Hepatopulmonary syndrome risk factors: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
There are no established risk factors for [disease name].
There are no established risk factors for hepatopulmonary syndrome. Literally, It can happen in almost every patient with liver disease regardless of their disease stage, severity, chronicity, age, sex, or race. Nevertheless, polymorphism in nitric oxide and angiogenesis genes has been observed in patients who develop hepatopulmonary syndrome.
 
OR
 
The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
 
OR
 
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
 
OR
 
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
There are no established risk factors for [disease name].
OR
The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
OR


Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
* There are no established risk factors for hepatopulmonary syndrome.
===Common Risk Factors===
* Literally, It can happen in almost every patient with liver disease regardless of their disease stage, severity, chronicity, age, sex, or race.<ref name="pmid18509123">Rodríguez-Roisin R, Krowka MJ (2008) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18509123 Hepatopulmonary syndrome--a liver-induced lung vascular disorder.] ''N Engl J Med'' 358 (22):2378-87. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0707185 DOI:10.1056/NEJMra0707185] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/18509123 18509123]</ref> <ref name="pmid11003635">Fallon MB, Abrams GA (2000) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11003635 Pulmonary dysfunction in chronic liver disease.] ''Hepatology'' 32 (4 Pt 1):859-65. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2000.7519 DOI:10.1053/jhep.2000.7519] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/11003635 11003635]</ref>
*Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.
<ref name="pmid14762853">Krowka MJ, Mandell MS, Ramsay MA, Kawut SM, Fallon MB, Manzarbeitia C et al. (2004) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14762853 Hepatopulmonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension: a report of the multicenter liver transplant database.] ''Liver Transpl'' 10 (2):174-82. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lt.20016 DOI:10.1002/lt.20016] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/14762853 14762853]</ref><ref name="pmid891282">Kennedy TC, Knudson RJ (1977) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=891282 Exercise-aggravated hypoxemia and orthodeoxia in cirrhosis.] ''Chest'' 72 (3):305-9. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.72.3.305 DOI:10.1378/chest.72.3.305] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/891282 891282]</ref>
*Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include:
<ref name="pmid27326810">Krowka MJ, Fallon MB, Kawut SM, Fuhrmann V, Heimbach JK, Ramsay MA et al. (2016) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27326810 International Liver Transplant Society Practice Guidelines: Diagnosis and Management of Hepatopulmonary Syndrome and Portopulmonary Hypertension.] ''Transplantation'' 100 (7):1440-52. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000001229 DOI:10.1097/TP.0000000000001229] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/27326810 27326810]</ref>
**[Risk factor 1]
<ref name="pmid8101797">Krowka MJ, Dickson ER, Cortese DA (1993) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8101797 Hepatopulmonary syndrome. Clinical observations and lack of therapeutic response to somatostatin analogue.] ''Chest'' 104 (2):515-21. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.104.2.515 DOI:10.1378/chest.104.2.515] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/8101797 8101797]</ref>
**[Risk factor 2]
<ref name="pmid15828054">Swanson KL, Wiesner RH, Krowka MJ (2005) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15828054 Natural history of hepatopulmonary syndrome: Impact of liver transplantation.] ''Hepatology'' 41 (5):1122-9. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.20658 DOI:10.1002/hep.20658] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/15828054 15828054]</ref>
**[Risk factor 3]
<ref name="pmid1465744">Rodríguez-Roisin R, Agustí AG, Roca J (1992) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1465744 The hepatopulmonary syndrome: new name, old complexities.] ''Thorax'' 47 (11):897-902. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.47.11.897 DOI:10.1136/thx.47.11.897] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/1465744 1465744]</ref>


===Less Common Risk Factors===
* Nevertheless, polymorphism in nitric oxide and angiogenesis genes has been observed in patients who develop hepatopulmonary syndrome.<ref name="pmid8620957">Cremona G, Higenbottam TW, Mayoral V, Alexander G, Demoncheaux E, Borland C et al. (1995) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8620957 Elevated exhaled nitric oxide in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome.] ''Eur Respir J'' 8 (11):1883-5. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/8620957 8620957]</ref><ref name="pmid9328302">Rolla G, Brussino L, Colagrande P, Dutto L, Polizzi S, Scappaticci E et al. (1997) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9328302 Exhaled nitric oxide and oxygenation abnormalities in hepatic cirrhosis.] ''Hepatology'' 26 (4):842-7. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jhep.1997.v26.pm0009328302 DOI:10.1053/jhep.1997.v26.pm0009328302] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/9328302 9328302]</ref>
*Less common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include:
<ref name="pmid11549549">Nunes H, Lebrec D, Mazmanian M, Capron F, Heller J, Tazi KA et al. (2001) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11549549 Role of nitric oxide in hepatopulmonary syndrome in cirrhotic rats.] ''Am J Respir Crit Care Med'' 164 (5):879-85. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.164.5.2009008 DOI:10.1164/ajrccm.164.5.2009008] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/11549549 11549549]</ref>
**[Risk factor 1]
<ref name="pmid9824266">Luo B, Abrams GA, Fallon MB (1998) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9824266 Endothelin-1 in the rat bile duct ligation model of hepatopulmonary syndrome: correlation with pulmonary dysfunction.] ''J Hepatol'' 29 (4):571-8. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/9824266 9824266]</ref>
**[Risk factor 2]
<ref name="pmid24731444">Zhang J, Yang W, Hu B, Wu W, Fallon MB (2014) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24731444 Endothelin-1 activation of the endothelin B receptor modulates pulmonary endothelial CX3CL1 and contributes to pulmonary angiogenesis in experimental hepatopulmonary syndrome.] ''Am J Pathol'' 184 (6):1706-14. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.02.027 DOI:10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.02.027] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/24731444 24731444]</ref>
**[Risk factor 3]
<ref name="pmid16628648">Gómez FP, Barberà JA, Roca J, Burgos F, Gistau C, Rodríguez-Roisin R (2006) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16628648 Effects of nebulized N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome.] ''Hepatology'' 43 (5):1084-91. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.21141 DOI:10.1002/hep.21141] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/16628648 16628648]</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Category: (name of the system)]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Gastroentrology]]
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Latest revision as of 17:56, 6 September 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Soroush Seifirad, M.D.[2]

