Hemangiopericytoma: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
No edit summary |
Aditya Ganti (talk | contribs) |
||
| (41 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
''' | {{SI}} | ||
{{ | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{MV}} | ||
{{SK}} HPC; Solitary fibrous tumor | |||
==Overview== | |||
'''Hemangiopericytoma''' (HPC) is a type of soft tissue vascular [[sarcoma]] that originates in the pericytes in the walls of capillaries. Typically, hemangiopericytomas have large vessels especially located at its periphery, and commonly involve the [[lower limbs]] (35% of cases), especially the thigh, pelvis, and [[retroperitoneum]] (25%). Hemangiopericytoma was first described by Arthur Purdy Stout and Margaret Ransone Murray, two American pathologists, in 1942. mThe NF2 gene mutation has been associated with the development of hemangiopericytoma. | |||
If left untreated, the majority of patients with hemangiopericytoma may progress to develop bone invasion. On MRI is the imaging modality of choice for hemangiopericytoma. On MRI, characteristic findings of hemangiopericytoma, include: solitary fibrous tumor, demonstrates a deep soft-tissue mass, and heterogenous high signal intensity on coronal STIR imaging. Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for hemangiopericytoma. Arterial preoperative embolisation is highly recommended to avoid bleeding among patients with hemangiopericytoma.<ref name="pmid22566753">{{cite journal |vauthors=Penel N, Amela EY, Decanter G, Robin YM, Marec-Berard P |title=Solitary fibrous tumors and so-called hemangiopericytoma |journal=Sarcoma |volume=2012 |issue= |pages=690251 |date=2012 |pmid=22566753 |pmc=3337510 |doi=10.1155/2012/690251 |url=}}</ref> | |||
==Historical Perspective== | |||
*Hemangiopericytoma was first described by Arthur Purdy Stout and Margaret Ransone Murray, two American pathologists, in 1942. | |||
== | ==Classification== | ||
*Hemangiopericytoma may be classified into 4 groups: | |||
:*Hemangiopericytoma of the spleen | |||
:*Dural hemangiopericytomas | |||
:*Myopericytoma | |||
:*Infantile myofibromatosis | |||
:*Sinonasal hemangiopericytomas | |||
*Other associated conditions, include: Doege-Potter syndrome | |||
==[[Hemangiopericytoma | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
*Hemangiopericytomas arise from [[pericytes]], which are normally involved in the formation of connective tissue around small vessels walls and are also associated in flow regulation.<ref name="pmid1203874">{{cite journal |vauthors=McMaster MJ, Soule EH, Ivins JC |title=Hemangiopericytoma. A clinicopathologic study and long-term followup of 60 patients |journal=Cancer |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=2232–44 |date=December 1975 |pmid=1203874 |doi=10.1002/cncr.2820360942 |url=}}</ref> | |||
*The NF2 gene mutation has been associated with the development of hemangiopericytoma. | |||
*On gross pathology, characteristic findings of hemangiopericytoma, include: | |||
:*Large mass | |||
:*Poorly demarcated margins | |||
*On microscopic histopathological analysis, characteristic findings of hemangiopericytoma, include: | |||
:*Hypervascular lesion | |||
:*Abundant thin-walled branching small vessels of variable size. | |||
:*Spindle or ovoid shaped cells in nests or sheets | |||
:*Cells may "onion-skin" around thin blood vessels | |||
:*Hemangiopericytoma-like area (staghorn vessels) | |||
:*Keloid-like collagen bundles (key feature) | |||
== | ==Causes== | ||
* There are no established causes for hemangiopericytoma. | |||
== | ==Differentiating Hemangiopericytoma From Other Diseases== | ||
*Hemangiopericytoma must be differentiated from other diseases that cause a slow growing painless mass, such as: | |||
:*[[Liposarcoma]] | |||
:*Sinovial sarcoma | |||
:*[[Angiosarcoma]] | |||
== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
*Hemangiopericytoma represents only about 1-2% of all soft-tissue tumors. | |||
===Age=== | |||
*The median age at diagnosis is 45 years. | |||
*Hemangiopericytoma is more commonly observed among patients aged between 45 to 50 years old. | |||
*Hemangiopericytoma is less commonly observed among children. | |||
===Gender=== | |||
*Hemangiopericytoma affects men and women equally. | |||
===Race=== | |||
*There is no racial predilection for hemangiopericytoma. | |||
== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
*There are no associated risk factors in the development of hemangiopericytoma. | |||
== | == Natural History, Complications and Prognosis== | ||
*The majority of patients with hemangiopericytoma are asymptomatic. | |||
*Early clinical features include painless mass, or slow enlargement. | |||
*If left untreated, the majority of patients with hemangiopericytoma may progress to develop bone invasion. | |||
*Common complications of hemangiopericytoma, may include: | |||
:*May profusely bleed during resection. | |||
*The mean survival rate of patients with hemangiopericytoma is approximately 13 years. | |||
== | :*1-year survival rate is 95%<ref name="pmid20367074">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rutkowski MJ, Sughrue ME, Kane AJ, Aranda D, Mills SA, Barani IJ, Parsa AT |title=Predictors of mortality following treatment of intracranial hemangiopericytoma |journal=J. Neurosurg. |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=333–9 |year=2010 |pmid=20367074 |doi=10.3171/2010.3.JNS091882 |url=}}</ref> | ||
:*5-year survival rate is 82%<ref name="pmid20367074">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rutkowski MJ, Sughrue ME, Kane AJ, Aranda D, Mills SA, Barani IJ, Parsa AT |title=Predictors of mortality following treatment of intracranial hemangiopericytoma |journal=J. Neurosurg. |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=333–9 |year=2010 |pmid=20367074 |doi=10.3171/2010.3.JNS091882 |url=}}</ref> | |||
:*10-year survival rate is 60%<ref name="pmid20367074">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rutkowski MJ, Sughrue ME, Kane AJ, Aranda D, Mills SA, Barani IJ, Parsa AT |title=Predictors of mortality following treatment of intracranial hemangiopericytoma |journal=J. Neurosurg. |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=333–9 |year=2010 |pmid=20367074 |doi=10.3171/2010.3.JNS091882 |url=}}</ref> | |||
:*20-year survival rate is 23%<ref name="pmid20367074">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rutkowski MJ, Sughrue ME, Kane AJ, Aranda D, Mills SA, Barani IJ, Parsa AT |title=Predictors of mortality following treatment of intracranial hemangiopericytoma |journal=J. Neurosurg. |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=333–9 |year=2010 |pmid=20367074 |doi=10.3171/2010.3.JNS091882 |url=}}</ref> | |||
== | == Diagnosis == | ||
=== Symptoms === | |||
*Hemangiopericytoma is usually asymptomatic. | |||
*There are no hallmark symptoms of hemangiopericytoma. | |||
=== Physical Examination === | |||
*Patients with hemangiopericytoma usually are well-appearing. | |||
*Physical examination may be remarkable for: | |||
:*Palpable mass | |||
:*No tenderness | |||
:*Located in the [[extremities]] (femur, proximal tibial, axilla or pelvis) | |||
[[Category: | === Laboratory Findings === | ||
[[Category: | *There are no specific laboratory findings associated with hemangiopericytoma. | ||
===Imaging Findings=== | |||
*MRI is the imaging modality of choice for hemangiopericytoma. | |||
*On MRI, characteristic findings of hemangiopericytoma, include: | |||
:*Solitary fibrous tumor | |||
:*Demonstrates a deep soft-tissue mass | |||
:*Heterogenous high signal intensity on coronal [[Magnetic resonance imaging|STIR]] imaging | |||
:*Brightly enhancing soft tissue mass | |||
:*Often hyperintense on T2WI, with prominent flow void (most marked in haemangiopericytomas) | |||
*Other imaging findings for hemangiopericytoma, may include angiography. | |||
*On angiography, findings of hemangiopericytoma, include: | |||
:*Dense | |||
:*Well-circumscribed areas of enhancement with early draining veins and shunting. | |||
:*Hemangiopericytoma are described as having a pedicle formed by the arteries supplying the tumor from which vessels branch to encircle the tumor | |||
== Treatment == | |||
=== Medical Therapy<ref name="pmid26605260">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim YJ, Park JH, Kim YI, Jeun SS |title=Treatment Strategy of Intracranial Hemangiopericytoma |journal=Brain Tumor Res Treat |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=68–74 |date=October 2015 |pmid=26605260 |pmc=4656898 |doi=10.14791/btrt.2015.3.2.68 |url=}}</ref>=== | |||
*Common medical therapy for hemangiopericytoma may include is adjuvant radiation therapy. | |||
