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{{Parkinson's disease}}
{{Parkinson's disease}}


{{CMG}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Fs}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Common risk factors in the development of Parkinson disease include [[family history]], [[depression]], exposure to [[Pesticide|pesticides]], high consumption of dairy diet, [[Vitamin D deficiency]], history of [[brain trauma]], history of [[migraine]] with [[aura]], history of [[anemia]], using of well water, excess intake of [[iron]] and [[manganese]], [[Obesity]], exposure to hydrocarbons solvents and low [[muscle]] strength.


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
=== Common risk factors ===
Common risk factors in the development of Parkinson disease are:
Common risk factors in the development of Parkinson disease are:
* Family history<ref name="pmid23071076">{{cite journal |vauthors=Noyce AJ, Bestwick JP, Silveira-Moriyama L, Hawkes CH, Giovannoni G, Lees AJ, Schrag A |title=Meta-analysis of early nonmotor features and risk factors for Parkinson disease |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=893–901 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23071076 |pmc=3556649 |doi=10.1002/ana.23687 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Family history]]<ref name="pmid23071076">{{cite journal |vauthors=Noyce AJ, Bestwick JP, Silveira-Moriyama L, Hawkes CH, Giovannoni G, Lees AJ, Schrag A |title=Meta-analysis of early nonmotor features and risk factors for Parkinson disease |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=893–901 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23071076 |pmc=3556649 |doi=10.1002/ana.23687 |url=}}</ref>
* Depression<ref name="pmid25995056">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gustafsson H, Nordström A, Nordström P |title=Depression and subsequent risk of Parkinson disease: A nationwide cohort study |journal=Neurology |volume=84 |issue=24 |pages=2422–9 |date=June 2015 |pmid=25995056 |pmc=4478031 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000001684 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Depression]]<ref name="pmid25995056">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gustafsson H, Nordström A, Nordström P |title=Depression and subsequent risk of Parkinson disease: A nationwide cohort study |journal=Neurology |volume=84 |issue=24 |pages=2422–9 |date=June 2015 |pmid=25995056 |pmc=4478031 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000001684 |url=}}</ref>
* Exposure to pesticides<ref name="pmid23071076">{{cite journal |vauthors=Noyce AJ, Bestwick JP, Silveira-Moriyama L, Hawkes CH, Giovannoni G, Lees AJ, Schrag A |title=Meta-analysis of early nonmotor features and risk factors for Parkinson disease |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=893–901 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23071076 |pmc=3556649 |doi=10.1002/ana.23687 |url=}}</ref>
* Exposure to [[Pesticide|pesticides]]<ref name="pmid23071076">{{cite journal |vauthors=Noyce AJ, Bestwick JP, Silveira-Moriyama L, Hawkes CH, Giovannoni G, Lees AJ, Schrag A |title=Meta-analysis of early nonmotor features and risk factors for Parkinson disease |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=893–901 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23071076 |pmc=3556649 |doi=10.1002/ana.23687 |url=}}</ref>
* high consumption of dairy diet<ref name="pmid24894826">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jiang W, Ju C, Jiang H, Zhang D |title=Dairy foods intake and risk of Parkinson's disease: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies |journal=Eur. J. Epidemiol. |volume=29 |issue=9 |pages=613–9 |date=September 2014 |pmid=24894826 |doi=10.1007/s10654-014-9921-4 |url=}}</ref>
* high consumption of dairy diet<ref name="pmid24894826">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jiang W, Ju C, Jiang H, Zhang D |title=Dairy foods intake and risk of Parkinson's disease: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies |journal=Eur. J. Epidemiol. |volume=29 |issue=9 |pages=613–9 |date=September 2014 |pmid=24894826 |doi=10.1007/s10654-014-9921-4 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Vitamin D deficiency]]<ref name="pmid24847960">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lv Z, Qi H, Wang L, Fan X, Han F, Wang H, Bi S |title=Vitamin D status and Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Neurol. Sci. |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=1723–30 |date=November 2014 |pmid=24847960 |doi=10.1007/s10072-014-1821-6 |url=}}</ref>
* History of [[brain trauma]]<ref name="pmid23609436">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jafari S, Etminan M, Aminzadeh F, Samii A |title=Head injury and risk of Parkinson disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Mov. Disord. |volume=28 |issue=9 |pages=1222–9 |date=August 2013 |pmid=23609436 |doi=10.1002/mds.25458 |url=}}</ref>


