Moro reflex: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The '''Moro reflex''', also known as the ''[[Startle reaction|startle reflex]]'', is one of the [[infantile reflex]]es. | The '''Moro reflex''', also known as the ''[[Startle reaction|startle reflex]]'', is one of the [[infantile reflex]]es<ref>Adams and Victor's Neurology, Chapter 28. Normal Development and Deviations in Development of the Nervous System</ref>. | ||
It may be observed in incomplete form in [[premature birth]] after the 28th week of [[gestation]], and is usually present in complete form by week 34 ([[third trimester]]). It is normally present in all infants/newborns up to 4 or 5 months of age, and its absence indicates a profound disorder of the motor system. An absent or inadequate Moro response on one side is found in infants with hemiplegia, brachial plexus palsy, or a fractured clavicle. Persistence of the Moro response beyond 4 or 5 months of age is noted only in infants with severe neurological defects. It was discovered and first described by Austrian [[pediatrician]] [[Ernst Moro]] (1874-1951). | It may be observed in incomplete form in [[premature birth]] after the 28th week of [[gestation]], and is usually present in complete form by week 34 ([[third trimester]]). It is normally present in all infants/newborns up to 4 or 5 months of age, and its absence indicates a profound disorder of the motor system. An absent or inadequate Moro response on one side is found in infants with hemiplegia, brachial plexus palsy, or a fractured clavicle. Persistence of the Moro response beyond 4 or 5 months of age is noted only in infants with severe neurological defects. It was discovered and first described by Austrian [[pediatrician]] [[Ernst Moro]] (1874-1951). | ||
This [[reflex]] is a response to unexpected loud [[noise]] or when the infant feels like it is falling. It is believed to be the only unlearned [[fear]] in human newborns. The [[little Albert]] study used the startle reflex in the famous [[classical conditioning]] experiment to make him fear white fuzzy things. | This [[reflex]] is a response to unexpected loud [[noise]] or when the infant feels like it is falling. It is believed to be the only unlearned [[fear]] in human newborns. The [[little Albert]] study used the startle reflex in the famous [[classical conditioning]] experiment to make him fear white fuzzy things. | ||
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# [[Cry]]ing (usually) | # [[Cry]]ing (usually) | ||
Absence of any component (except crying) or any [[asymmetry]] in the movements is abnormal, as is persistence of the reflex in older infants, children and [[adult]]s. However, in individuals with cerebral palsy, persistence and exacerbation of this reflex is common. | Absence of any component (except crying) or any [[asymmetry]] in the movements is abnormal, as is persistence of the reflex in older infants, children and [[adult]]s. However, in individuals with cerebral palsy, persistence and exacerbation of this reflex is common<ref name="pmid30677430">{{cite journal| author=Paulus A, Renn K, Wentura D| title=One plus one is more than two: The interactive influence of group membership and emotional facial expressions on the modulation of the affective startle reflex. | journal=Biol Psychol | year= 2019 | volume= 142 | issue= | pages= 140-146 | pmid=30677430 | doi=10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.12.009 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30677430 }} </ref>. | ||
In adults, the startle reflex is modulating by expressions of observers. | |||
References | ==References== | ||
<references/> | |||
{{Primitive_reflexes}} | {{Primitive_reflexes}} | ||
Latest revision as of 16:32, 26 July 2019
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
The Moro reflex, also known as the startle reflex, is one of the infantile reflexes[1]. It may be observed in incomplete form in premature birth after the 28th week of gestation, and is usually present in complete form by week 34 (third trimester). It is normally present in all infants/newborns up to 4 or 5 months of age, and its absence indicates a profound disorder of the motor system. An absent or inadequate Moro response on one side is found in infants with hemiplegia, brachial plexus palsy, or a fractured clavicle. Persistence of the Moro response beyond 4 or 5 months of age is noted only in infants with severe neurological defects. It was discovered and first described by Austrian pediatrician Ernst Moro (1874-1951). This reflex is a response to unexpected loud noise or when the infant feels like it is falling. It is believed to be the only unlearned fear in human newborns. The little Albert study used the startle reflex in the famous classical conditioning experiment to make him fear white fuzzy things.
The primary significance of this reflex is in evaluating integration of the central nervous system (CNS), since the reflex involves 4 distinct components:
Absence of any component (except crying) or any asymmetry in the movements is abnormal, as is persistence of the reflex in older infants, children and adults. However, in individuals with cerebral palsy, persistence and exacerbation of this reflex is common[2]. In adults, the startle reflex is modulating by expressions of observers.
References
- ↑ Adams and Victor's Neurology, Chapter 28. Normal Development and Deviations in Development of the Nervous System
- ↑ Paulus A, Renn K, Wentura D (2019). "One plus one is more than two: The interactive influence of group membership and emotional facial expressions on the modulation of the affective startle reflex". Biol Psychol. 142: 140–146. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.12.009. PMID 30677430.
da:Mororefleksen
de:Moro-Reflex
he:רפלקס מורו
it:Riflesso di Moro