1=Shaaban|first1=Akram M.|last2=Rezvani|first2=Maryam|last3=Elsayes|first3=Khaled M.|last4=Baskin|first4=Henry|last5=Mourad|first5=Amr|last6=Foster|first6=Bryan R.|last7=Jarboe|first7=Elke A.|last8=Menias|first8=Christine O.|title=Ovarian Malignant Germ Cell Tumors: Cellular Classification and Clinical and Imaging Features|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=34|issue=3|year=2014|pages=777–801|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.343130067}}</ref>
'''Ovarian choriocarcinoma'''<ref name=yac>Ovarian choriocarcinoma. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/ovarian-choriocarcinoma. URL Accessed on November 11, 2015</ref>
* [[Septa|Septas]] dividing the [[cystic]] portion
* On imaging, choriocarcinomas appear as [[vascular]] solid tumors with [[cystic]], [[haemorrhagic]], and [[necrotic]] areas.
'''Embryonal carcinoma'''
* There is no specific [[imaging]] criteria for embryonal carcinoma.


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 13:56, 22 April 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sahar Memar Montazerin, M.D.[2] Monalisa Dmello, M.B,B.S., M.D. [3]

Overview

It is difficult to distinguish ovarian germ cell tumors on ultrasound alone. Both solid and cystic lesions with calcification may be present. Dysgerminoma often appears as a hypoechoic mass while other ovarian germ cell tumors often have variable echogenicity. Ovarian teratoma may be further characterized by the presence of sebaceous and hair components arising from the Rokitansky protuberance.

Ultrasound

Ovarian mature teratoma

Immature ovarian teratoma

Monodermal teratoma

Dysgerminoma

On color and power Doppler ultrasound:

Yolk sac tumor

Embryonal carcinoma

  • There is no specific imaging criteria for embryonal carcinoma.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Saba, Luca; Guerriero, Stefano; Sulcis, Rosa; Virgilio, Bruna; Melis, GianBenedetto; Mallarini, Giorgio (2009). "Mature and immature ovarian teratomas: CT, US and MR imaging characteristics". European Journal of Radiology. 72 (3): 454–463. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.07.044. ISSN 0720-048X.
  2. Outwater EK, Siegelman ES, Hunt JL (2001). "Ovarian teratomas: tumor types and imaging characteristics". Radiographics. 21 (2): 475–90. doi:10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr09475. PMID 11259710.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Outwater, Eric K.; Siegelman, Evan S.; Hunt, Jennifer L. (2001). "Ovarian Teratomas: Tumor Types and Imaging Characteristics". RadioGraphics. 21 (2): 475–490. doi:10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr09475. ISSN 0271-5333.
  4. 4.0 4.1 Shaaban, Akram M.; Rezvani, Maryam; Elsayes, Khaled M.; Baskin, Henry; Mourad, Amr; Foster, Bryan R.; Jarboe, Elke A.; Menias, Christine O. (2014). "Ovarian Malignant Germ Cell Tumors: Cellular Classification and Clinical and Imaging Features". RadioGraphics. 34 (3): 777–801. doi:10.1148/rg.343130067. ISSN 0271-5333.

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