* Vitamin D deficiency<ref name="pmid24847960">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lv Z, Qi H, Wang L, Fan X, Han F, Wang H, Bi S |title=Vitamin D status and Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Neurol. Sci. |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=1723–30 |date=November 2014 |pmid=24847960 |doi=10.1007/s10072-014-1821-6 |url=}}</ref>
* History of [[migraine]] with [[aura]]<ref name="pmid25230997">{{cite journal |vauthors=Scher AI, Ross GW, Sigurdsson S, Garcia M, Gudmundsson LS, Sveinbjörnsdóttir S, Wagner AK, Gudnason V, Launer LJ |title=Midlife migraine and late-life parkinsonism: AGES-Reykjavik study |journal=Neurology |volume=83 |issue=14 |pages=1246–52 |date=September 2014 |pmid=25230997 |pmc=4180488 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000000840 |url=}}</ref>
* history of brain trauma<ref name="pmid23609436">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jafari S, Etminan M, Aminzadeh F, Samii A |title=Head injury and risk of Parkinson disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Mov. Disord. |volume=28 |issue=9 |pages=1222–9 |date=August 2013 |pmid=23609436 |doi=10.1002/mds.25458 |url=}}</ref>
* History of [[anemia]]<ref name="pmid19858460">{{cite journal |vauthors=Savica R, Grossardt BR, Carlin JM, Icen M, Bower JH, Ahlskog JE, Maraganore DM, Steensma DP, Rocca WA |title=Anemia or low hemoglobin levels preceding Parkinson disease: a case-control study |journal=Neurology |volume=73 |issue=17 |pages=1381–7 |date=October 2009 |pmid=19858460 |pmc=2769554 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181bd80c1 |url=}}</ref>
 
