Morton's neuroma differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==


[[Morton's neuroma]] must be [[Differentiate|differentiated]] from other [[causes]] of [[pain]] in the [[Foot|forefoot]] such as [[Capsule|capsulitis]], [[intermetatarsal]] [[bursitis]], [[arthritis]] of [[Intermetatarsal articulations|intermetatarsal joints]], [[Callus|calluses]], [[Stress fracture|stress fractures]], and [[Freiberg infraction|Freiberg's disease]].
[[Morton's neuroma]] must be [[Differentiate|differentiated]] from other [[causes]] of [[pain]] in the [[Foot|forefoot]] such as [[metatarsophalangeal joint]]  [[Capsule|capsulitis]], [[intermetatarsal]] [[bursitis]], [[Callus|calluses]], [[Stress fracture|stress fractures]], [[Freiberg infraction|Freiberg's disease]], [[osteomyelitis]], [[Localized disease|localized]] [[vasculitis]], [[ischemia]] of [[plantar]] digital [[artery]], [[tarsal tunnel syndrome]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[peripheral neuritis]], [[synovitis]], [[tendonitis]], and [[avascular necrosis]].
==Differentiating Morton's Neuroma from other Diseases==
==Differentiating Morton's Neuroma from other Diseases==
*[[Morton's neuroma]] must be differentiated from other [[causes]] of [[pain]] in the [[Foot|forefoot]] because too often all [[Foot|forefoot]] [[pain]] is [[Categories|categorized]] as [[neuroma]]
*[[Morton's neuroma]] must be differentiated from other [[causes]] of [[pain]] in the [[Foot|forefoot]] because too often all [[Foot|forefoot]] [[pain]] is [[Categories|categorized]] as [[neuroma]]
*Since a [[neuroma]] is a [[soft tissue]] [[condition]], an [[MRI]] should be [[Help Menu|helpful]] in [[diagnosis]], however, often an [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] will be inconclusive for [[neuroma]] even though a [[neuroma]] exists
*Since a [[neuroma]] is a [[soft tissue]] [[condition]], an [[MRI]] should be [[Help Menu|helpful]] in [[diagnosis]], however, often an [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] will be inconclusive for [[neuroma]] even though a [[neuroma]] exists
*Other [[conditions]] to consider are:
*Other [[conditions]] to consider are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://faoj.org/tag/intermetatarsal-bursitis/ |title=intermetatarsal bursitis &#124; The Foot and Ankle Online Journal |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
**[[Metatarsophalangeal joint]] capsulitis/[[metatarsalgia]]
**[[Metatarsophalangeal joint]] capsulitis/[[metatarsalgia]]
**[[Intermetatarsal]] [[bursitis]] between the [[Third metatarsal bone|third]] and [[Fourth metatarsal bone|fourth metatarsal bones]] will also give [[neuroma]] type [[symptoms]] because it too puts [[pressure]] on the [[nerve]]
**[[Intermetatarsal]] [[bursitis]] between the [[Third metatarsal bone|third]] and [[Fourth metatarsal bone|fourth metatarsal bones]] will also give [[neuroma]] type [[symptoms]] because it too puts [[pressure]] on the [[nerve]]
**[[Inflammatory arthritis]] of [[joints]] that join the [[toes]] to the [[foot]]
**[[Callus|Calluses]]
**[[Callus|Calluses]]
**[[Metatarsal]] [[stress fracture]]
**[[Metatarsal]] [[stress fracture]]
**Freiberg's [[disease]]
**[[Freiberg infraction|Freiberg's disease]]
**[[Osteomyelitis]]
**[[Osteomyelitis]]
**[[Localized disease|Localized]] [[vasculitis]]
**[[Localized disease|Localized]] [[vasculitis]]
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*[[Lateral]] [[foot]] [[Compression bandage|compression]] squeezes the [[Inflammation|inflammed]] [[bursa]] between the [[metatarsal]] [[Head|heads]] [[Lead|leading]] to [[pain]] [[Mimics|mimicing]] [[neuroma]]
