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| '''For patient information on Neurosyphilis, click [[Neurosyphilis (patient information)|here]]'''
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| {{DiseaseDisorder infobox | | | {{DiseaseDisorder infobox | |
| Name = Syphilis | | | Name = Syphilis | |
| Image = Treponema pallidum.jpg | | | Image = Treponema pallidum.jpg | |
| Caption = Image of spiral-shaped organisms responsible for causing syphilis | | | Caption = Image of spiral-shaped organisms responsible for causing syphilis | |
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|50||a|50}}-{{ICD10|A|53||a|50}} |
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| ICD9 = {{ICD9|090}}-{{ICD9|097}} |
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| ICDO = |
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| OMIM = |
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| DiseasesDB = |
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| MedlinePlus = 001327 |
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| eMedicineSubj =|
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| eMedicineTopic = |
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| eMedicine_mult =
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| }} | | }} |
| {{Syphilis}} | | {{Neurosyphilis}} |
| {{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} {{LG}} | | {{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{MMJ}} |
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| ==Overview==
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| *Neurosyphilis refers to a site of infection involving the [[central nervous system]] (CNS).
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| *Neurosyphilis may occur at any stage of syphilis.
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| *Before the advent of antibiotics, it was typically seen in 25-35% of patients with syphilis.
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| *Neurosyphilis is now most common in patients with [[HIV]] infection. Reports of neurosyphilis in HIV-infected persons are similar to cases reported before the HIV [[pandemic]]. The precise extent and significance of neurologic involvement in HIV-infected patients with syphilis, reflected by either laboratory or clinical criteria, have not been well characterized. Furthermore, the alteration of host [[immunosuppression]] by [[antiretroviral drug|antiretroviral therapy]] in recent years has further complicated such characterization.
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| ==Clinical presentation== | | ==[[Neurosyphilis overview|Overview]]== |
| *Approximately 35% to 40% of persons with secondary syphilis have [[asymptomatic]] [[central nervous system]] (CNS) involvement, as demonstrated by any of these on [[cerebrospinal fluid]] (CSF) examination:
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| :*An abnormal leukocyte cell count, protein level, or glucose level
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| :*Demonstrated reactivity to Venereal Disease Research Laboratory ([[VDRL]]) antibody test
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| ==Four clinical types== | | ==[[Neurosyphilis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
| *The late forms of neurosyphilis (tabes dorsalis and general paresis) are seen much less frequently since the advent of antibiotics.
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| *The most common manifestations today are asymptomatic or symptomatic meningitis.
| | ==[[Neurosyphilis causes|Causes]]== |
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| =====1. Asymptomatic symptomatic meningitis===== | | ==[[Neurosyphilis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Neurosyphilis from other Diseases]]== |
| :*Acute syphilitic [[meningitis]] usually occurs within the first year of infection; 10% of cases are diagnosed at the time of the secondary rash.
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| :*Patients present with headache, meningeal irritation, and [[cranial nerve]] abnormalities, especially the [[optic nerve]], [[facial nerve]], and the [[vestibulocochlear nerve]].
| | ==[[Neurosyphilis risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
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| :*Rarely, it affects the spine instead of the brain, causing focal muscle weakness or sensory loss.
| | ==[[Neurosyphilis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
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| =====2. Meningovascular syphilis===== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| :*Meningovascular syphilis occurs a few months to 10 years (average, 7 years) after the primary syphilis infection.
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| :*Meningovascular syphilis can be associated with [[prodromal]] symptoms lasting weeks to months before focal deficits are identifiable.
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| :*Prodromal symptoms include:
| | [[Neurosyphilis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Neurosyphilis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Neurosyphilis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Neurosyphilis MRI|MRI]] | [[Neurosyphilis other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Neurosyphilis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| ::*unilateral numbness,
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| ::*[[paresthesia]]s,
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| ::*upper or lower extremity weakness,
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| ::*[[headache]],
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| ::*[[vertigo (medical)|vertigo]],
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| ::*[[insomnia]], and
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| ::*psychiatric abnormalities such as personality changes.
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| :*The focal deficits initially are intermittent or progress slowly over a few days.
| | ==Treatment== |
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| :*However, it can also present as an infectious [[arteritis]] and cause an [[ischemia|ischemic]] [[stroke]], an outcome more commonly seen in younger patients.
| | [[Neurosyphilis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Neurosyphilis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Neurosyphilis secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Neurosyphilis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Neurosyphilis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
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| :*[[Angiography]] may be able to demonstrate areas of narrowing in the blood vessels or total occlusion.
| | ==Case Studies== |
| | [[Neurosyphilis case study one|Case #1]] |
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| ==Related chapters== | | ==Related Chapters== |
| *[[Syphilis]] | | *[[Syphilis]] |
| *[[Congenital syphilis]] | | *[[Congenital syphilis]] |
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| ==Resources== | | ==External Links== |
| *[http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=kb-05-01-04 UCSF HIV InSite Knowledge Base Chapter: Syphilis and HIV]
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| *[http://colman.net/eadv/index.html "A New Gold Standard For Syphilis?" Poster Presentation for European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2004 Spring Symposium]
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| *[http://www.stdhelp.org/about/syphilis.php Syphilis Pictures and Information]
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| *[http://medinfo.ufl.edu/other/histmed/clancy/ Kipkeepers, Pox and Gleet Vendors: A Rapid History of Syphilis]
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| *[http://www.poxhistory.com/ POX: Genius, Madness, and the Mysteries of Syphilis]
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| *[http://www.yourstdhelp.com/syphilis.html Syphilis Informational resource ]
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| *[http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/case_syphilis/index.html Secrets of the Dead (PBS): The Syphilis Enigma]
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| *[http://www.cbc.ca/ideas/Aids Syphilis and AIDS: Lessons from history]
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| *[http://www.cdc.gov/std/Syphilis/STDFact-Syphilis.htm "Syphilis fact sheet" from the Center for Disease Control] | | *[http://www.cdc.gov/std/Syphilis/STDFact-Syphilis.htm "Syphilis fact sheet" from the Center for Disease Control] |
| *[http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1927/wagner-jauregg-lecture.html The treatment of dementia paralytica by malaria inoculation (A Nobel Prize lecture, December 13, 1927)]
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| *[http://www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/stdsyph.htm National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Factsheet]
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| *[http://uk.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idUKN1443055520080115 New study blames Columbus for syphilis spread from Reuters Jan 15, 2008]
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| {{Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology}} | | {{Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology}} |
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| [[Category:Disease]] | | [[Category:Disease]] |
| [[Category:Gynecology]] | | [[Category:Gynecology]] |
| [[Category:Infectious disease]]
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| [[Category:Bacterial diseases]] | | [[Category:Bacterial diseases]] |
| [[Category:Sexually transmitted diseases]] | | [[Category:Sexually transmitted diseases]] |