* History of migraine with aura<ref name="pmid25230997">{{cite journal |vauthors=Scher AI, Ross GW, Sigurdsson S, Garcia M, Gudmundsson LS, Sveinbjörnsdóttir S, Wagner AK, Gudnason V, Launer LJ |title=Midlife migraine and late-life parkinsonism: AGES-Reykjavik study |journal=Neurology |volume=83 |issue=14 |pages=1246–52 |date=September 2014 |pmid=25230997 |pmc=4180488 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000000840 |url=}}</ref>
* History of anemia<ref name="pmid19858460">{{cite journal |vauthors=Savica R, Grossardt BR, Carlin JM, Icen M, Bower JH, Ahlskog JE, Maraganore DM, Steensma DP, Rocca WA |title=Anemia or low hemoglobin levels preceding Parkinson disease: a case-control study |journal=Neurology |volume=73 |issue=17 |pages=1381–7 |date=October 2009 |pmid=19858460 |pmc=2769554 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181bd80c1 |url=}}</ref>
* Using of well water<ref name="pmid12433267">{{cite journal |vauthors=Petrovitch H, Ross GW, Abbott RD, Sanderson WT, Sharp DS, Tanner CM, Masaki KH, Blanchette PL, Popper JS, Foley D, Launer L, White LR |title=Plantation work and risk of Parkinson disease in a population-based longitudinal study |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=59 |issue=11 |pages=1787–92 |date=November 2002 |pmid=12433267 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Using of well water<ref name="pmid12433267">{{cite journal |vauthors=Petrovitch H, Ross GW, Abbott RD, Sanderson WT, Sharp DS, Tanner CM, Masaki KH, Blanchette PL, Popper JS, Foley D, Launer L, White LR |title=Plantation work and risk of Parkinson disease in a population-based longitudinal study |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=59 |issue=11 |pages=1787–92 |date=November 2002 |pmid=12433267 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Living in urban areas(133)
* Excess intake of [[iron]] and [[manganese]]<ref name="pmid12796527">{{cite journal |vauthors=Powers KM, Smith-Weller T, Franklin GM, Longstreth WT, Swanson PD, Checkoway H |title=Parkinson's disease risks associated with dietary iron, manganese, and other nutrient intakes |journal=Neurology |volume=60 |issue=11 |pages=1761–6 |date=June 2003 |pmid=12796527 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Excess intake of iron and manganese<ref name="pmid12796527">{{cite journal |vauthors=Powers KM, Smith-Weller T, Franklin GM, Longstreth WT, Swanson PD, Checkoway H |title=Parkinson's disease risks associated with dietary iron, manganese, and other nutrient intakes |journal=Neurology |volume=60 |issue=11 |pages=1761–6 |date=June 2003 |pmid=12796527 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Obesity]]<ref name="pmid17159100">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hu G, Jousilahti P, Nissinen A, Antikainen R, Kivipelto M, Tuomilehto J |title=Body mass index and the risk of Parkinson disease |journal=Neurology |volume=67 |issue=11 |pages=1955–9 |date=December 2006 |pmid=17159100 |doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000247052.18422.e5 |url=}}</ref>
* Obesity<ref name="pmid17159100">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hu G, Jousilahti P, Nissinen A, Antikainen R, Kivipelto M, Tuomilehto J |title=Body mass index and the risk of Parkinson disease |journal=Neurology |volume=67 |issue=11 |pages=1955–9 |date=December 2006 |pmid=17159100 |doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000247052.18422.e5 |url=}}</ref>
* Exposure to hydrocarbons solvents<ref name="pmid22083847">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goldman SM, Quinlan PJ, Ross GW, Marras C, Meng C, Bhudhikanok GS, Comyns K, Korell M, Chade AR, Kasten M, Priestley B, Chou KL, Fernandez HH, Cambi F, Langston JW, Tanner CM |title=Solvent exposures and Parkinson disease risk in twins |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=71 |issue=6 |pages=776–84 |date=June 2012 |pmid=22083847 |pmc=3366287 |doi=10.1002/ana.22629 |url=}}</ref>
* Exposure to hydrocarbons solvents<ref name="pmid22083847">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goldman SM, Quinlan PJ, Ross GW, Marras C, Meng C, Bhudhikanok GS, Comyns K, Korell M, Chade AR, Kasten M, Priestley B, Chou KL, Fernandez HH, Cambi F, Langston JW, Tanner CM |title=Solvent exposures and Parkinson disease risk in twins |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=71 |issue=6 |pages=776–84 |date=June 2012 |pmid=22083847 |pmc=3366287 |doi=10.1002/ana.22629 |url=}}</ref>
* Low muscle strength<ref name="pmid25841033">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gustafsson H, Aasly J, Stråhle S, Nordström A, Nordström P |title=Low muscle strength in late adolescence and Parkinson disease later in life |journal=Neurology |volume=84 |issue=18 |pages=1862–9 |date=May 2015 |pmid=25841033 |pmc=4433465 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000001534 |url=}}</ref>
* Low [[muscle]] strength<ref name="pmid25841033">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gustafsson H, Aasly J, Stråhle S, Nordström A, Nordström P |title=Low muscle strength in late adolescence and Parkinson disease later in life |journal=Neurology |volume=84 |issue=18 |pages=1862–9 |date=May 2015 |pmid=25841033 |pmc=4433465 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000001534 |url=}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 17:56, 8 August 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fahimeh Shojaei, M.D.