*[[Lateral]] [[foot]] [[Compression bandage|compression]] squeezes the [[Inflammation|inflammed]] [[bursa]] between the [[metatarsal]] [[Head|heads]] [[Lead|leading]] to [[pain]] [[Mimics|mimicing]] [[neuroma]]
*[[Mulder's sign]] of [[physical examination]] (squeezing the [[metatarsals]] produces the [[Click chemistry|click]] due to enlarged & [[Inflammation|inflammed]] [[Bursa (anatomy)|bursa]])  
*[[Mulder's sign]] of [[physical examination]] (squeezing the [[metatarsals]] produces the [[Click chemistry|click]] due to enlarged & [[Inflammation|inflammed]] [[Bursa (anatomy)|bursa]])  
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" |[[Inflammatory arthritis]] of [[Metatarsophalangeal joint|metatarsophalangeal joints]] ([[Joint|join]] the [[toes]] to the [[foot]])
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" |[[Callus|Calluses]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" |[[Callus|Calluses]]
|[[Repeatability|Repeated]] contact, [[irritation]], [[friction]] or grinding [[pressure]] to the [[skin]] [[Causes|caused]] by any of the following:
* [[Frequentist|Frequent]] [[walking]]
* Tight or ill-fitting [[Shoe insert|shoes]] ([[feet]] [[Callus (cell biology)|callus]])
* Dancing [[Barefoot doctor|barefoot]] especially ballet ([[Callus (cell biology)|callus]] at the [[Sole of the foot|sole of foot)]]
* [[Play therapy|Playing]] [[Musical pitch|musical]] or string instruments such as guitar, violin, pizzicato, strumming (fourth [[finger]] [[Callus (cell biology)|callus]])
* [[Weight]] [[Lift|lifting]] (upper [[Palmar|palm]] [[area]] [[Callus (cell biology)|callus]])
* [[Rock climbing]] ([[Callus (cell biology)|callus]] of all of the [[fingers]])
* [[Construction site safety|Construction]] [[Work accident|work]]
* [[Wood]] [[Carving wax|carving]]
* [[Play therapy|Playing]] [[video]] [[Game of chance|games]] [[Usage analysis|using]] a [[Control|controller]] with a poor D-pad ([[thumb]] [[Callus (cell biology)|callus]])
* [[Frequentist|Frequent]] [[Usage analysis|use]] of a [[writing]] [[Implementation Plan|implement]] ("[[Writer invariant|writer's]] [[Bumps on skin|bump]]"-[[Callus (cell biology)|callus]] of the [[middle finger]])
* [[Usage analysis|Use]] of chef's knife
* Hiking
* [[Martial arts]]
* [[Weight training]]
* [[Rowing exercise|Rowing]]
* BMXing
* Chopping [[wood]]
* [[Monkey]] [[bars]]
* Tenpin bowlers ([[thumb]] and [[middle finger]] [[Callus (cell biology)|calluses]])
* [[Forehead]] [[Callus (cell biology)|callus]] called prayer [[Bumps on skin|bump]] or ''zebiba'' formed by muslim prayer
* [[Diabetes]]
* [[Arsenic]]
* [[Syphilis]]
* [[Actinic keratosis]]
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* [[Callus (cell biology)|Callus]] is a toughened [[area]] of the [[skin]] which has become [[Relatively compact|relatively]] [[Thickener|thick]] and hard as a [[Response element|response]] to [[Repeatability|repeated]] or [[constant]] contact, grinding [[pressure]], [[irritation]] or [[friction]]
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* Usually involves [[hands]] or [[feet]]
* [[Infection]] of [[Callus (cell biology)|callus]]
* [[Bleeding]] of [[Callus (cell biology)|callus]] in [[diabetics]] especially
* [[Skin ulceration]]
* [[Blisters]] (due to [[Frequentist|frequent]] rubbing)
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* '''[[Corns]]''' ('''clavi''') are specially-[[Shape parameter|shaped]] [[Callus (cell biology)|calluses]] of [[Dead body|dead]] [[skin]] that usually occur on:
