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| {{Palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia}} | | {{Palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia}} |
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| | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MC}} |
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| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| The most common and established risk factors are chemotherapeutic agents. The severity of the condition depends on the dose and frequency of the agent. The data is limited to support any other associated risk factors as the pathophysiology of Palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia is still unknown even though different mechanisms have been postulated. | | The most common and established [[Risk factor|risk factors]] are [[chemotherapeutic agents]]. The severity of the condition depends on the [[dose]] and frequency of the [[Chemotherapeutic agent|agent]]. |
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| ==Risk Factors== | | ==Risk Factors== |
| Palmar Plantar Erythrosysesthesia has been linked with The occurrence of this condition has been linked to dose and prolonged chemotherapeutic drug exposure especially with more continuous IV infusion, daily ingestion and liposomal encapsulationg of PLD which prolong half-life of drug. The use of cooling mechanism, higher number of PLD cycles, and occurrence of mucositis, neutropenia and peripheral neuropathy are possible predictors of PPE.<ref name="pmid19446868">{{cite journal| author=Tanyi JL, Smith JA, Ramos L, Parker CL, Munsell MF, Wolf JK| title=Predisposing risk factors for palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia when using liposomal doxorubicin to treat recurrent ovarian cancer. | journal=Gynecol Oncol | year= 2009 | volume= 114 | issue= 2 | pages= 219-24 | pmid=19446868 | doi=10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.04.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19446868 }}</ref>
| | * Exposure to [[chemotherapeutic agents]] has been proven to be an established [[risk factor]]. |
| | | * It has a direct relation with the [[dose]] of and duration of exposure to [[chemotherapeutic agents]]. |
| ===Risk Factors===
| | * The [[data]] is limited to support any other associated [[risk factors]] as the [[pathophysiology]] of palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia. |
| Exposure to chemotherapeutic agents has been proven to be an established risk factor. Occurrence of this condition has been linked to dose and prolonged chemotherapeutic drug exposure especially with more continuous IV infusion, daily ingestion and liposomal encapsulationg of PLD which prolong half-life of drug. The use of cooling mechanism, higher number of PLD cycles, and occurrence of mucositis, neutropenia and peripheral neuropathy are possible predictors of PPE. <ref name="pmid194468682">{{cite journal| author=Tanyi JL, Smith JA, Ramos L, Parker CL, Munsell MF, Wolf JK| title=Predisposing risk factors for palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia when using liposomal doxorubicin to treat recurrent ovarian cancer. | journal=Gynecol Oncol | year= 2009 | volume= 114 | issue= 2 | pages= 219-24 | pmid=19446868 | doi=10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.04.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19446868 }}</ref> | |
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| Several agents may be linked with the condition but the Most frequently associated are<ref name="pmid17350337" />:
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| * Doxorubicin (Pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin)
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| * 5-Flurouracil
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| * Cytarabine.
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| ===Common Causes===
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| * Several different Chemotherapeutic agents have been associated with acral erythema<ref name="pmid2061446">{{cite journal| author=Baack BR, Burgdorf WH| title=Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 1991 | volume= 24 | issue= 3 | pages= 457-61 | pmid=2061446 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2061446 }}</ref>. Common ones are listed below. | |
| ** Most frequently associated with<ref name="pmid17350337">{{cite journal| author=Webster-Gandy JD, How C, Harrold K| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE): a literature review with commentary on experience in a cancer centre. | journal=Eur J Oncol Nurs | year= 2007 | volume= 11 | issue= 3 | pages= 238-46 | pmid=17350337 | doi=10.1016/j.ejon.2006.10.004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17350337 }}</ref>:
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| *** Doxorubicin (Pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin)
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| *** 5-Flurouracil
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| *** Cytarabine.
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| ** Methotrexate - even low dose used to treat ALL<ref name="pmid1441532">{{cite journal| author=Wysocki M, Nowaczyk-Michalak A, Pilecki O, Kurylak A, Balcar-Boroń A, Trybuś L| title=[Burgdorf's reaction (painful acral erythema) in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia following medium-dose methotrexate therapy]. | journal=Wiad Lek | year= 1992 | volume= 45 | issue= 11-12 | pages= 462-4 | pmid=1441532 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1441532 }}</ref>
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| ** Mitotane<ref name="pmid4276191" />
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| ** PLD, Docetaxel, Capecitabine, vinorelbine, gemcitabine and Sorafenib<ref name="pmid215373732">{{cite journal| author=Farr KP, Safwat A| title=Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia associated with chemotherapy and its treatment. | journal=Case Rep Oncol | year= 2011 | volume= 4 | issue= 1 | pages= 229-35 | pmid=21537373 | doi=10.1159/000327767 | pmc=3085037 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21537373 }}</ref>
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| **
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| '''<big>Less Common Causes</big>'''
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| * Capacitabine-based chemotherapy<ref name="pmid2652317">{{cite journal| author=Krikorian A, Rahmani R, Bromet M, Bore P, Cano JP| title=Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of Navelbine. | journal=Semin Oncol | year= 1989 | volume= 16 | issue= 2 Suppl 4 | pages= 21-5 | pmid=2652317 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2652317 }}</ref>
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| * Docetaxel <ref name="pmid23478198">{{cite journal| author=Harris CS, Wang D, Carulli A| title=Docetaxel-associated palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia: a case report and review of the literature. | journal=J Oncol Pharm Pract | year= 2014 | volume= 20 | issue= 1 | pages= 73-80 | pmid=23478198 | doi=10.1177/1078155213475466 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23478198 }}</ref>
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| ===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
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| *5-Flurouracil<ref name="pmid17350337" />
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| *Capecitabine<ref name="pmid215373732" />
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| *Capacitabine-based chemotherapy<ref name="pmid2652317" />
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| *Cytarabine<ref name="pmid17350337" />
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| *Docetaxel<ref name="pmid215373732" />
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| *Doxorubicin (Pegylated liposomal Doxorubicin)<ref name="pmid17350337" />
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| *Gemcitabine<ref name="pmid215373732" />
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| *Methotrexate - even low dose used to treat ALL<ref name="pmid1441532" />
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| *Mitotane<ref name="pmid4276191" />
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| *PLD<ref name="pmid215373732" />
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| *Sorafenib<ref name="pmid215373732" />
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| *Vinorelbine<ref name="pmid215373732" />
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| ===Genetics===
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| No genetic association has been found as of yet as the data on this condition is limited.
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{reflist|2}} | | {{reflist|2}} |
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| [[Category:Needs content]] | | [[Category:Needs content]] |
| [[Category:Disease]] | | [[Category:Disease]] |
| [[Category:Up-To-Date]]
| | [[Category:Up-To-Date]] |
| [[Category:Oncology]] | | [[Category:Oncology]] |
| [[Category:Medicine]] | | [[Category:Medicine]] |