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of Parkinson disease include family history, depression, exposure to pesticides, high consumption of dairy diet, Vitamin D deficiency, history of brain trauma, history of migraine with aura, history of anemia, using of well water, excess intake of iron and manganese, Obesity, exposure to hydrocarbons solvents and low muscle strength.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors

Common risk factors in the development of Parkinson disease are:

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Noyce AJ, Bestwick JP, Silveira-Moriyama L, Hawkes CH, Giovannoni G, Lees AJ, Schrag A (December 2012). "Meta-analysis of early nonmotor features and risk factors for Parkinson disease". Ann. Neurol. 72 (6): 893–901. doi:10.1002/ana.23687. PMC 3556649. PMID 23071076.
  2. ↑ Gustafsson H, Nordström A, Nordström P (June 2015). "Depression and subsequent risk of Parkinson disease: A nationwide cohort study". Neurology. 84 (24): 2422–9. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001684. PMC 4478031. PMID 25995056.
  3. ↑ Jiang W, Ju C, Jiang H, Zhang D (September 2014). "Dairy foods intake and risk of Parkinson's disease: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies". Eur. J. Epidemiol. 29 (9): 613–9. doi:10.1007/s10654-014-9921-4. PMID 24894826.
  4. ↑ Lv Z, Qi H, Wang L, Fan X, Han F, Wang H, Bi S (November 2014). "Vitamin D status and Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Neurol. Sci. 35 (11): 1723–30. doi:10.1007/s10072-014-1821-6. PMID 24847960.
  5. ↑ Jafari S, Etminan M, Aminzadeh F, Samii A (August 2013). "Head injury and risk of Parkinson disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Mov. Disord. 28 (9): 1222–9. doi:10.1002/mds.25458. PMID 23609436.
  6. ↑ Scher AI, Ross GW, Sigurdsson S, Garcia M, Gudmundsson LS, Sveinbjörnsdóttir S, Wagner AK, Gudnason V, Launer LJ (September 2014). "Midlife migraine and late-life parkinsonism: AGES-Reykjavik study". Neurology. 83 (14): 1246–52. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000840. PMC 4180488. PMID 25230997.
  7. ↑ Savica R, Grossardt BR, Carlin JM, Icen M, Bower JH, Ahlskog JE, Maraganore DM, Steensma DP, Rocca WA (October 2009). "Anemia or low hemoglobin levels preceding Parkinson disease: a case-control study". Neurology. 73 (17): 1381–7. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181bd80c1. PMC 2769554. PMID 19858460.
  8. ↑ Petrovitch H, Ross GW, Abbott RD, Sanderson WT, Sharp DS, Tanner CM, Masaki KH, Blanchette PL, Popper JS, Foley D, Launer L, White LR (November 2002). "Plantation work and risk of Parkinson disease in a population-based longitudinal study". Arch. Neurol. 59 (11): 1787–92. PMID 12433267.
  9. ↑ Powers KM, Smith-Weller T, Franklin GM, Longstreth WT, Swanson PD, Checkoway H (June 2003). "Parkinson's disease risks associated with dietary iron, manganese, and other nutrient intakes". Neurology. 60 (11): 1761–6. PMID 12796527.
  10. ↑ Hu G, Jousilahti P, Nissinen A, Antikainen R, Kivipelto M, Tuomilehto J (December 2006). "Body mass index and the risk of Parkinson disease". Neurology. 67 (11): 1955–9. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000247052.18422.e5. PMID 17159100.
  11. ↑ Goldman SM, Quinlan PJ, Ross GW, Marras C, Meng C, Bhudhikanok GS, Comyns K, Korell M, Chade AR, Kasten M, Priestley B, Chou KL, Fernandez HH, Cambi F, Langston JW, Tanner CM (June 2012). "Solvent exposures and Parkinson disease risk in twins". Ann. Neurol. 71 (6): 776–84. doi:10.1002/ana.22629. PMC 3366287. PMID 22083847.
  12. ↑ Gustafsson H, Aasly J, Stråhle S, Nordström A, Nordström P (May 2015). "Low muscle strength in late adolescence and Parkinson disease later in life". Neurology. 84 (18): 1862–9. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001534. PMC 4433465. PMID 25841033.

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