** Thin or [[Glabrousness|glabrous]] ([[hairless]] and [[Smooth pursuit|smooth]]) [[skin]] [[Surface anatomy|surfaces]] (especially on the [[Dorsal|dorsa]] of [[toes]] or [[fingers]])
**[[Thickener|Thick]] [[palmar]] [[skin]] [[Surface anatomy|surface]]
**[[Thickener|Thick]] [[plantar]] [[skin]] [[Surface anatomy|surface]]
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" |[[Metatarsal]] [[stress fracture]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" |[[Metatarsal]] [[stress fracture]]<ref name="pmid17805074">{{cite journal| author=Kelsey JL, Bachrach LK, Procter-Gray E, Nieves J, Greendale GA, Sowers M et al.| title=Risk factors for stress fracture among young female cross-country runners. | journal=Med Sci Sports Exerc | year= 2007 | volume= 39 | issue= 9 | pages= 1457-63 | pmid=17805074 | doi=10.1249/mss.0b013e318074e54b | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17805074  }} </ref>
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|[[Repeatability|Repeated]] extraordinary [[Stress (medicine)|stress]], overuse, or [[trauma]] to the [[bone]] [[Causes|caused]] by any of the following:
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* Sudden undertake of a [[Bursting|burst]] of [[exercise]] in a [[Sedentary behavior|sedentary]] [[person]]
* Olympic-class [[Athletic training|athletics]] (extraordinary [[Quantitative|quantities]] of high-[[Impact factor|impact]] [[exercise]])
* Long [[Distance matrix|distance]] marches ([[Military medicine|military]] [[Recruitment status|recruits]])
*[[Running]] ([[Tracking changes|track]] and [[Field desorption|field]] [[athletes]])
*[[Jumping]]
*[[Sports Medicine|Sports]] such as soccer, tennis, gymnastics & basketball
*[[Muscle]] [[fatigue]]
* Previous [[stress fracture]]
*[[Osteoporosis]] (weakens the [[bone]], [[Causes|causing]] [[stress fracture]] by just normal [[Activity (chemistry)|activity]])
*[[Flat feet]]
* High or rigid [[foot]] [[Archae|arch]]
*[[Lack (manque)|Lack]] of [[nutrients]] due to [[eating disorders]], [[Lack (manque)|lack]] of [[vitamin D]] & [[calcium]]
*[[Menopause]] (or [[Womens Pack|women]] with [[abnormal]] [[menstrual cycles]])
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* Over the [[Time constant|time]], if enough [[Stress (medicine)|stress]] is [[Place cell|placed]] on the [[bone]] [[Repeatability|repetitively]], it [[Exhaustion|exhausts]] the capacity of the [[bone]] to remodel without enough [[Time constant|time]] for [[recovery]] resorb [[Cells (biology)|cells]] faster than [[Human body|body]] can [[Replacement joint|replace]] them, [[Result|resulting]] in a weakened site [[Causes|causing]] tiny [[Cracking (chemistry)|cracks]] in a [[bone]], or severe [[bruising]] within a [[bone]] [[Lead|leading]] to [[stress fracture]]
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*[[Local]] [[pain]] (worsens with [[Time constant|time]])
*[[Local]] [[Tenderness (medicine)|tenderness]] (originates from a [[Specific activity|specific]] [[spot]] & decreases during [[Rest cure|rest]])
*[[Swelling]] around the [[painful]] [[area]]
|[[Stress fracture]] can be [[Prevention (medical)|prevented]] by following [[Measurement|measures]]:
* Starting [[new]] [[exercise]] gradually with [[slow]] progression
*[[Usage analysis|Using]] proper [[Foot|footwear]]
* Adding low-[[Impact factor|impact]] [[Activities of daily living|activities]] to the [[exercise]] regimen to avoid putting [[Stress (medicine)|stress]] on a particular [[Human body|body]] part
*[[Strength training|Strengthening]] [[exercises]] for [[Calf muscle|calf]] and [[shin]] [[muscles]] to [[Avoidance response|avoid]] [[muscle fatigue]]
*[[Get involved|Getting]] [[Appropriate Use Criteria|appropriate]] [[nutrition]] (especially in [[osteoporosis]] & [[menopause]]) having [[Adequately wet|adequate]] [[Amount of substance|amounts]] of:
