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==Differentiating Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome From Other Disorders of Humoral Imuunodeficiency==
==pic==
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome should be differentiated from other disorders leading to [[hypogammaglobulinemia]] and defects of [[humoral immunity]]. The following conditions may be considered as differentials:
{|
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Disorder
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Mechanism
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Characteristic Features
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Clinical Presentation
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Laboratory Findings
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome|Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Mutation]] in [[WAS]] [[gene]]
* [[T cells]] unable to reorganize [[actin]] [[microfilaments]] ([[microfilament]] defect)
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[X-linked recessive]] pattern of inheritance
* Increased risk of [[autoimmune disease]] and [[malignancy]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Thrombocytopenic purpura]]
* [[Eczema]]
* Recurrent [[infections]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Decreased to normal [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]] and [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]]
* Increased [[Immunoglobulin E|IgE]] and [[IgA]]
* Fewer and smaller [[platelets]]
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[X-linked agammaglobulinemia|X-Linked (Bruton) Agammaglobulinemia]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Defect in [[tyrosine kinase]] [[gene]] ([[Bruton's tyrosine kinase|BTK]])
* [[B cells]] fail to mature
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[X-linked recessive]] pattern of inheritance
* Increased [[prevalence]] in [[males]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Recurrent [[bacterial]] and [[enteroviral]] [[infections]] after 6 months of age
* Pre-disposition to development of [[infections]] by [[encapsulated organisms]]
* Pre-disposition to development of Giardia infections
* Absent lymph nodes and tonsils
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Normal [[CD19|CD19+ B cell]] count
* Decreased pro-[[B cells]]
* Increased pre-[[B cells]]
* Decreased [[immunoglobulins]] of all classes
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[IgA deficiency|Selective IgA Deficiency]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Stem cell]] defect (Transferrable with [[Bone marrow transplant|marrow transplant]])
* Lack of [[Interleukin 4|IL-4]], [[Interleukin 6|IL-6]], [[Interleukin 7|IL-7]], [[Interleukin 10|IL-10]], [[TGF beta|TGF-β]], and [[Interleukin 21|IL-21]]
* [[Mutations]] in [[transmembrane]] activator and calcium-modulator and [[cyclophilin]] ligand interactor ([[TACI]], [[TNFRSF13B]])
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Most common primary [[immune deficiency]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Majority of the cases are [[asymptomatic]]
* Respiratory and [[gastrointestinal]] infections ([[mucosal]] infections)
* Associated with [[autoimmune diseases]]
* [[Atopy]]
* [[Anaphylaxis]] to [[IgA]] containing products
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Serum [[IgA]] < 7 mg/dl
* Normal [[IgG]] and [[IgM]] levels
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Common variable immunodeficiency|Common Variable Immunodeficiency]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Defective [[B cell]] differentiation
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* May be acquired in 20-30 years of age
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* May present with other [[autoimmune diseases]]
* Associated with [[bronchiectasis]]
* Associated with [[lymphoma]]
* Associated with sinopulmonary infections ([[Bacterial]], [[enteroviral]] and [[parasitic]] such as [[Giardia]])
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Decreased [[plasma cells]]
* Decreased [[immunoglobulins]]
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Job's syndrome|Autosomal dominant hype IgE syndrome (Job's Syndrome)]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Defieciency of [[T helper 17 cell|Th17 cells]] due to [[STAT3]] [[mutation]]
* Impaired [[neutrophils]] to sites of [[infection]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Distinctive coarse facies
* Cold (non-inflammatory) Staphylococcal abscesses
* Retained primary teeth
* Eczema
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Increased levels of [[IgE]]
* Decreased levels of [[interferon gamma]] (IFN-gamma)
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Severe combined immunodeficiency|Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Defective [[Interleukin-2 receptor|interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain]]
* [[Adenosine deaminase]] deficiency
* Reg 1 and Reg 2 [[nonsense mutations]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Interleukin 20 receptor, alpha subunit|IL-2R]] disease is [[X-linked]]
* [[Adenosine deaminase|ADA]] deficiency and reg mutations are typically [[autosomal recessive]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Failure to thrive]]
* [[Chronic diarrhea]]
* [[Thrush]]
* Recurrent [[bacterial]], [[viral]] and [[protozoal]] infections
* Treatment is [[bone marrow]] [[transplant]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Decreased [[T cell]] receptor excision circles (TRECs)
* Abscence of [[thymic]] shadow on [[Chest X-ray|chest X-Ray]]
* Absent [[germinal centers]] of [[lymph node biopsy]]
* Absent [[T cells]] on [[flow cytometry]]
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Ataxia telangiectasia|Ataxia Telangiectasia]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Defect in [[ATM|ATM gene]]
* [[DNA]] double stranded breaks leading to [[cell cycle]] arrest
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Hypersensitivity to [[X-Ray|X-Rays]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Triad of:
** [[Ataxia]]
** Spider [[Angioma|angiomas]] (Nests of distended [[capillaries]])
** [[IgA deficiency]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Increased [[alpha fetoprotein]] ([[Alpha-fetoprotein|AFP]])
* Decreased [[IgA]], [[IgG]] and [[IgE]]
* [[Lymphopenia]]
* [[Cerebellar]] atrophy
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Hyper IgM Syndrome Type 1|Hyper IgM Syndrome]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Defective [[CD40L]] ([[CD40L|CD40 ligand]]) on [[T helper cell|Th cells]] leading to [[class switching]] defect
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[X-linked recessive]] pattern of inheritance
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Severe pyogenic infections in early life
* Opportunistic infection with:
** [[Pneumocystis jiroveci]]
** [[Cryptosporidium]]
** [[Cytomegalovirus]] ([[Cytomegalovirus infection|CMV]])
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Increased [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]]
* Decreased [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]], [[IgA]] and [[Immunoglobulin E|IgE]]
* No [[germinal centers]]
|}
:*Malignancy: can cause the reduction in the immunoglobulin production.
*Viral infections: such as Epstein-Barr virus, HIV, cytomegalovirus are other causes of hypogammaglobulinemia..
*Side effect of certain medications: Some drugs include systemic glucocorticoids, phenytoin, and carbamazepine, have been associated with IgG deficiency.
*Other causes of primary humoral immunodeficiencies.
*Smoking: may cause IgG2 subclass deficiency.
*Protein-losing conditions: enteropathies, nephrotic syndrome, burns, and other traumas may cause abnormal loss of immunoglobulins.
 
