Seminoma laboratory findings: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of seminoma include [[Complete blood count]] ([[Complete blood count|CBC]]), [[white blood cells]], [[Red blood cell|red blood cells]], and [[platelets]]. Kidney function tests is used before and after [[orchiectomy]]. [[tumor marker|Serum tumor marker]] tests are generally used to check the response to cancer treatment. The following [[Tumor marker|tumor markers]] may be measured for [[testicular]] seminoma.Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of seminoma include abnormal [[serum]] [[tumor marker]] levels ([[LDH]], [[HCG]]). Some [[Patient|patients]] with seminoma may have elevated concentration of [[Lactate dehydrogenase|LDH]]. Among some [[Patient|patients]] with seminoma may have elevated concentration of [[HCG|human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)]]. [[Blood test|Blood tests]] may detect the presence of [[placental alkaline phosphatase]] (PLAP) among 50% of [[Patient|patients]] with seminoma. | |||
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [ | |||
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==Laboratory Findings== | ==Laboratory Findings== | ||
===Complete Blood Count=== | ===Complete Blood Count=== | ||
[[Complete blood count]] ([[Complete blood count|CBC]]) measures the number and quality of [[white blood cells]], [[Red blood cell|red blood cells]], and [[platelets]]. | [[Complete blood count]] ([[Complete blood count|CBC]]) measures the number and quality of [[white blood cells]], [[Red blood cell|red blood cells]], and [[platelets]].<ref> American cancer society,https://www.cancer.org/cancer/testicular-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html Accessed on May 7, 2019</ref> | ||
===Blood Chemistry Tests=== | ===Blood Chemistry Tests=== | ||
*Blood chemistry tests that are used to diagnose testicular seminoma include the following: | *[[Blood]] [[chemistry]] tests that are used to [[Diagnosis|diagnose]] [[testicular]] seminoma include the following: | ||
* | |||
*[[LFT|Liver function tests]]: | *[[LFT|Liver function tests]]: | ||
**High levels of certain substances in the blood may mean that seminoma has spread to the liver. | **High levels of certain substances in the [[blood]] may mean that seminoma has spread to the [[liver]]. | ||
*Kidney function tests: | *[[Kidney]] function tests: | ||
**It is used before and after [[orchiectomy]]. | **It is used before and after [[orchiectomy]]. | ||
===Tumor Marker Tests=== | ===Tumor Marker Tests=== | ||
*[[tumor marker|Serum tumor marker]] tests are generally used to check the response to cancer treatment. | *[[tumor marker|Serum tumor marker]] tests are generally used to check the response to cancer treatment. The following tumor markers may be measured for testicular seminoma.<ref name="pmid27150447">{{cite journal |vauthors=Iwatsuki S, Naiki T, Kawai N, Etani T, Iida K, Ando R, Nagai T, Okada A, Tozawa K, Sugiyama Y, Yasui T |title=Nonpalpable testicular pure seminoma with elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein presenting with retroperitoneal metastasis: a case report |journal=J Med Case Rep |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=114 |date=May 2016 |pmid=27150447 |pmc=4858825 |doi=10.1186/s13256-016-0906-7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24198649">{{cite journal |vauthors=Milose JC, Filson CP, Weizer AZ, Hafez KS, Montgomery JS |title=Role of biochemical markers in testicular cancer: diagnosis, staging, and surveillance |journal=Open Access J Urol |volume=4 |issue= |pages=1–8 |date=December 2011 |pmid=24198649 |pmc=3818947 |doi=10.2147/OAJU.S15063 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24502963">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lempiäinen A, Sankila A, Hotakainen K, Haglund C, Blomqvist C, Stenman UH |title=Expression of human chorionic gonadotropin in testicular germ cell tumors |journal=Urol. Oncol. |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=727–34 |date=July 2014 |pmid=24502963 |doi=10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.11.007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8653285">{{cite journal |vauthors=Koshida K, Uchibayashi T, Yamamoto H, Hirano K |title=Significance of placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) in the monitoring of patients with seminoma |journal=Br J Urol |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=138–42 |date=January 1996 |pmid=8653285 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
:*Classical or pure seminoma do not cause an elevated [[AFP|serum alpha fetoprotein]]. | :*Classical or pure seminoma do not cause an elevated [[AFP|serum alpha fetoprotein]]. | ||
:*[[LDH|Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)]] may be the only marker that is elevated in some seminomas. The degree of elevation in the serum LDH has | :*[[LDH|Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)]] may be the only marker that is elevated in some seminomas. The degree of [[elevation]] in the [[serum]] [[LDH]] has [[prognostic]] value in advanced seminoma. High [[LDH]] levels can indicate that the [[tumor]] is large, there is a large amount of [[cancer]] in the [[body]], or the [[cancer]] is growing quickly. High levels can also mean that a man has advanced seminoma. [[Lactate dehydrogenase|LDH]] may also be high with some non-cancerous conditions. | ||