**[[Vitamin D]]
**[[Calcium]]
**[[Essential nutrients]]
<br />
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" |Freiberg's disease
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" |[[Freiberg infraction|Freiberg's disease]]
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|[[Etiology]] is usually unknown or maybe [[Multifactorial inheritance|multifactorial]] such as:
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* [[Trauma|Traumatic]] insult (either [[Acute (medicine)|acute]] or [[Repeatability|repetitive]] [[injury]])
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* [[Vascular insufficiency|Vascular compromise]]
* High-[[Heel|heeled]] [[Shoe insert|shoes]]
<br />
|[[Vascular insufficiency|Vascular compromise]] [[Lead|leads]] to:
* [[Collapse (medical)|Collapse]] of the subchondral [[bone]]
* [[Osteonecrosis]]
* [[Cartilaginous]] [[fissures]]
|Usually invovles the [[Second metatarsal bone|second]] or [[Third metatarsal bone|third metatarsal heads]] [[Causes|causing]]:
* [[Pain]]
* Limited [[Motion (physics)|motion]]
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* More common in [[Womens Pack|women]]
* Manifests during [[adolescence]] (most commonly)
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" |[[Osteomyelitis]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" |[[Osteomyelitis]]
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*Also known as [[Posterior]] [[Tibial]] [[Nerve]] [[Neuralgia]]
*Also known as [[Posterior]] [[Tibial]] [[Nerve]] [[Neuralgia]]
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" |[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" |[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]<ref name="pmid19790122">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barton A, Worthington J |title=Genetic susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis: an emerging picture |journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=61 |issue=10 |pages=1441–6 |date=October 2009 |pmid=19790122 |doi=10.1002/art.24672 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20436074">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hitchon CA, Chandad F, Ferucci ED, Willemze A, Ioan-Facsinay A, van der Woude D, Markland J, Robinson D, Elias B, Newkirk M, Toes RM, Huizinga TW, El-Gabalawy HS |title=Antibodies to porphyromonas gingivalis are associated with anticitrullinated protein antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and their relatives |journal=J. Rheumatol. |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1105–12 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20436074 |doi=10.3899/jrheum.091323 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21343168">{{cite journal |vauthors=Routsias JG, Goules JD, Goules A, Charalampakis G, Pikazis D |title=Autopathogenic correlation of periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis |journal=Rheumatology (Oxford) |volume=50 |issue=7 |pages=1189–93 |date=July 2011 |pmid=21343168 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/ker090 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10366115">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barrett JH, Brennan P, Fiddler M, Silman AJ |title=Does rheumatoid arthritis remit during pregnancy and relapse postpartum? Results from a nationwide study in the United Kingdom performed prospectively from late pregnancy |journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=1219–27 |date=June 1999 |pmid=10366115 |doi=10.1002/1529-0131(199906)42:6<1219::AID-ANR19>3.0.CO;2-G |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26435495">{{cite journal |vauthors=Louati K, Berenbaum F |title=Fatigue in