Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung Diagnostic study of choice: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Computed tomography is the method of choice for the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. On CT, findings of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung will depend on the location of the [[tumor]] | [[Computed tomography]] is the method of choice for the [[diagnosis]] of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. On [[Computed tomography|CT]], findings of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung will depend on the location of the [[tumor]]. Characteristic findings include [[Ground glass opacification on CT|ground-glass opacity]], rounded or spiculated mass, local [[Lymph node|nodal]] involvement, intraluminar [[obstruction]], and lobar [[Collapsed lung|collapse]]. The [[Cancer staging|staging]] of lung cancer is based on the [[TNM|TNM classification]] of lung cancer. Lung [[cancer staging]] is an assessment of the degree of spread of cancer from its original source. It is an important factor affecting the [[prognosis]] and potential treatment of lung cancer. [[Non small cell lung cancer|Non-small cell lung carcinoma]] is staged from IA ("one A", best prognosis) to IVB ("four B", worst prognosis). Biopsy findings associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung include prominent [[nucleoli]], [[eosinophilic]] [[cytoplasm]], and [[intracellular]] bridges. Different sub-types of lung tissue [[biopsy]] for squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, include: [[needle biopsy]], open biopsy, and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. | ||
== Diagnostic Study of Choice == | |||
=== Study of Choice === | |||
*CT is the modality of choice for the evaluation of possible squamous cell carcinoma of the lung | *CT is the modality of choice for the evaluation of possible squamous cell carcinoma of the lung | ||
*Certain morphological features can be suggestive of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, such as:<ref name="pmid8190965">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosado-de-Christenson ML, Templeton PA, Moran CA |title=Bronchogenic carcinoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation |journal=Radiographics |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=429–46; quiz 447–8 |year=1994 |pmid=8190965 |doi=10.1148/radiographics.14.2.8190965 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19234288">{{cite journal |vauthors=Parker MS, Chasen MH, Paul N |title=Radiologic signs in thoracic imaging: case-based review and self-assessment module |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=192 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=S34–48 |year=2009 |pmid=19234288 |doi=10.2214/AJR.07.7081 |url=}}</ref> | *Certain morphological features can be suggestive of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, such as:<ref name="pmid8190965">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosado-de-Christenson ML, Templeton PA, Moran CA |title=Bronchogenic carcinoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation |journal=Radiographics |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=429–46; quiz 447–8 |year=1994 |pmid=8190965 |doi=10.1148/radiographics.14.2.8190965 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19234288">{{cite journal |vauthors=Parker MS, Chasen MH, Paul N |title=Radiologic signs in thoracic imaging: case-based review and self-assessment module |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=192 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=S34–48 |year=2009 |pmid=19234288 |doi=10.2214/AJR.07.7081 |url=}}</ref> | ||
:*[[Cavitation]], usually secondary to tumoral [[necrosis]] | :*[[Cavitation]], usually secondary to tumoral [[necrosis]] | ||
:*Central [[Scar tissue|scar]] | :*Central [[Scar tissue|scar]] | ||
:*Usually measure larger than 4 cm in diameter | :*Usually measure larger than 4 cm in diameter | ||
*CT features involved in the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung | *CT features involved in the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung include: | ||
:*Staging of the disease | :*Staging of the disease | ||
:*Dictation of the prognosis and treatment | :*Dictation of the prognosis and treatment | ||
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:*Similar to central [[lung cancer]], peripheral squamous cell carcinoma of the lung can also result in obstructive changes such as a [[mucocele]]. | :*Similar to central [[lung cancer]], peripheral squamous cell carcinoma of the lung can also result in obstructive changes such as a [[mucocele]]. | ||
*On CT, signs of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, may include:<ref name="pmid7208937">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kundel HL |title=Predictive value and threshold detectability of lung tumors |journal=Radiology |volume=139 |issue=1 |pages=25–9 |year=1981 |pmid=7208937 |doi=10.1148/radiology.139.1.7208937 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19234288">{{cite journal |vauthors=Parker MS, Chasen MH, Paul N |title=Radiologic signs in thoracic imaging: case-based review and self-assessment module |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=192 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=S34–48 |year=2009 |pmid=19234288 |doi=10.2214/AJR.07.7081 |url=}}</ref> | *On CT, signs of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, may include:<ref name="pmid7208937">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kundel HL |title=Predictive value and threshold detectability of lung tumors |journal=Radiology |volume=139 |issue=1 |pages=25–9 |year=1981 |pmid=7208937 |doi=10.1148/radiology.139.1.7208937 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19234288">{{cite journal |vauthors=Parker MS, Chasen MH, Paul N |title=Radiologic signs in thoracic imaging: case-based review and self-assessment module |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=192 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=S34–48 |year=2009 |pmid=19234288 |doi=10.2214/AJR.07.7081 |url=}}</ref> | ||
:* '''Finger in glove sign''': the bronchus distal to the obstruction is dilated | :* '''Finger in glove sign''': the bronchus distal to the obstruction is dilated | ||
