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==Overview==
In [[dermatology]], '''hyperpigmentation''' is the darkening of an area of [[skin]] or [[nail (anatomy)|nails]] caused by increased [[melanin]].  
In [[dermatology]], '''hyperpigmentation''' is the darkening of an area of [[skin]] or [[nail (anatomy)|nails]] caused by increased [[melanin]].  


==Causes==
==Causes==
Hyperpigmentation may be caused by sun damage, [[inflammation]], or other skin injuries, including those related to [[acne vulgaris]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/hyperpigmentation.html | title = Hyperpigmentation | publisher = American Osteopathic College of Dermatology | work = Dermatalogic Disease Database | accessdate = 2006-03-08}}</ref> People with darker Asian, east Indian, mediterranean or African skin tones are also more prone to hyperpigmentation especially if they have excess sun exposure.
===Common Causes===
 
*[[Acanthosis nigricans]]
Hyperpigmentation is associated with a number of diseases or conditions, including:
*[[Acne]]
*[[Addison's disease]] and other sources of [[adrenal insufficiency]], in which hormones that stimulate melanin synthesis (e.g. [[melanocyte-stimulating hormone|MSH]]) are frequently elevated.
*[[Addison's disease]]
*[[Cushing's disease]], excessive [[ACTH]] production; Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone ([[MSH]]) production is a byproduct of ACTH synthesis from Proopiomelanocortin ([[POMC]]).
*[[Adrenal insufficiency]]
*[[Doxycycline]],
*[[Adrenocorticotrophic hormone]]
*[[acanthosis nigricans]], or hyperpigmentation of intertriginous areas associated with [[insulin resistance]].
*[[Alkaptonuria]]
*[[melasma|chloasma]], or patchy hyperpigmentation often found in [[pregnant]] women
*[[Angioma]]
*[[linea negra|linea nigra]], a hyperpigmented line found on the [[abdomen]] during [[pregnancy]]
*[[Antimalarials]]
*[[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]], an [[autosomal dominant]] disorder characterized by hyperpigmented [[macules]] on the lips and oral mucosa and gastrointestinal [[polyp (medicine)|polyps]].
*[[Arsenic trioxide]]
*Certain chemicals such as [[salicylic acid]], [[bleomycin]], and [[cisplatin]].
*[[Arsenicals]]
*[[Prednisolone]],
*[[Atopic dermatitis]]
*[[Smoker's melanosis]].
*[[Atrophoderma of pasini and pierini]]
*[[Celiac Disease]].
*[[Autoimmune adrenalitis]]
*[[Cronkite-Canada syndrome]]
*[[Basal cell papilloma]]
*[[Tinea]] fungal infections such as [[ringworm]].
*[[Birthmark]]
*[[Bleomycin]]
*[[Blue nevus]]
*[[Carbon monoxide toxicity]]
*[[Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome]]
*[[Carney myxoma-endocrine complex]]
*[[Carotenemia]]
*[[Celiac disease]]
*[[Chemical poisoning]]
*[[Chloasma]]
*[[Chondrodysplasia punctata 2, x-linked dominant]]
*[[Chromosome 14 trisomy syndrome]]
*[[Chromosome 14q deletion syndrome]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]]
*[[Classic childhood adrenoleukodystrophy ]]
*[[Cutaneomeningospinal angiomatosis]]
*[[Cutaneous t-cell lymphoma]]
*[[Cyclophosphamide]]
*[[Dermatitis herpetiformis]]
*[[Dermatofibroma]]
*[[Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis]]
*[[Dermatosis papulosa nigra]]
*[[Eczema]]
*[[Elevated melanin synthesis]]
*[[Excessive acth production]]
*[[Excessive exposure to sunlight]]
*[[Fanconi anaemia]]
*[[Freckles]]
*[[Gaucher's disease]]
*[[Glucocorticoid deficiency]]
*[[Gold salts]]
*[[Haematoma]]
*[[Haemochromatosis]]
*[[Hay-wells syndrome ]]
*[[Hereditary acth resistance]]
*[[Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 3]]
*[[Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia]]
*[[Hydroxyurea ]]
*[[Hypercarotinemia]]
*[[Incontinentia pigmenti ]]
*[[Jaundice]]
*[[Kindler-weary bullous acrokeratosis poikiloderma]]
*[[Kwashiorkor]]
*[[Laser surgery]]
