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{{Carcinoid syndrome}}
 
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{PSD}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
Based on location of tumor, carcinoid tumor may be classified into either foregut, midgut or hindgut carcinoid tumors.
[[Gastroenteropancreatic]] [[neuroendocrine tumors]] are classified based on their origin from the [[embryonic]] divisions of the [[alimentary tract]] into [[foregut]] [[Bronchial|(bronchial]], [[stomach]]), [[midgut]] ([[small intestine]], [[appendix]], [[cecum]]) and [[hindgut]] ([[Colon|distal colon]], [[rectum]], [[genitourinary]]) [[Tumour|tumours.]]
 
==Classification==
==Classification==
Classification of carcinoid tumors is based generally on the location in the primitive gut that gives rise to the tumor:
*[[Gastroenterology|Gastroentero]]-[[pancreatic]] [[Neuroendocrine tumor|neuroendocrine tumors]] are classified based on their origin from the [[embryonic]] divisions of the [[alimentary tract]]:
*Foregut carcinoid tumors
#[[Foregut]] [[Bronchial|(bronchial]], [[stomach]])
*Midgut carcinoid tumors
#[[Midgut]] ([[small intestine]], [[appendix]], [[cecum]])
*Hindgut carcinoid tumors
#[[Hindgut]] ([[Colon|distal colon]], [[rectum]], [[genitourinary]])
*Gasroenteropancreatic- [[neuroendocrine tumor]] produce a number of [[Secretory component|secretory]] products, resulting in a wide range of clinica[[Symptoms|l symptoms.]]<ref name="pmid29260133">{{cite journal |vauthors=Büyükaşık K, Arı A, Tatar C, Akçe B, Sevinç MM, Sarı S, Paşaoğlu E, Bektaş H |title=Clinicopathological features of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: A retrospective evaluation of 42 cases |journal=Turk J Surg |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=279–283 |date=2017 |pmid=29260133 |doi=10.5152/UCD.2017.3685 |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid26911175">{{cite journal |vauthors=Davies L, Weickert MO |title=Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: an overview |journal=Br J Nurs |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=S12–5 |date=2016 |pmid=26911175 |doi=10.12968/bjon.2016.25.4.S12 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21311954">{{cite journal |vauthors=Oberg K, Castellano D |title=Current knowledge on diagnosis and staging of neuroendocrine tumors |journal=Cancer Metastasis Rev. |volume=30 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=3–7 |date=March 2011 |pmid=21311954 |doi=10.1007/s10555-011-9292-1 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Midgut]] [[gastrointestinal]] tract [[neuroendocrine tumor|neuroendocrine tumors]] produce [[serotonin]] and other [[vasoactive]] [[substances]] that causes the manifestations of typical [[Carcinoid Syndrome|carcinoid syndrome.]]
*[[Lung]] [[neuroendocrine tumors]] produce less quantities of [[serotonin]].
*[[Carcinoid Syndrome|Carcinoid syndrome]] is caused less commonly by [[lung]] [[neuroendocrine tumor]]  and most often by [[tumors]] of large [[size]] (>5 cm).


Carcinoid tumours of the lung can be divided into the two groups dependent on histology as follows:<ref> Carcinoid tumours of the lung
. Radiopaedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/carcinoid-tumours-of-the-lung Accessed on September 22, 2015</ref>
*typical carcinoid tumours of the lung
*atypical carcinoid tumours of the lung


Carcinoid tumours of the lung can also be divided into two groups dependent on location as follows:
{{Carcinoid syndrome}}
*Bronchial carcinoid tumours: central lesions
{| class="wikitable"
*Peripheral pulmonary carcinoid tumours: peripheral lesions
|+<big>Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors</big>
!
!'''[[Foregut]]'''
!'''[[Midgut]]'''
!'''[[Hindgut]]'''
|-
|'''Location'''
|
* [[Stomach]]
* [[Duodenum]]
* [[Bronchus]]
* [[Thymus]]
|
* [[Jejunum]]
* [[Ileum]]
* [[Appendix]]
* [[Ascending colon]]
|
* [[Transverse colon]]
* [[Descending colon]]
* [[Sigmoid colon]]
* [[Rectum]]
* [[Genitourinary]]
|-
|'''[[Hormones]] produced'''
|
* [[5-hydroxytryptophan]]
* [[Histamine]]
* [[Multiple polypeptides]]
|
* [[Serotonin]]
* [[Prostaglandins]]
* [[Polypeptides]]
|Variable
|-
|'''Possibility of [[carcinoid]] [[syndrome]]'''
|Rare, and atypical when it occurs
|Classic
|Rare
|}


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
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Latest revision as of 20:04, 1 May 2019


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anum Gull M.B.B.S.[2]Parminder Dhingra, M.D. [3]

Overview

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are classified based on their origin from the embryonic divisions of the alimentary tract into foregut (bronchial, stomach), midgut (small intestine, appendix, cecum) and hindgut (distal colon, rectum, genitourinary) tumours.

Classification

  1. Foregut (bronchial, stomach)
  2. Midgut (small intestine, appendix, cecum)
  3. Hindgut (distal colon, rectum, genitourinary)


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Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
Foregut Midgut Hindgut
Location
Hormones produced Variable
Possibility of carcinoid syndrome Rare, and atypical when it occurs Classic Rare

References

  1. ↑ Büyükaşık K, Arı A, Tatar C, Akçe B, Sevinç MM, Sarı S, Paşaoğlu E, Bektaş H (2017). "Clinicopathological features of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: A retrospective evaluation of 42 cases". Turk J Surg. 33 (4): 279–283. doi:10.5152/UCD.2017.3685. PMID 29260133.
  2. ↑ Davies L, Weickert MO (2016). "Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: an overview". Br J Nurs. 25 (4): S12–5. doi:10.12968/bjon.2016.25.4.S12. PMID 26911175.
  3. ↑ Oberg K, Castellano D (March 2011). "Current knowledge on diagnosis and staging of neuroendocrine tumors". Cancer Metastasis Rev. 30 Suppl 1: 3–7. doi:10.1007/s10555-011-9292-1. PMID 21311954.

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