:* '''Crazy-paving sign''': appearance of ground-glass opacity with superimposed interlobular septal thickening and intralobular reticular thickening | :* '''Crazy-paving sign''': appearance of ground-glass opacity with superimposed interlobular septal thickening and intralobular reticular thickening | ||
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| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''T'''|| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF" align="center" |'''Description''' | | style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''T'''|| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF" align="center" |'''Description''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |TX | |||
| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |Primary tumor cannot be assessed.<br> OR <br>Tumor is demonstrated by the presence of malignant cells in bronchial washings or [[sputum]], but is not visualized by imaging or [[bronchoscopy]]. | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" | T0 | |||
| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |There is no evidence of primary tumor. | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |Tis | |||
| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |Carcinoma in situ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |T1 | |||
| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |The tumor has the following characteristics: | |||
* T1a: tumor ≤1 cm in the largest diameter. | * T1a: tumor ≤1 cm in the largest diameter. | ||
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* T1c: tumor> 2 cm, but ≤3 cm in the largest diameter.<br> AND <br>The tumor is surrounded by lung or [[visceral pleura]]<br> AND <br>The tumor does not extend to the main bronchus as demonstrated by the absence of bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus. | * T1c: tumor> 2 cm, but ≤3 cm in the largest diameter.<br> AND <br>The tumor is surrounded by lung or [[visceral pleura]]<br> AND <br>The tumor does not extend to the main bronchus as demonstrated by the absence of bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |T2 | |||
* T2a: tumor> 3 cm, but | | style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |The tumor has the following characteristics: | ||
* T2b: Tumor> 4 cm, but | |||
* T2a: tumor > 3 cm, but ≤ 4 cm in the largest diameter. | |||
* T2b: Tumor > 4 cm, but ≤ 5 cm in the largest diameter.<br>The tumor involves the main bronchus, 2 cm or more distal to the [[carina]]. <br> OR <br>The tumor invades the [[visceral pleura]]. <br> OR <br>There is evidence of [[atelectasis]] or obstructive [[pneumonitis]] that extends to the hilar region without the involvement of the entire lung. | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |T3 | |||
| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |Tumor > 5 cm, but ≤ 7 cm in size. | |||
AND | AND | ||
It directly invades any of the following: [[chest wall]] (including superior sulcus tumors), [[diaphragm]], mediastinal pleura, parietal [[pericardium]].<br> OR <br>The tumor is localized in the main bronchus at a distance less than 2 cm distal to the [[carina]] but without the involvement of the [[carina]].<br> OR <br>There is evidence of associated [[atelectasis]] or obstructive [[pneumonitis]] of the entire lung. | It directly invades any of the following: [[chest wall]] (including superior sulcus tumors), [[diaphragm]], mediastinal pleura, parietal [[pericardium]].<br> OR <br>The tumor is localized in the main bronchus at a distance less than 2 cm distal to the [[carina]] but without the involvement of the [[carina]].<br> OR <br>There is evidence of associated [[atelectasis]] or obstructive [[pneumonitis]] of the entire lung. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |T4 | |||
| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |Tumor > 7 cm in size. | |||
The tumor invades any of the following: [[mediastinum]], [[heart]], great vessels, [[trachea]], [[esophagus]], [[vertebral body]], [[carina]]<br> OR <br>There is/are separate tumor nodule(s) in the same lobe. <br> OR | The tumor invades any of the following: [[mediastinum]], [[heart]], great vessels, [[trachea]], [[esophagus]], [[vertebral body]], [[carina]]<br> OR <br>There is/are separate tumor nodule(s) in the same lobe. <br> OR | ||
The tumor is associated with malignant [[pleural effusion]]. | The tumor is associated with malignant [[pleural effusion]]. | ||
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| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''T'''|| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF" align="center" |'''Description''' | | style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''T'''|| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF" align="center" |'''Description''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |NX | |||
| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |The regional [[lymph node]]s cannot be assessed. | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |N0 | |||
| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |There is no evidence of regional lymph node metastasis. | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |N1 | |||
N1a | | style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |[[Metastasis]] in [[Anatomical terms of location|ipsilateral]] peribronchial and/or [[Anatomical terms of location|ipsilateral]] [[Hilar lymphadenopathy|hilum]] or intrapulmonary [[Lymph node|lymph nodes]] | ||
N1a: A [[lymph node]] invasion. | |||
N1b | N1b: > 1 [[lymph node]] affected. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |N2 | |||
N2a1 | | style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |There is [[metastasis]] in ipsilateral [[Mediastinum|mediastinal]] and/or subcarinal [[Lymph node|lymph node(s).]] | ||
N2a1: One lymph node infested without lymph node involvement of an N1-defined lymph node station. | |||
N2a2 | N2a2: One lymph node infested with a lymph node of an N1-defined lymph node station | ||
N2b | N2b: > 1 lymph node affected | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |N3 | |||
| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |There is [[metastasis]] in [[Anatomical terms of location|contralateral]] [[Mediastinum|mediastinal]], contralateral [[Hilum|hilar]], [[Anatomical terms of location|ipsilateral]] or [[Anatomical terms of location|contralateral]] scalene, or supraclavicular [[Lymph node|lymph node(s).]] | |||