=== Surgery === | |||
*Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for hemangiopericytoma.<ref name="pmid30101003">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ciliberti MP, D'Agostino R, Gabrieli L, Nikolaou A, Sardaro A |title=The radiation therapy options of intracranial hemangiopericytoma: An overview and update on a rare vascular mesenchymal tumor |journal=Oncol Rev |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=354 |date=July 2018 |pmid=30101003 |pmc=6068394 |doi=10.4081/oncol.2018.354 |url=}}</ref> | |||
*Arterial preoperative [[embolisation]] is highly recommended among patients with hemangiopericytoma.<ref name="hemangio"> Solitary Fibrous Tumors and So-Called Hemangiopericytoma. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/sarcoma/2012/690251/cta/ Accessed on April 19, 2016</ref> | |||
=== Prevention === | |||
*There are no primary preventive measures available for hemangiopericytoma.<ref name="hemangio"> Solitary Fibrous Tumors and So-Called Hemangiopericytoma. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/sarcoma/2012/690251/cta/ Accessed on April 19, 2016</ref> | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist|2}} | |||
[[Category: Oncology]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Oncology]] | [[Category:Oncology]] | ||
[[Category:Medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Hematology]] | |||
[[Category:Immunology]] | |||
[[Category:Vascular medicine]] | |||
Latest revision as of 12:28, 28 August 2019
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maria Fernanda Villarreal, M.D. [2]
Synonyms and keywords: HPC; Solitary fibrous tumor
Overview
Hemangiopericytoma (HPC) is a type of soft tissue vascular sarcoma that originates in the pericytes in the walls of capillaries. Typically, hemangiopericytomas have large vessels especially located at its periphery, and commonly involve the lower limbs (35% of cases), especially the thigh, pelvis, and retroperitoneum (25%). Hemangiopericytoma was first described by Arthur Purdy Stout and Margaret Ransone Murray, two American pathologists, in 1942. mThe NF2 gene mutation has been associated with the development of hemangiopericytoma. If left untreated, the majority of patients with hemangiopericytoma may progress to develop bone invasion. On MRI is the imaging modality of choice for hemangiopericytoma. On MRI, characteristic findings of hemangiopericytoma, include: solitary fibrous tumor, demonstrates a deep soft-tissue mass, and heterogenous high signal intensity on coronal STIR imaging. Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for hemangiopericytoma. Arterial preoperative embolisation is highly recommended to avoid bleeding among patients with hemangiopericytoma.[1]
Historical Perspective
- Hemangiopericytoma was first described by Arthur Purdy Stout and Margaret Ransone Murray, two American pathologists, in 1942.
Classification
- Hemangiopericytoma may be classified into 4 groups:
- Hemangiopericytoma of the spleen
- Dural hemangiopericytomas
- Myopericytoma
- Infantile myofibromatosis
- Sinonasal hemangiopericytomas
- Other associated conditions, include: Doege-Potter syndrome
Pathophysiology
- Hemangiopericytomas arise from pericytes, which are normally involved in the formation of connective tissue around small vessels walls and are also associated in flow regulation.[2]
- The NF2 gene mutation has been associated with the development of hemangiopericytoma.
- On gross pathology, characteristic findings of hemangiopericytoma, include:
- Large mass
- Poorly demarcated margins
- On microscopic histopathological analysis, characteristic findings of hemangiopericytoma, include:
- Hypervascular lesion
- Abundant thin-walled branching small vessels of variable size.
- Spindle or ovoid shaped cells in nests or sheets
- Cells may "onion-skin" around thin blood vessels
- Hemangiopericytoma-like area (staghorn vessels)
- Keloid-like collagen bundles (key feature)
Causes
- There are no established causes for hemangiopericytoma.
Differentiating Hemangiopericytoma From Other Diseases
- Hemangiopericytoma must be differentiated from other diseases that cause a slow growing painless mass, such as:
- Liposarcoma
- Sinovial sarcoma
- Angiosarcoma
Epidemiology and Demographics
- Hemangiopericytoma represents only about 1-2% of all soft-tissue tumors.
