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| ==Risk Factors== | | ==Risk Factors== |
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| {| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align=center
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" rowspan=1 | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Germ cell tumor}}
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" rowspan=1 | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Risk factors}}
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;"|Ovarian germ cell tumor<ref name="PleskacovaHersmus20102">{{cite journal|last1=Pleskacova|first1=J.|last2=Hersmus|first2=R.|last3=Oosterhuis|first3=J.W.|last4=Setyawati|first4=B.A.|last5=Faradz|first5=S.M.|last6=Cools|first6=M.|last7=Wolffenbuttel|first7=K.P.|last8=Lebl|first8=J.|last9=Drop|first9=S.L.|last10=Looijenga|first10=L.H.|title=Tumor Risk in Disorders of Sex Development|journal=Sexual Development|volume=4|issue=4-5|year=2010|pages=259–269|issn=1661-5433|doi=10.1159/000314536}}</ref><ref name="SharpeSkakkebaek20082">{{cite journal|last1=Sharpe|first1=Richard M.|last2=Skakkebaek|first2=Niels E.|title=Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: mechanistic insights and potential new downstream effects|journal=Fertility and Sterility|volume=89|issue=2|year=2008|pages=e33–e38|issn=00150282|doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.026}}</ref>
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| *[[gonadal dysgenesis]]
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| *[[Maternal]] [[hormonal]] factors:
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| **[[Maternal]] high [[body mass index]]
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| ** Maternal use of exogenous [[hormones]]
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| *Other [[reproductive]] factors:
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| **[[Parity]]
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| **[[Oral contraceptive]] use
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| **Age at first and last births
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| Dysgerminoma:
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| *[[gonadal dysgenesis]],
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| *[[androgen insensitivity syndrome]]
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| *[[gonadoblastoma]].<br />
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| *
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| Mature teratoma:
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| Common risk factors in the malignant transformation of mature teratoma include:
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| *Old age (> 50 years old)
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| *Large tumor size (> 10 cm)
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| *Presence of a solid portion
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;" | Seminoma
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| * RF1
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;"|Embryonal carcinoma''' '''
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| *RF1
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan=1;"|Teratoma''' '''
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| *RF1
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;"|Choriocarcinoma''' '''
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| *RF1
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;"|Yolk sac tumor''' '''
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| *RF1
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| '''Risk factors of Ovarian germ cell tumors (Dysgerminoma):'''
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| *[[Ovarian]] [[germ cell]] [[tumors]] tend to affect individuals with [[gonadal dysgenesis]] at a greater extent.<ref name="PleskacovaHersmus2010">{{cite journal|last1=Pleskacova|first1=J.|last2=Hersmus|first2=R.|last3=Oosterhuis|first3=J.W.|last4=Setyawati|first4=B.A.|last5=Faradz|first5=S.M.|last6=Cools|first6=M.|last7=Wolffenbuttel|first7=K.P.|last8=Lebl|first8=J.|last9=Drop|first9=S.L.|last10=Looijenga|first10=L.H.|title=Tumor Risk in Disorders of Sex Development|journal=Sexual Development|volume=4|issue=4-5|year=2010|pages=259–269|issn=1661-5433|doi=10.1159/000314536}}</ref>
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| *[[Maternal]] [[hormonal]] factors are another things associated with the increased [[Risk factors|risk]] of the [[development]] of [[ovarian]] [[germ cell]] [[tumors]] in daughters. These factors include:<ref name="SharpeSkakkebaek2008">{{cite journal|last1=Sharpe|first1=Richard M.|last2=Skakkebaek|first2=Niels E.|title=Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: mechanistic insights and potential new downstream effects|journal=Fertility and Sterility|volume=89|issue=2|year=2008|pages=e33–e38|issn=00150282|doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.026}}</ref><ref name="SkakkebækRajpert-De Meyts2001">{{cite journal|last1=Skakkebæk|first1=N.E.|last2=Rajpert-De Meyts|first2=E.|last3=Main|first3=K.M.|title=Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects: Opinion|journal=Human Reproduction|volume=16|issue=5|year=2001|pages=972–978|issn=1460-2350|doi=10.1093/humrep/16.5.972}}</ref><ref name="pmid3390378">{{cite journal |vauthors=Walker AH, Ross RK, Haile RW, Henderson BE |title=Hormonal factors and risk of ovarian germ cell cancer in young women |journal=Br. J. Cancer |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=418–22 |date=April 1988 |pmid=3390378 |pmc=2246577 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| **[[Maternal]] use of exogenous [[hormones]] (ie, supportive [[hormones]] or [[oral contraceptives]])
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| **[[Maternal]] high [[body mass index]]
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| *Other [[reproductive]] factors also has been observed to be associated with the [[development]] of these [[tumors]] such as:
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| **[[Parity]]
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| **[[Oral contraceptive]] use
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| **Age at first and last births