|} | |} | ||
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| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''T'''|| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF" align="center" |'''Description''' | | style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align="center" |'''T'''|| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF" align="center" |'''Description''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |MX | |||
| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |Distant metastasis cannot be assessed. | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |M0 | |||
| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |There is no evidence of distant [[metastasis]]. | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |M1 | |||
M1a | | style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |There is evidence of [[distant]] metastasis which includes the presence of separate tumor nodule(s) in a different lobe (ipsilateral or contralateral). | ||
M1a: Tumor foci separated from the primary tumor in a contralateral lung lobe; Tumor with pleural metastases or malignant pleural or pericardial effusion | |||
M1b | M1b: Simple metastases in an organ | ||
M1c | M1c: Multiple metastases in one organ or one or more metastases in more than one organ | ||
|} | |}<br /> | ||
===Classification of Lung Cancer by Staging=== | |||
==Classification of Lung Cancer by Staging== | |||
{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 600px;" | {| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 600px;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |'''Stage IVB'''|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |Any T || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |Any N || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |M1c | | style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |'''Stage IVB'''|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |Any T || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |Any N || style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align="left" |M1c | ||
|}<br /> | |||
===Biopsy=== | |||
*Common types of lung tissue biopsy, include:<ref name="pmid12820712">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yung RC |title=Tissue diagnosis of suspected lung cancer: selecting between bronchoscopy, transthoracic needle aspiration, and resectional biopsy |journal=Respir Care Clin N Am |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=51–76 |year=2003 |pmid=12820712 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
:*[[Needle biopsy]] | |||
:*Open biopsy | |||
:*Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) | |||
*Indications for lung tissue biopsy in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, include:<ref name="NSCLS2">Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Libre Pathology http://librepathology.org/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_the_lung Accessed on March 1, 2016</ref> | |||
:*Determination of tumor histologic subtype | |||
:*Characterization of [[genetic mutations]] | |||
:*Determination of intra or extra-thoracic metastatic disease | |||
*The table below summarizes the squamous cell carcinoma of the lung biopsy findings.<ref name="NSCLS2">Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Libre Pathology http://librepathology.org/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_the_lung Accessed on March 1, 2016</ref> | |||
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px; width: 400px" align="center" | |||
| valign="top" | | |||
|+ | |||
|- | |||
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Type of tumor }} | |||
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 250px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Biopsy findings}} | |||
|- | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold; text-align:center;" | [[Squamous-cell cancer|Squamous cell lung carcinoma]] | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |||
*Central nucleus | |||
*Dense appearing [[cytoplasm]], usually [[eosinophilic]] | |||
*Small [[nucleolus]] | |||
*Intracellular bridges - classic | |||
|- | |||
|} | |} | ||
==References== | |||
{{reflist|2}} | |||
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{{WikiDoc Sources}} | |||
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[[Category:Types of cancer]] | |||
[[Category:Pulmonology]] | |||
[[Category:Lung cancer]] | |||
[[Category:Oncology]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Oncology]] | |||
[[Category:Medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Pulmonology]] | |||
[[Category:Surgery]] | |||
==References== | ==References== |
Latest revision as of 19:52, 18 October 2019
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung Microchapters |
Differentiating Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung from other Diseases |
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Diagnosis |
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Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung Diagnostic study of choice On the Web |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dildar Hussain, MBBS [2] Trusha Tank, M.D.[3]
Overview
Computed tomography is the method of choice for the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. On CT, findings of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung will depend on the location of the tumor. Characteristic findings include ground-glass opacity, rounded or spiculated mass, local nodal involvement, intraluminar obstruction, and lobar collapse. The staging of lung cancer is based on the TNM classification of lung cancer. Lung cancer staging is an assessment of the degree of spread of cancer from its original source. It is an important factor affecting the prognosis and potential treatment of lung cancer. Non-small cell lung carcinoma is staged from IA ("one A", best prognosis) to IVB ("four B", worst prognosis). Biopsy findings associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung include prominent nucleoli, eosinophilic cytoplasm, and intracellular bridges. Different sub-types of lung tissue biopsy for squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, include: needle biopsy, open biopsy, and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery.
