Differentiating cholangiocarcinoma from other diseases

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dildar Hussain, MBBS [2] Farima Kahe M.D. [3] [4]

Overview

Cholangiocarcinoma must be differentiated from other diseases that cause jaundice, abdominal pain, weight loss, and fatigue, such as gallbladder cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, cholecystitis, and choledochitis.

Differentiating cholangiocarcinoma from other diseases

Cholangiocarcinoma must be differentiated from other diseases that cause jaundice, abdominal pain, weight loss, and fever such as Gallbladder cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, cholecystitis, choledochitis and liver fluke infections.

Abbreviations: RUQ= Right upper quadrant of the abdomen, LUQ= Left upper quadrant, LLQ= Left lower quadrant, RLQ= Right lower quadrant, LFT= Liver function test, SIRS= Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, ERCP= Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, IV= Intravenous, N= Normal, AMA= Anti mitochondrial antibodies, LDH= Lactate dehydrogenase, GI= Gastrointestinal, CXR= Chest X ray, IgA= Immunoglobulin A, IgG= Immunoglobulin G, IgM= Immunoglobulin M, CT= Computed tomography, PMN= Polymorphonuclear cells, ESR= Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP= C-reactive protein, TS= Transferrin saturation, SF= Serum Ferritin, SMA= Superior mesenteric artery, SMV= Superior mesenteric vein, ECG= Electrocardiogram

Disease	Clinical manifestations													Diagnosis		Comments
	Symptoms									Signs
	Abdominal Pain	Fever	Rigors and chills	Nausea or vomiting	Jaundice	Constipation	Diarrhea	Weight loss	GI bleeding	Hypo- tension	Guarding	Rebound Tenderness	Bowel sounds	Lab Findings	Imaging
Cholangiocarcinoma	RUQ	+	−	+	+	−	−	+	−	−	−	+	Normal	Elevated CA 19-9 Increased amylase / lipase Increased stool fat content	Contrast-enhanced ultrasound CT scan Calcification Pseudocyst Dilation of main pancreatic duct MRI	Predisposes to pancreatic cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma/Metastasis	RUQ	+	−	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	−	+	Normal Hyperactive if obstruction present	High levels of AFP in serum Abnormal liver function tests Thrombocytopenia	US CT MRI Liver biopsy	Other symptoms: Splenomegaly Variceal bleeding Ascites Spider nevi Asterixis
Pancreatic carcinoma	MidEpigastric	−	−	+	+	+	−	+	−	−	−	+	Normal	↑ Alkaline phosphatase ↑ serum bilirubin ↑ gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase ↑ CA 19-9	MDCT with PET/CT MRI EUS	Skin manifestations may include: Bullous pemphigoid Cicatricial pemphigoid Migratory superficial thrombophlebitis (classic Trousseau's syndrome) Pancreatic panniculitis
Focal nodular hyperplasia	Diffuse	±	−	−	±	−	−	+	+	−	−	−	Normal	Normal Liver function tests Normal AFP Minor elevations of Aspartate Alanine aminotransferase Alkaline phosphatase Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase	Us Multiphasic helical CT scan	Open biopsy if diagnosis can not be established
Disease	Abdominal Pain	Fever	Rigors and chills	Nausea or vomiting	Jaundice	Constipation	Diarrhea	Weight loss	GI bleeding	Hypo- tension	Guarding	Rebound Tenderness	Bowel sounds	Lab Findings	Imaging	Comments
Gallbladder cancer	Midepigastric	−	−	+	+	−	+	+	−	−	−	−	Normal	↑ Alkaline phosphatase ↑ CA 19-9	US CT MRI
Liver hemangioma	Intermittent RUQ	−	−	+	+	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	Normal	Abnormal LFTs	US Single-photon emission computerized tomography(SPECT) MRI	US will reveal hypoechoic lesions
Liver abscess	RUQ	+	−	+	+	−	−	+	−	−	−	−	Normal	Hypoalbuminemia Abnormal liver function tests	US CT
Cirrhosis	RUQ+Bloating	+	−	+	+	−	−	+	−	−	−	−	Normal	Hypoalbuminemia Prolonged PT Abnormal LFTs Hyponatremia Thrombocytopenia	US Nodular, shrunken liver Ascites	Stigmata of liver disease Cruveilhier- Baumgarten murmur
Inflammatory lesions	RUQ	±	−	+	+	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	Normal	Hypoalbuminemia Prolonged PT Abnormal LFTs Hyponatremia Thrombocytopenia	US Nodular,shrunken or coarse liver	Stigmata of liver disease

References