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| ===Mature teratoma===
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| *Common [[risk factors]] in the [[malignant transformation]] of [[Mature cystic teratoma|mature teratoma]] include:
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| ** Old age (> 50 years old)<ref name="pmid19038764">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hackethal A, Brueggmann D, Bohlmann MK, Franke FE, Tinneberg HR, Münstedt K |title=Squamous-cell carcinoma in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: systematic review and analysis of published data |journal=Lancet Oncol. |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1173–80 |date=December 2008 |pmid=19038764 |doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70306-1 |url=}}</ref>
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| ** Large [[tumor]] size (> 10 cm)
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| ** Presence of a [[solid]] portion<ref name="ParkKim2008">{{cite journal|last1=Park|first1=Jeong-Yeol|last2=Kim|first2=Dae-Yeon|last3=Kim|first3=Jong-Hyeok|last4=Kim|first4=Yong-Man|last5=Kim|first5=Young-Tak|last6=Nam|first6=Joo-Hyun|title=Malignant transformation of mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: Experience at a single institution|journal=European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology|volume=141|issue=2|year=2008|pages=173–178|issn=03012115|doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.07.032}}</ref>
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| ===Dysgerminoma===
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| *Common [[risk factors]] in the [[development]] of [[dysgerminoma]] are [[gonadal dysgenesis]], [[androgen insensitivity syndrome]] and [[gonadoblastoma]].<ref name="wqd">{{cite book | last = Kliegman | first = Robert | title = Nelson textbook of pediatrics | publisher = Elsevier/Saunders | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-1-4377-0755-7 }}</ref>
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| '''Risk factors of Testicular germ cell tumors (Seminoma):'''
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| Common [[Risk factor|risk factors]] in [[Testicle|testicular]] seminoma include:<ref name="riskfactorsfortesticulargermcelltumotrssnkjb">Risk factors for testicular germ cell tumors. Dr Matt A. Morgan and Dr Andrew Dixon et al. Radiopaedia 2016. Accessed on February 25, 2016</ref><ref name="seminomariskfactorsmlmn1">Causes of seminoma. US National Library of Medicine 2016. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001288.htm. Accessed on February 29, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid17916870">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khan O, Protheroe A |title=Testis cancer |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=83 |issue=984 |pages=624–32 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17916870 |pmc=2600126 |doi=10.1136/pgmj.2007.057992 |url=http://pmj.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17916870}}</ref><ref name="pmid22508459">{{cite journal |vauthors=McGlynn KA, Trabert B |title=Adolescent and adult risk factors for testicular cancer |journal=Nat Rev Urol |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=339–49 |date=April 2012 |pmid=22508459 |pmc=4031676 |doi=10.1038/nrurol.2012.61 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29262668">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boccellino M, Vanacore D, Zappavigna S, Cavaliere C, Rossetti S, D'Aniello C, Chieffi P, Amler E, Buonerba C, Di Lorenzo G, Di Franco R, Izzo A, Piscitelli R, Iovane G, Muto P, Botti G, Perdonà S, Caraglia M, Facchini G |title=Testicular cancer from diagnosis to epigenetic factors |journal=Oncotarget |volume=8 |issue=61 |pages=104654–104663 |date=November 2017 |pmid=29262668 |pmc=5732834 |doi=10.18632/oncotarget.20992 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28241106">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ghazarian AA, Kelly SP, Altekruse SF, Rosenberg PS, McGlynn KA |title=Future of testicular germ cell tumor incidence in the United States: Forecast through 2026 |journal=Cancer |volume=123 |issue=12 |pages=2320–2328 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28241106 |pmc=5629636 |doi=10.1002/cncr.30597 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26560314">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gurney J, Shaw C, Stanley J, Signal V, Sarfati D |title=Cannabis exposure and risk of testicular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=BMC Cancer |volume=15 |issue= |pages=897 |date=November 2015 |pmid=26560314 |pmc=4642772 |doi=10.1186/s12885-015-1905-6 |url=}}</ref>
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| ===Common Risk Factors===
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| * Caucasian race
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| * [[Undescended testicle]]
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| * [[Family history]] of [[Testicle|testicular]] [[cancer]]
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| * Personal history of [[testicular cancer]] (previous tumor in contralateral testis)
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| * [[Klinefelter syndrome]]
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| * Impaired [[spermatogenesis]]
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| * [[Hypospadias]]
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| * [[Testicular]] microlithiasis
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| * [[Testicular]] [[dysgenesis]]
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| *[[Testicular]] [[Feminization (biology)|feminization]]
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| *[[Klinefelter's Syndrome|Klinefelter syndrome]]
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| ===Less Common Risk Factors===
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| :*[[Infection|Infections]] such as [[HIV]], [[orchitis]]
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| :*History of [[trauma]]
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| :*[[Organ transplant]] [[immunosuppression]]
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| :*Canabis exposure
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{reflist|2}} | | {{reflist|2}} |