*[[Laugier-hunziker syndrome]]
*[[Lichen planus]]
*[[Lichen simplex chronicus]]
*[[Linea nigra]]
*[[Mccune-albright syndrome ]]
*[[Melanoderma]]
*[[Melanoma]]
*[[Melarsoprol]]
*[[Melasma]]
*[[Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism, type 2]]
*[[Minocycline]]
*[[Moles]]
*[[Mongolian blue spots]]
*[[Multiple lentigines syndrome]]
*[[Naegeli-franceschetti-jadassohn syndrome]]
*[[Nelson's syndrome]]
*[[Neurocutaneous melanosis]]
*[[Nevus flammeus]]
*[[Nevus of ota]]
*[[Nevus spilus]]
*[[Onchocerciasis]]
*[[Parry-romberg syndrome]]
*[[Peplomycin]]
*[[Peutz-jeghers syndrome]]
*[[Photocontact dermatitis]]
*[[Phytophotodermatitis]]
*[[Pigmented hairy epidermal nevus]]
*[[Pigmented naevus]]
*[[Poems syndrome]]
*[[Polidocanol]]
*[[Polycystic ovary syndrome ]]
*[[Porphyria cutanea tarda type 1 ]]
*[[Porphyria cutanea tarda type 2 ]]
*[[Prednisolone ]]
*[[Primary biliary cirrhosis ]]
*[[Proteus syndrome]]
*[[Psoriasis]]
*[[Scleredema adultorum]]
*[[Scleroderma ]]
*[[Selenium]]
*[[Sertaconazole]]
*[[Siltuximab]]
*[[Silver poisoning]]
*[[Skin tag]]
*[[Smoker's melanosis]]
*[[Spitz nevus]]
*[[Tinea nigra]]
*[[Tinea versicolor]]
*[[Urod-related porphyria cutanea tarda]]
*[[Varicose veins]]
*[[Variegate porphyria]]
*[[Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome]]


Hyperpigmentation can also be induced by [[dermatological]] [[laser]] procedures, although not common.
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome]],  [[Cutaneomeningospinal angiomatosis]],  [[Thrombophlebitis ]],  [[Varicose veins]],  [[Vascular malformations]]
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Arsenic trioxide]],  [[Arsenicals]],  [[Carbon monoxide toxicity]],  [[Chemical poisoning]],  [[Cigarette smoke]],  [[Gold salts]],  [[Silver poisoning]],  [[Smoker's melanosis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acne]],  [[Atopic dermatitis]],  [[Atrophoderma of pasini and pierini]],  [[Birthmark]],  [[Blue nevus]],  [[Carotenemia]],  [[Chloasma]],  [[Cutaneous t-cell lymphoma]],  [[Dermatitis herpetiformis]],  [[Dermatofibroma]],  [[Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis]],  [[Dermatosis papulosa nigra]],  [[Dowling-degos syndrome]],  [[Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria]],  [[Dyskeratosis congenita, autosomal dominant]],  [[Dyskeratosis congenita, x-linked]],  [[Eczema]],  [[Elevated melanin synthesis]],  [[Epidermal nevus]],  [[Erythema dyschromicum perstans]],  [[Erythrokeratoderma variabilis]],  [[Erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli]],  [[Excessive acth production]],  [[Excessive exposure to sunlight]],  [[Freckles]],  [[Hypercarotinemia]],  [[Hypomelanosis ]],  [[Incontinentia pigmenti ]],  [[Jaundice]],  [[Kwashiorkor]],  [[Laugier-hunziker syndrome]],  [[Lichen planus]],  [[Lichen simplex chronicus]],  [[Linea nigra]],  [[Lupus]],  [[Macular amyloidosis]],  [[Malassezia furfur]],  [[Mastocytosis]],  [[Melanoderma]],  [[Melanoma]],  [[Melasma]],  [[Moles]],  [[Mongolian blue spots]],  [[Nevus flammeus]],  [[Nevus of ota]],  [[Nevus spilus]],  [[Photocontact dermatitis]],  [[Phytophotodermatitis]],  [[Pigmented hairy epidermal nevus]],  [[Pigmented naevus]],  [[Poikiloderma of civatte]],  [[Poikiloderma]],  [[Psoriasis]],  [[Reticulate acropigmentation ]],  [[Riehl's melanosis]],  [[Rothmund-thomson syndrome]],  [[Scleredema adultorum]],  [[Scleroderma ]], [[Skin tag]],  [[Smoker's melanosis]],  [[Spitz nevus]],  [[Tattoo]],  [[Tinea nigra]],  [[Tinea versicolor]],  [[Urod-related porphyria cutanea tarda]],  [[Whyte murphy syndrome]],  [[Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Antimalarials]],  [[Bleomycin]],  [[Busulphan]],  [[Chemotherapy]],  [[Cisplatin]],  [[Combined oral contraceptive pill]],  [[Cyclophosphamide]],  [[Dexamethasone]],  [[Dihydroxyacetone]],  [[Doxycycline]],  [[Emtricitabine]],  [[Hydroxyurea ]],  [[Indinavir]],  [[Melarsoprol]],  [[Minocycline]],  [[Peplomycin]],  [[Polidocanol]],  [[Prednisolone ]],  [[Retigabine]],  [[Retinol]],  [[Salicylic acid]],  [[Selenium]],  [[Sertaconazole]],  [[Siltuximab]],  [[Sunitinib malate]],  [[Thiazides]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Addison's disease]],  [[Adrenal insufficiency]],  [[Adrenocorticotrophic hormone]],  [[Carney myxoma-endocrine complex]],  [[Classic childhood adrenoleukodystrophy ]],  [[Glucocorticoid deficiency]],  [[Haemochromatosis]],  [[Hereditary acth resistance]],  [[Hypothyroidism]],  [[Mccune-albright syndrome ]],  [[Nelson's syndrome]],  [[Poems syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Canada-cronkhite syndrome]],  [[Celiac disease]],  [[Cronkite-canada syndrome]],  [[Haemochromatosis]],  [[Jaundice]],  [[Peutz-jeghers syndrome]],  [[Primary biliary cirrhosis ]],  [[Ringworm]],  [[Stomach cancer]],  [[Whipple's disease]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alkaptonuria]],  [[Autoimmune adrenalitis]],  [[Berardinelli-seip congenital lipodystrophy, type 1 ]],  [[Berardinelli-seip congenital lipodystrophy, type 2 ]],  [[Birthmark]],  [[Celiac disease]],  [[Chondrodysplasia punctata 2, x-linked dominant]],  [[Chromosome 14 trisomy syndrome]],  [[Chromosome 14q deletion syndrome]],  [[Congenital erythropoeitic porphyria]],  [[Congenital lipomatous overgrowth]],  [[Craniolenticulosutural dysplasia]],  [[Dermatosis papulosa nigra]],  [[Dowling-degos syndrome]],  [[Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria]],  [[Dyskeratosis congenita, autosomal dominant]],  [[Dyskeratosis congenita, x-linked]],  [[Erythrokeratoderma variabilis]],  [[Erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli]],  [[Fanconi anaemia]],  [[Gaucher's disease]],  [[Hay-wells syndrome ]],  [[Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 3]],  [[Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia]],  [[Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism, type 2]],  [[Multiple lentigines syndrome]],  [[Naegeli-franceschetti-jadassohn syndrome]],  [[Neurocutaneous melanosis]],  [[Peutz-jeghers syndrome]],  [[Porphyria cutanea tarda type 1 ]],  [[Porphyria cutanea tarda type 2 ]],  [[Proteus syndrome]],  [[Rapadilino syndrome]],  [[Rothmund-thomson syndrome]],  [[Schimke immunoosseous dysplasia]],  [[Spondylohypoplasia arthrogryposis popliteal pterygium ]],  [[Variegate porphyria]],  [[Vitreoretinochoroidopathy dominant ]],  [[Wolcott-rallison syndrome]],  [[Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Angioma ]],  [[Fanconi anaemia]],  [[Haematoma]],  [[Haemochromatosis]],  [[Nevus flammeus]],  [[Nevus of ota]],  [[Nevus spilus]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chemotherapy]],  [[Laser surgery]],  [[Radiotherapy]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acanthosis nigricans]],  [[Cutaneomeningospinal angiomatosis]],  [[Linea nigra]],  [[Malassezia furfur]],  [[Onchocerciasis]],  [[Ringworm]],  [[Tinea nigra]],  [[Tinea versicolor]],  [[Visceral leishmaniasis]],  [[Whipple's disease]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chondrodysplasia punctata 2, x-linked dominant]],  [[Humeroradioulnar synostosis]],  [[Lison syndrome]],  [[Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism, type 2]],  [[Rapadilino syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Lison syndrome]],  [[Systemic sclerosis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alkaptonuria]],  [[Berardinelli-seip congenital lipodystrophy, type 1 ]],  [[Berardinelli-seip congenital lipodystrophy, type 2 ]],  [[Insulin resistance]],  [[Kwashiorkor]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Polycystic ovary syndrome ]],  [[Pregnancy]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Angioma ]],  [[Basal cell papilloma]],  [[Canada-cronkhite syndrome]],  [[Cronkite-canada syndrome]],  [[Cushing's disease]],  [[Cutaneous t-cell lymphoma]],  [[Dermatofibroma]],  [[Haematoma]],  [[Mastocytosis]],  [[Melanoderma]],  [[Melanoma]],  [[Nelson's syndrome]],  [[Stomach cancer]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Vitreoretinochoroidopathy dominant ]],