chronic inflammation - a link to pain pathways |journal=Arthritis Res. Ther. |volume=17 |issue= |pages=254 |date=October 2015 |pmid=26435495 |pmc=4593220 |doi=10.1186/s13075-015-0784-1 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23335492">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nikolaus S, Bode C, Taal E, van de Laar MA |title=Fatigue and factors related to fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review |journal=Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) |volume=65 |issue=7 |pages=1128–46 |date=July 2013 |pmid=23335492 |doi=10.1002/acr.21949 |url=}}</ref>
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|Common [[causes]] include:
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*[[Idiopathic]]
*[[Genetic]] ([[HLA-DR4]] [[Cluster (epidemiology)|cluster]], [[HLA-DR1]])
*[[Environmental science|Environmental]] ([[smoking]])
*[[Hormonal]] [[Hyperprolactinemia|(hyperprolactinemia]])
*[[Immunological|Immunologic]]
*[[Infections]] ([[mycoplasma]], [[Epstein Barr virus|epstein-Barr virus]], [[rubella virus]], [[porphyromonas gingivalis]])
*Socioeconomic factors
*[[Psychological]] factors
*[[Lifestyle]] factors ([[obesity]], poor [[health]])
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On [[gross pathology]], following [[Features (pattern recognition)|features]] may be noticed:
* [[Irregular lesion|Irregular]] [[Surface anatomy|surface]], seen due to [[synovial]] [[hyperplasia]]
* Subchondral [[cysts]](usually [[Presenting symptom|present]] at the later stage of [[disease]]
[[Microscopic]] [[histopathological]] [[analysis]] shows:
* [[Formation matrix|Formation]] of [[new]] [[synovial]] [[Blood vessel|blood vessels]] (earliest finding)
* [[Hypertrophy (medical)|Hypertrophy]] of [[synovial]] [[Line|lining]] layer
* [[Infiltration (medical)|Infiltration]] of [[mononuclear cells]]
* [[Chronic (medical)|Chronic]] [[inflammation]] with [[lymphocytic]] [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltration]]
* [[Pannus]] [[Formation matrix|formation]] (fibrovascular [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]] or [[granulation tissue]])
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Common [[symptoms]] of [[rheumatoid arthritis]] include:
* [[Joint pain]] involving small [[Joints (anatomy)|joints]] of the [[hands]], [[wrist]], and [[foot]]
* [[Joint swelling]]
* [[Morning report (medicine)|Morning]] [[joint stiffness]] classically lasting for more than an hour
* Decreased [[Grippe|grip]] [[Strength training|strength]]
* [[Generalization|Generalized]] [[aching]]
* [[Fatigue]]
* [[Weight loss]]
* [[Depression]]
* Less commonly, involvement of [[cervical spine]] leads to [[neurological]] [[symptoms]] such as:
** [[Tingling]] in the [[arm]]
** [[Numbness]] in the [[arm]]
** [[Weakness]] in the [[arm]]
|[[Condition|Conditions]] [[Association (statistics)|associated]] with [[rheumatoid arthritis]] include:
* [[Osteopenia]]
* [[Myositis]]
* [[Vasculitis]]
* [[Uveitis]]
* [[Scleritis]]
* [[Periphery|Peripheral]] [[ulcerative keratitis]]
* [[Interstitial fibrosis]]
* [[Pulmonary]] [[nodules]]
* [[Bronchiolitis obliterans]]
* [[Organizing pneumonia]]
* [[Venous thromboembolism]]
* [[Pericarditis]]
* [[Myocarditis]]
* [[Congestive heart failure]]
* [[Atrial fibrillation]]
* [[Sjogren's syndrome]]
* [[Felty's syndrome]]
[[Patients]] with [[rheumatoid arthritis]] may have a positive [[History and Physical examination|history]] of:
* [[Smoking]]
* [[Family history]]
* [[Autoimmune disease]]
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" |[[Peripheral neuritis]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" |[[Peripheral neuritis]]

