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| {{SI}} | | {{Hepatopulmonary syndrome}} |
| {{Infobox_Disease
| | '''For patient information, click [[Hepatopulmonary syndrome (patient information)|here]]''' |
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| | DiseasesDB = 32063
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| {{CMG}}
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| ==Overview==
| | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Soroush}} |
| '''Hepatopulmonary syndrome''' is a syndrome characterized by [[chronic liver disease]] with [[pulmonary vascular dilatation]]s and reduced arterial [[oxygenation]]. It is seen in patients with advanced liver disease, such as [[cirrhosis]] or [[portal hypertension]].
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| Patients can present with platypnoea (dyspnoea in upright position and relieved by recumbency) due to opening of pulmonary vascular shunts, and similarly have orthodeoxia (reduction of blood oxygen levels when sitting upright).
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| ==Historical Perspective== | | ==[[Hepatopulmonary syndrome overview|Overview]]== |
| *[Disease name] was first discovered by [scientist name], a [nationality + occupation], in [year] during/following [event].
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| *In [year], [gene] mutations were first identified in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
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| *In [year], the first [discovery] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].
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| ==Classification==
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| *[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups:
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| :*[group1]
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| :*[group2]
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| :*[group3]
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| *Other variants of [disease name] include [disease subtype 1], [disease subtype 2], and [disease subtype 3].
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| ==Pathophysiology==
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| *The pathogenesis of [disease name] is characterized by [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3].
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| *The [gene name] gene/Mutation in [gene name] has been associated with the development of [disease name], involving the [molecular pathway] pathway.
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| *On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
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| *On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
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| ==Causes==
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| * [Disease name] may be caused by either [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
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| * [Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene1], [gene2], or [gene3] gene[s].
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| * There are no established causes for [disease name].
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| ==Differentiating [disease name] from other Diseases==
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| *[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as:
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| :*[Differential dx1]
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| :*[Differential dx2]
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| :*[Differential dx3]
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| ==Epidemiology and Demographics==
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| * The prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number or range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
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| * In [year], the incidence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number or range] cases per 100,000 individuals in [location].
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| ===Age===
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| *Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
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| *[Disease name] is more commonly observed among patients aged [age range] years old.
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| *[Disease name] is more commonly observed among [elderly patients/young patients/children].
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| ===Gender===
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| *[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
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| *[Gender 1] are more commonly affected with [disease name] than [gender 2].
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| * The [gender 1] to [Gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.
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| ===Race=== | |
| *There is no racial predilection for [disease name].
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| *[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race.
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| *[Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
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| ==Risk Factors==
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| *Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] are [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
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| == Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
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| *The majority of patients with [disease name] remain asymptomatic for [duration/years].
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| *Early clinical features include [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
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| *If left untreated, [#%] of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
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| *Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
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| *Prognosis is generally [excellent/good/poor], and the [1/5/10year mortality/survival rate] of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#%].
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| == Diagnosis ==
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| ===Diagnostic Criteria===
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| *The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met:
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| :*[criterion 1]
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| :*[criterion 2]
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| :*[criterion 3]
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| :*[criterion 4]
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| === Symptoms ===
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| *[Disease name] is usually asymptomatic.
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| *Symptoms of [disease name] may include the following:
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| :*[symptom 1]
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| :*[symptom 2]
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| :*[symptom 3]
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| :*[symptom 4]
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| :*[symptom 5]
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| :*[symptom 6]
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| === Physical Examination ===
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| *Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance].
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| *Physical examination may be remarkable for:
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| :*[finding 1]
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| :*[finding 2]
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| :*[finding 3]
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| :*[finding 4]
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| :*[finding 5]
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| :*[finding 6]
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| === Laboratory Findings ===
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| *There are no specific laboratory findings associated with [disease name].
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| *A [positive/negative] [test name] is diagnostic of [disease name].
| | ==[[Hepatopulmonary syndrome historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
| *An [elevated/reduced] concentration of [serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other] [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
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| *Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].
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| ===Imaging Findings===
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| *There are no [imaging study] findings associated with [disease name].
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| *[Imaging study 1] is the imaging modality of choice for [disease name].
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| *On [imaging study 1], [disease name] is characterized by [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
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| *[Imaging study 2] may demonstrate [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
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| === Other Diagnostic Studies ===
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| *[Disease name] may also be diagnosed using [diagnostic study name].
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| *Findings on [diagnostic study name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
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| == Treatment ==
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| === Medical Therapy ===
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| *There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
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| *The mainstay of therapy for [disease name] is [medical therapy 1] and [medical therapy 2].
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| *[Medical therapy 1] acts by [mechanism of action 1].
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| *Response to [medical therapy 1] can be monitored with [test/physical finding/imaging] every [frequency/duration].
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| === Surgery ===
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| *Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for [disease name].
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| *[Surgical procedure] in conjunction with [chemotherapy/radiation] is the most common approach to the treatment of [disease name].
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| *[Surgical procedure] can only be performed for patients with [disease stage] [disease name].
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| === Prevention ===
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| *There are no primary preventive measures available for [disease name].
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| *Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
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| *Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with [disease name] are followed-up every [duration]. Follow-up testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].
| | ==[[Hepatopulmonary syndrome classification|Classification]]== |
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| ==References== | | ==[[Hepatopulmonary syndrome pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
| {{Reflist|2}}
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| | ==[[Hepatopulmonary syndrome causes|Causes]]== |
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| [[Category:Hepatology]] | | ==[[Hepatopulmonary syndrome differential diagnosis|Differentiating Hepatopulmonary syndrome from other Diseases]]== |
| [[Category:Pulmonology]] | | |
| | ==[[Hepatopulmonary syndrome epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
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| | ==[[Hepatopulmonary syndrome risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
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| | ==[[Hepatopulmonary syndrome screening|Screening]]== |
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| | ==[[Hepatopulmonary syndrome natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
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| | ==Diagnosis== |
| | [[Hepatopulmonary syndrome diagnostic study of choice|Diagnostic study of choice]] | [[Hepatopulmonary syndrome history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Hepatopulmonary syndrome physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Hepatopulmonary syndrome laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Hepatopulmonary syndrome electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Hepatopulmonary syndrome x ray|X-Ray Findings]] | [[Hepatopulmonary syndrome echocardiography and ultrasound|Echocardiography and Ultrasound]] | [[Hepatopulmonary syndrome CT scan|CT-Scan Findings]] | [[Hepatopulmonary syndrome MRI|MRI Findings]] | [[Hepatopulmonary syndrome other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Hepatopulmonary syndrome other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
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| | ==Treatment== |
| | [[Hepatopulmonary syndrome medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Hepatopulmonary syndrome interventions|Interventions]] | [[Hepatopulmonary syndrome surgery|Surgery]] | [[Hepatopulmonary syndrome primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Hepatopulmonary syndrome secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Hepatopulmonary syndrome cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Hepatopulmonary syndrome future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
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| | ==Case Studies== |
| | [[Hepatopulmonary syndrome case study one|Case #1]] |
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| | [[Category: (name of the system)]] |