{|
{|
|[[image:LowKECG.png|thumb|700px|center|An ECG in a person with a potassium level of 1.1 showing the classical ECG changes of ST segment depression, inverted T waves, large U waves, and a slightly prolonged PR interval. By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0]]
|[[image:LowKECG.png|thumb|700px|center|An ECG in a person with a potassium level of 1.1 showing the classical ECG changes of ST segment depression, inverted T waves, large U waves, and a slightly prolonged PR interval. By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0]]
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[[image:LowKECG.png|thumb|700px|center|An ECG in a person with a potassium level of 1.1 showing the classical ECG changes of ST segment depression, inverted T waves, large U waves, and a slightly prolonged PR interval. By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0]]
[[image:LowKECG.png|thumb|700px|right|An ECG in a person with a potassium level of 1.1 showing the classical ECG changes of ST segment depression, inverted T waves, large U waves, and a slightly prolonged PR interval. By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0]]
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| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
*[[Lung]]
*[[Lung]]
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| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
*[[Lung]]
*[[Lung]]
|}
|}
<br>
<references />

Latest revision as of 02:27, 23 May 2019

pic

An ECG in a person with a potassium level of 1.1 showing the classical ECG changes of ST segment depression, inverted T waves, large U waves, and a slightly prolonged PR interval. By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0


An ECG in a person with a potassium level of 1.1 showing the classical ECG changes of ST segment depression, inverted T waves, large U waves, and a slightly prolonged PR interval. By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0


{{#ev:youtube|7TWu0_Gklzo}}

Table

Complications Polymyositis Dermatomyositis
Malignancy