Latest revision as of 14:34, 26 June 2019

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mohsin, M.D.[2]

Overview

Morton's neuroma must be differentiated from other causes of pain in the forefoot such as metatarsophalangeal joint capsulitis, intermetatarsal bursitis, calluses, stress fractures, Freiberg's disease, osteomyelitis, localized vasculitis, ischemia of plantar digital artery, tarsal tunnel syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral neuritis, synovitis, tendonitis, and avascular necrosis.

Differentiating Morton's Neuroma from other Diseases

Differentiating Morton's neuroma from other diseases
Disease/Condition Underlying Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical presentation Other associated features
Morton's neuroma

On gross pathology, characteristic findings of morton's neuroma, include:

Symptoms of morton's neuroma include:

Usually located at the following sites:

(first toe is usually not involved)

Metatarsophalangeal joint capsulitis/Metatarsalgia
Intermetatarsal bursitis _
Calluses Repeated contact, irritation, friction or grinding pressure to the skin caused by any of the following:
Metatarsal stress fracture[2] Repeated extraordinary stress, overuse, or trauma to the bone caused by any of the following: Stress fracture can be prevented by following measures:


Freiberg's disease Etiology is usually unknown or maybe multifactorial such as:


Vascular compromise leads to: Usually invovles the second or third metatarsal heads causing:
Osteomyelitis Common causes include:


Entry of the organism into bone is the first step in osteomyelitis and occurs by three main mechanisms:

  1. Hematogenous seeding
  2. Contiguous spread of infection to bone from adjacent soft tissue
  3. Direct inoculation from trauma or orthopedic surgery (including prostheses)
Risk factors for osteomyelitis include:
Localized vasculitis[3][4]
Tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) Anything that creates pressure in the Tarsal Tunnel can cause TTS such as:
Rheumatoid arthritis[5][6][7][8][9][10] Common causes include:

On gross pathology, following features may be noticed:

Microscopic histopathological analysis shows:

Common symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis include:

Conditions associated with rheumatoid arthritis include:

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis may have a positive history of:

Peripheral neuritis Symptoms depend on the nerve involved and may include: _
Synovitis It can be caused by any of the following: _
Tendonitis
Avascular necrosis[11] Permanent or temporary lack of blood supply to the bones due to:


Also known as:

Common sites of involvement in the order of frequency include:

References

  1. "intermetatarsal bursitis | The Foot and Ankle Online Journal".
  2. Kelsey JL, Bachrach LK, Procter-Gray E, Nieves J, Greendale GA, Sowers M; et al. (2007). "Risk factors for stress fracture among young female cross-country runners". Med Sci Sports Exerc. 39 (9): 1457–63. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318074e54b. PMID 17805074.
  3. Burke AP, Virmani R (2001). "Localized vasculitis". Semin Diagn Pathol. 18 (1): 59–66. PMID 11296994.
  4. Quinet RJ, Zakem JM, McCain M (2003). "Localized versus systemic vasculitis: diagnosis and management". Curr Rheumatol Rep. 5 (2): 93–9. PMID 12628039.
  5. Barton A, Worthington J (October 2009). "Genetic susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis: an emerging picture". Arthritis Rheum. 61 (10): 1441–6. doi:10.1002/art.24672. PMID 19790122.
  6. Hitchon CA, Chandad F, Ferucci ED, Willemze A, Ioan-Facsinay A, van der Woude D, Markland J, Robinson D, Elias B, Newkirk M, Toes RM, Huizinga TW, El-Gabalawy HS (June 2010). "Antibodies to porphyromonas gingivalis are associated with anticitrullinated protein antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and their relatives". J. Rheumatol. 37 (6): 1105–12. doi:10.3899/jrheum.091323. PMID 20436074.
  7. Routsias JG, Goules JD, Goules A, Charalampakis G, Pikazis D (July 2011). "Autopathogenic correlation of periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis". Rheumatology (Oxford). 50 (7): 1189–93. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ker090. PMID 21343168.
  8. Barrett JH, Brennan P, Fiddler M, Silman AJ (June 1999). "Does rheumatoid arthritis remit during pregnancy and relapse postpartum? Results from a nationwide study in the United Kingdom performed prospectively from late pregnancy". Arthritis Rheum. 42 (6): 1219–27. doi:10.1002/1529-0131(199906)42:6<1219::AID-ANR19>3.0.CO;2-G. PMID 10366115.
  9. Louati K, Berenbaum F (October 2015). "Fatigue in chronic inflammation - a link to pain pathways". Arthritis Res. Ther. 17: 254. doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0784-1. PMC 4593220. PMID 26435495.
  10. Nikolaus S, Bode C, Taal E, van de Laar MA (July 2013). "Fatigue and factors related to fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review". Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 65 (7): 1128–46. doi:10.1002/acr.21949. PMID 23335492.
  11. Enge Junior DJ, Fonseca EKUN, Castro ADAE, Baptista E, Santos DDCB, Rosemberg LA (2019). "Avascular necrosis: radiological findings and main sites of involvement - pictorial essay". Radiol Bras. 52 (3): 187–192. doi:10.1590/0100-3984.2017.0151. PMC 6561372 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31210694.


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