Diagnostic Study of Choice
Study of Choice
- CT is the modality of choice for the evaluation of possible squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
- Certain morphological features can be suggestive of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, such as:[1][2]
- Cavitation, usually secondary to tumoral necrosis
- Central scar
- Usually measure larger than 4 cm in diameter
- CT features involved in the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung include:
- Staging of the disease
- Dictation of the prognosis and treatment
- CT findings of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, include:
- Central location
- Intraluminal obstruction
- Lung collapse and/or obstructive pneumonitis
- Ground-glass opacity
- Rounded or spiculated mass
- Local nodal involvement
- Intraluminar obstruction
- Segmental or lobar lung collapse
- Peripheral location
- Solid nodule/mass with or without an irregular border
- Irregular margins
- Desmoplastic reaction or infiltrative growth
- Similar to central lung cancer, peripheral squamous cell carcinoma of the lung can also result in obstructive changes such as a mucocele.
- Finger in glove sign: the bronchus distal to the obstruction is dilated
- Crazy-paving sign: appearance of ground-glass opacity with superimposed interlobular septal thickening and intralobular reticular thickening
Gallery
-
Bronchogenic lung carcincoma: upper lobe collapse via, radiopedia.org Case courtesy of Dr Ahmed Abdrabou, [4]
-
Bronchogenic lung carcincoma: upper lobe with lymphangitic spread via, radiopedia.org Case courtesy of Dr Ahmed Abdrabou, [5]
-
Squamous cell lung carcinoma: Peripheral squamous cell lung carcinoma may be seen as a solid nodule/mass with or without an irregular border. The irregular margin can be attributed to a desmoplastic reaction or infiltrative growth via, radiopedia.org Case courtesy of Dr Bruno Di Muzio, [6]
Staging
The following is 2017 TNM classification of lung cancer.[7][8][9]
T: Primary Tumor
T | Description |
TX | Primary tumor cannot be assessed. OR Tumor is demonstrated by the presence of malignant cells in bronchial washings or sputum, but is not visualized by imaging or bronchoscopy. |
---|---|
T0 | There is no evidence of primary tumor. |
Tis | Carcinoma in situ |
T1 | The tumor has the following characteristics:
|
T2 | The tumor has the following characteristics:
|
T3 | Tumor > 5 cm, but ≤ 7 cm in size.
AND It directly invades any of the following: chest wall (including superior sulcus tumors), diaphragm, mediastinal pleura, parietal pericardium. |
T4 | Tumor > 7 cm in size.
The tumor invades any of the following: mediastinum, heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, vertebral body, carina |
N:Regional Lymph Nodes
T | Description |
NX | The regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed. |
---|---|
N0 | There is no evidence of regional lymph node metastasis. |
N1 | Metastasis in ipsilateral peribronchial and/or ipsilateral hilum or intrapulmonary lymph nodes
N1a: A lymph node invasion. N1b: > 1 lymph node affected. |
N2 | There is metastasis in ipsilateral mediastinal and/or subcarinal lymph node(s).
N2a1: One lymph node infested without lymph node involvement of an N1-defined lymph node station. N2a2: One lymph node infested with a lymph node of an N1-defined lymph node station N2b: > 1 lymph node affected |
N3 | There is metastasis in contralateral mediastinal, contralateral hilar, ipsilateral or contralateral scalene, or supraclavicular lymph node(s). |
M: Distant Metastasis
T | Description |
MX | Distant metastasis cannot be assessed. |
---|---|
M0 | There is no evidence of distant metastasis. |
M1 | There is evidence of distant metastasis which includes the presence of separate tumor nodule(s) in a different lobe (ipsilateral or contralateral).