Age
- The median age at diagnosis is 45 years.
- Hemangiopericytoma is more commonly observed among patients aged between 45 to 50 years old.
- Hemangiopericytoma is less commonly observed among children.
Gender
- Hemangiopericytoma affects men and women equally.
Race
- There is no racial predilection for hemangiopericytoma.
Risk Factors
- There are no associated risk factors in the development of hemangiopericytoma.
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
- The majority of patients with hemangiopericytoma are asymptomatic.
- Early clinical features include painless mass, or slow enlargement.
- If left untreated, the majority of patients with hemangiopericytoma may progress to develop bone invasion.
- Common complications of hemangiopericytoma, may include:
- May profusely bleed during resection.
- The mean survival rate of patients with hemangiopericytoma is approximately 13 years.
Diagnosis
Symptoms
- Hemangiopericytoma is usually asymptomatic.
- There are no hallmark symptoms of hemangiopericytoma.
Physical Examination
- Patients with hemangiopericytoma usually are well-appearing.
- Physical examination may be remarkable for:
- Palpable mass
- No tenderness
- Located in the extremities (femur, proximal tibial, axilla or pelvis)
Laboratory Findings
- There are no specific laboratory findings associated with hemangiopericytoma.
Imaging Findings
- MRI is the imaging modality of choice for hemangiopericytoma.
- On MRI, characteristic findings of hemangiopericytoma, include:
- Solitary fibrous tumor
- Demonstrates a deep soft-tissue mass
- Heterogenous high signal intensity on coronal STIR imaging
- Brightly enhancing soft tissue mass
- Often hyperintense on T2WI, with prominent flow void (most marked in haemangiopericytomas)
- Other imaging findings for hemangiopericytoma, may include angiography.
- On angiography, findings of hemangiopericytoma, include:
- Dense
- Well-circumscribed areas of enhancement with early draining veins and shunting.
- Hemangiopericytoma are described as having a pedicle formed by the arteries supplying the tumor from which vessels branch to encircle the tumor
Treatment
Medical Therapy[4]
- Common medical therapy for hemangiopericytoma may include is adjuvant radiation therapy.
Surgery
- Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for hemangiopericytoma.[5]
- Arterial preoperative embolisation is highly recommended among patients with hemangiopericytoma.[6]
Prevention
- There are no primary preventive measures available for hemangiopericytoma.[6]
References
- ↑ Penel N, Amela EY, Decanter G, Robin YM, Marec-Berard P (2012). "Solitary fibrous tumors and so-called hemangiopericytoma". Sarcoma. 2012: 690251. doi:10.1155/2012/690251. PMC 3337510. PMID 22566753.
- ↑ McMaster MJ, Soule EH, Ivins JC (December 1975). "Hemangiopericytoma. A clinicopathologic study and long-term followup of 60 patients". Cancer. 36 (6): 2232–44. doi:10.1002/cncr.2820360942. PMID 1203874.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Rutkowski MJ, Sughrue ME, Kane AJ, Aranda D, Mills SA, Barani IJ, Parsa AT (2010). "Predictors of mortality following treatment of intracranial hemangiopericytoma". J. Neurosurg. 113 (2): 333–9. doi:10.3171/2010.3.JNS091882. PMID 20367074.
- ↑ Kim YJ, Park JH, Kim YI, Jeun SS (October 2015). "Treatment Strategy of Intracranial Hemangiopericytoma". Brain Tumor Res Treat. 3 (2): 68–74. doi:10.14791/btrt.2015.3.2.68. PMC 4656898. PMID 26605260.
- ↑ Ciliberti MP, D'Agostino R, Gabrieli L, Nikolaou A, Sardaro A (July 2018). "The radiation therapy options of intracranial hemangiopericytoma: An overview and update on a rare vascular mesenchymal tumor". Oncol Rev. 12 (2): 354. doi:10.4081/oncol.2018.354. PMC 6068394. PMID 30101003.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Solitary Fibrous Tumors and So-Called Hemangiopericytoma. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/sarcoma/2012/690251/cta/ Accessed on April 19, 2016