Overview

There are no established risk factors for hepatopulmonary syndrome. Literally, It can happen in almost every patient with liver disease regardless of their disease stage, severity, chronicity, age, sex, or race. Nevertheless, polymorphism in nitric oxide and angiogenesis genes has been observed in patients who develop hepatopulmonary syndrome.

Risk Factors

  • There are no established risk factors for hepatopulmonary syndrome.
  • Literally, It can happen in almost every patient with liver disease regardless of their disease stage, severity, chronicity, age, sex, or race.[1] [2]

[3][4] [5] [6] [7] [8]

  • Nevertheless, polymorphism in nitric oxide and angiogenesis genes has been observed in patients who develop hepatopulmonary syndrome.[9][10]

[11] [12] [13] [14]

References

  1. ↑ Rodríguez-Roisin R, Krowka MJ (2008) Hepatopulmonary syndrome--a liver-induced lung vascular disorder. N Engl J Med 358 (22):2378-87. DOI:10.1056/NEJMra0707185 PMID: 18509123
  2. ↑ Fallon MB, Abrams GA (2000) Pulmonary dysfunction in chronic liver disease. Hepatology 32 (4 Pt 1):859-65. DOI:10.1053/jhep.2000.7519 PMID: 11003635
  3. ↑ Krowka MJ, Mandell MS, Ramsay MA, Kawut SM, Fallon MB, Manzarbeitia C et al. (2004) Hepatopulmonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension: a report of the multicenter liver transplant database. Liver Transpl 10 (2):174-82. DOI:10.1002/lt.20016 PMID: 14762853
  4. ↑ Kennedy TC, Knudson RJ (1977) Exercise-aggravated hypoxemia and orthodeoxia in cirrhosis. Chest 72 (3):305-9. DOI:10.1378/chest.72.3.305 PMID: 891282
  5. ↑ Krowka MJ, Fallon MB, Kawut SM, Fuhrmann V, Heimbach JK, Ramsay MA et al. (2016) International Liver Transplant Society Practice Guidelines: Diagnosis and Management of Hepatopulmonary Syndrome and Portopulmonary Hypertension. Transplantation 100 (7):1440-52. DOI:10.1097/TP.0000000000001229 PMID: 27326810
  6. ↑ Krowka MJ, Dickson ER, Cortese DA (1993) Hepatopulmonary syndrome. Clinical observations and lack of therapeutic response to somatostatin analogue. Chest 104 (2):515-21. DOI:10.1378/chest.104.2.515 PMID: 8101797
  7. ↑ Swanson KL, Wiesner RH, Krowka MJ (2005) Natural history of hepatopulmonary syndrome: Impact of liver transplantation. Hepatology 41 (5):1122-9. DOI:10.1002/hep.20658 PMID: 15828054
  8. ↑ Rodríguez-Roisin R, Agustí AG, Roca J (1992) The hepatopulmonary syndrome: new name, old complexities. Thorax 47 (11):897-902. DOI:10.1136/thx.47.11.897 PMID: 1465744
  9. ↑ Cremona G, Higenbottam TW, Mayoral V, Alexander G, Demoncheaux E, Borland C et al. (1995) Elevated exhaled nitric oxide in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome. Eur Respir J 8 (11):1883-5. PMID: 8620957
  10. ↑ Rolla G, Brussino L, Colagrande P, Dutto L, Polizzi S, Scappaticci E et al. (1997) Exhaled nitric oxide and oxygenation abnormalities in hepatic cirrhosis. Hepatology 26 (4):842-7. DOI:10.1053/jhep.1997.v26.pm0009328302 PMID: 9328302
  11. ↑ Nunes H, Lebrec D, Mazmanian M, Capron F, Heller J, Tazi KA et al. (2001) Role of nitric oxide in hepatopulmonary syndrome in cirrhotic rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164 (5):879-85. DOI:10.1164/ajrccm.164.5.2009008 PMID: 11549549
  12. ↑ Luo B, Abrams GA, Fallon MB (1998) Endothelin-1 in the rat bile duct ligation model of hepatopulmonary syndrome: correlation with pulmonary dysfunction. J Hepatol 29 (4):571-8. PMID: 9824266
  13. ↑ Zhang J, Yang W, Hu B, Wu W, Fallon MB (2014) Endothelin-1 activation of the endothelin B receptor modulates pulmonary endothelial CX3CL1 and contributes to pulmonary angiogenesis in experimental hepatopulmonary syndrome. Am J Pathol 184 (6):1706-14. DOI:10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.02.027 PMID: 24731444
  14. ↑ Gómez FP, Barberà JA, Roca J, Burgos F, Gistau C, Rodríguez-Roisin R (2006) Effects of nebulized N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome. Hepatology 43 (5):1084-91. DOI:10.1002/hep.21141 PMID: 16628648
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