:*[[HCG|Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)]] may be elevated in some cases, but this correlates more to the presence of trophoblast cells within the tumor. [[HCG]] can also be high, if the man has liver disease. | :*[[HCG|Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)]] may be elevated in some cases, but this correlates more to the presence of trophoblast cells within the [[tumor]]. [[HCG]] can also be high, if the man has liver [[disease]]. | ||
:*Blood tests may detect the presence of [[placental alkaline phosphatase]] (PLAP) in 50% of cases. However, PLAP cannot usefully stand alone as a marker for seminoma and contributes little to follow-up, due to its rise with smoking. | :*[[Blood test|Blood tests]] may detect the presence of [[placental alkaline phosphatase]] (PLAP) in 50% of cases. However, PLAP cannot usefully stand alone as a marker for seminoma and contributes little to follow-up, due to its rise with [[smoking]]. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 18:03, 7 May 2019
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sujit Routray, M.D. [2]
Overview
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of seminoma include Complete blood count (CBC), white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Kidney function tests is used before and after orchiectomy. Serum tumor marker tests are generally used to check the response to cancer treatment. The following tumor markers may be measured for testicular seminoma.Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of seminoma include abnormal serum tumor marker levels (LDH, HCG). Some patients with seminoma may have elevated concentration of LDH. Among some patients with seminoma may have elevated concentration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Blood tests may detect the presence of placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) among 50% of patients with seminoma.
Laboratory Findings
Complete Blood Count
Complete blood count (CBC) measures the number and quality of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.[1]
Blood Chemistry Tests
- Blood chemistry tests that are used to diagnose testicular seminoma include the following:
- Liver function tests:
- Kidney function tests:
- It is used before and after orchiectomy.
Tumor Marker Tests
- Serum tumor marker tests are generally used to check the response to cancer treatment. The following tumor markers may be measured for testicular seminoma.[2][3][4][5]
- Classical or pure seminoma do not cause an elevated serum alpha fetoprotein.
- Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) may be the only marker that is elevated in some seminomas. The degree of elevation in the serum LDH has prognostic value in advanced seminoma. High LDH levels can indicate that the tumor is large, there is a large amount of cancer in the body, or the cancer is growing quickly. High levels can also mean that a man has advanced seminoma. LDH may also be high with some non-cancerous conditions.
- Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) may be elevated in some cases, but this correlates more to the presence of trophoblast cells within the tumor. HCG can also be high, if the man has liver disease.
- Blood tests may detect the presence of placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) in 50% of cases. However, PLAP cannot usefully stand alone as a marker for seminoma and contributes little to follow-up, due to its rise with smoking.
References
- ↑ American cancer society,https://www.cancer.org/cancer/testicular-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html Accessed on May 7, 2019
- ↑ Iwatsuki S, Naiki T, Kawai N, Etani T, Iida K, Ando R, Nagai T, Okada A, Tozawa K, Sugiyama Y, Yasui T (May 2016). "Nonpalpable testicular pure seminoma with elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein presenting with retroperitoneal metastasis: a case report". J Med Case Rep. 10 (1): 114. doi:10.1186/s13256-016-0906-7. PMC 4858825. PMID 27150447.
- ↑ Milose JC, Filson CP, Weizer AZ, Hafez KS, Montgomery JS (December 2011). "Role of biochemical markers in testicular cancer: diagnosis, staging, and surveillance". Open Access J Urol. 4: 1–8. doi:10.2147/OAJU.S15063. PMC 3818947. PMID 24198649.
- ↑ Lempiäinen A, Sankila A, Hotakainen K, Haglund C, Blomqvist C, Stenman UH (July 2014). "Expression of human chorionic gonadotropin in testicular germ cell tumors". Urol. Oncol. 32 (5): 727–34. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.11.007. PMID 24502963.
- ↑ Koshida K, Uchibayashi T, Yamamoto H, Hirano K (January 1996). "Significance of placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) in the monitoring of patients with seminoma". Br J Urol. 77 (1): 138–42. PMID 8653285.