M1a: Tumor foci separated from the primary tumor in a contralateral lung lobe; Tumor with pleural metastases or malignant pleural or pericardial effusion M1b: Simple metastases in an organ M1c: Multiple metastases in one organ or one or more metastases in more than one organ |
Classification of Lung Cancer by Staging
Stage | T | N | M |
Occult carcinoma | TX | N0 | M0 |
Stage 0 | Tis | N0 | M0 |
Stage IA1 | T1(mi)/T1a | N0 | M0 |
Stage IA2 | T1b | N0 | M0 |
Stage IA3 | T1c | N0 | M0 |
Stage IB | T2a | N0 | M0 |
Stage IIA | T2b | N0 | M0 |
Stage IIB | T1a | N1 | M0 |
T1c | N1 | M0 | |
T2a | N1 | M0 | |
T2b | N1 | M0 | |
T3 | N0 | M0 | |
Stage IIIA | T1a | N2 | M0 |
T1b | N2 | M0 | |
T1c | N2 | M0 | |
T2a | N2 | M0 | |
T2b | N2 | M0 | |
T1a | N2 | M0 | |
T1b | N2 | M0 | |
T1c | N2 | M0 | |
T2a | N2 | M0 | |
T2b | N2 | M0 | |
T3 | N1 | M0 | |
T4 | N0 | M0 | |
T4 | N1 | M0 | |
Stage IIIB | T1a | N3 | M0 |
T1b | N3 | M0 | |
T1c | N3 | M0 | |
T2a | N3 | M0 | |
T2b | N3 | M0 | |
T1a | N3 | M0 | |
T1b | N3 | M0 | |
T1c | N3 | M0 | |
T2a | N3 | M0 | |
T2b | N3 | M0 | |
T3 | N2 | M0 | |
T4 | N2 | M0 | |
Stage IIIC | T3 | N3 | M0 |
T4 | N3 | M0 | |
Stage IVA | Any T | Any N | M1a |
Any T | Any N | M1b | |
Stage IVB | Any T | Any N | M1c |
Biopsy
- Common types of lung tissue biopsy, include:[10]
- Needle biopsy
- Open biopsy
- Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS)
- Indications for lung tissue biopsy in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, include:[11]
- Determination of tumor histologic subtype
- Characterization of genetic mutations
- Determination of intra or extra-thoracic metastatic disease
- The table below summarizes the squamous cell carcinoma of the lung biopsy findings.[11]
Type of tumor | Biopsy findings |
---|---|
Squamous cell lung carcinoma |
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References
- ↑ Rosado-de-Christenson ML, Templeton PA, Moran CA (1994). "Bronchogenic carcinoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation". Radiographics. 14 (2): 429–46, quiz 447–8. doi:10.1148/radiographics.14.2.8190965. PMID 8190965.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Parker MS, Chasen MH, Paul N (2009). "Radiologic signs in thoracic imaging: case-based review and self-assessment module". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 192 (3 Suppl): S34–48. doi:10.2214/AJR.07.7081. PMID 19234288.
- ↑ Kundel HL (1981). "Predictive value and threshold detectability of lung tumors". Radiology. 139 (1): 25–9. doi:10.1148/radiology.139.1.7208937. PMID 7208937.
- ↑ href="https://radiopaedia.org/">Radiopaedia.org</a>. From the case <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/cases/29297">rID: 29297
- ↑ href="https://radiopaedia.org/">Radiopaedia.org</a>. From the case <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/cases/29002">rID: 29002
- ↑ href="https://radiopaedia.org/">Radiopaedia.org</a>. From the case <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/cases/27915">rID: 27915
- ↑ Mountain, CF (2003). A Handbook for Staging, Imaging, and Lymph Node Classification. Charles P Young Company. Retrieved 2007-09-01. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ Collins, LG (Jan 2007). "Lung cancer: diagnosis and management". American Family Physician. American Academy of Family Physicians. 75 (1): 56–63. PMID 17225705. Retrieved 2007-08-10. Unknown parameter
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ignored (help) - ↑ Harms, A.; Kriegsmann, M.; Fink, L.; Länger, F.; Warth, A. (2017). "Die neue TNM-Klassifikation für Lungentumoren". Der Pathologe. 38 (1): 11–20. doi:10.1007/s00292-017-0268-y. ISSN 0172-8113.
- ↑ Yung RC (2003). "Tissue diagnosis of suspected lung cancer: selecting between bronchoscopy, transthoracic needle aspiration, and resectional biopsy". Respir Care Clin N Am. 9 (1): 51–76. PMID 12820712.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Libre Pathology http://librepathology.org/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_the_lung Accessed on March 1, 2016