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic renal failure]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Autoimmune adrenalitis]], [[Dermatitis herpetiformis]],  [[Lupus]],  [[Macular amyloidosis]],  [[Parry-romberg syndrome]],  [[Primary biliary cirrhosis ]],  [[Psoriasis]],  [[Systemic sclerosis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Tattoo]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|}
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{columns-list|
*[[Acanthosis nigricans]]
*[[Acne]]
*[[Addison's disease]]
*[[Adrenal insufficiency]]
*[[Adrenocorticotrophic hormone]]
*[[Alkaptonuria]]
*[[Angioma ]]
*[[Antimalarials]]
*[[Arsenic trioxide]]
*[[Arsenicals]]
*[[Atopic dermatitis]]
*[[Atrophoderma of pasini and pierini]]
*[[Autoimmune adrenalitis]]
*[[Basal cell papilloma]]
*[[Berardinelli-seip congenital lipodystrophy, type 1 ]]
*[[Berardinelli-seip congenital lipodystrophy, type 2 ]]
*[[Birthmark]]
*[[Bleomycin]]
*[[Blue nevus]]
*[[Busulphan]]
*[[Canada-cronkhite syndrome]]
*[[Carbon monoxide toxicity]]
*[[Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome]]
*[[Carney myxoma-endocrine complex]]
*[[Carotenemia]]
*[[Celiac disease]]
*[[Chemical poisoning]]
*[[Chemotherapy]]
*[[Chloasma]]
*[[Chondrodysplasia punctata 2, x-linked dominant]]
*[[Chromosome 14 trisomy syndrome]]
*[[Chromosome 14q deletion syndrome]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]]
*[[Cigarette smoke]]
*[[Cisplatin]]
*[[Classic childhood adrenoleukodystrophy ]]
*[[Combined oral contraceptive pill]]
*[[Congenital erythropoeitic porphyria]]
*[[Congenital lipomatous overgrowth]]
*[[Craniolenticulosutural dysplasia]]
*[[Cronkite-canada syndrome]]
*[[Cushing's disease]]
*[[Cutaneomeningospinal angiomatosis]]
*[[Cutaneous t-cell lymphoma]]
*[[Cyclophosphamide]]
*[[Dermatitis herpetiformis]]
*[[Dermatofibroma]]
*[[Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis]]
*[[Dermatosis papulosa nigra]]
*[[Dexamethasone]]
*[[Dihydroxyacetone]]
*[[Dowling-degos syndrome]]
*[[Doxycycline]]
*[[Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria]]
*[[Dyskeratosis congenita, autosomal dominant]]
*[[Dyskeratosis congenita, x-linked]]
*[[Eczema]]
*[[Elevated melanin synthesis]]
*[[Emtricitabine]]
*[[Epidermal nevus]]
*[[Erythema dyschromicum perstans]]
*[[Erythrokeratoderma variabilis]]
*[[Erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli]]
*[[Excessive acth production]]
*[[Excessive exposure to sunlight]]
*[[Fanconi anaemia]]
*[[Freckles]]
*[[Gaucher's disease]]
*[[Glucocorticoid deficiency]]
*[[Gold salts]]
*[[Haematoma]]
*[[Haemochromatosis]]
*[[Hay-wells syndrome ]]
*[[Hereditary acth resistance]]
*[[Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 3]]
*[[Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia]]
*[[Humeroradioulnar synostosis]]
*[[Hydroxyurea ]]
*[[Hypercarotinemia]]
*[[Hypomelanosis ]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Incontinentia pigmenti ]]
*[[Indinavir]]
*[[Insulin resistance]]
*[[Jaundice]]
*[[Kindler-weary bullous acrokeratosis poikiloderma]]
*[[Kwashiorkor]]
*[[Laser surgery]]
*[[Laugier-hunziker syndrome]]
*[[Lichen planus]]
*[[Lichen simplex chronicus]]
*[[Linea nigra]]
*[[Lison syndrome]]
*[[Lupus]]
*[[Macular amyloidosis]]
*[[Malassezia furfur]]
*[[Mastocytosis]]
*[[Mccune-albright syndrome ]]
*[[Melanoderma]]
*[[Melanoma]]
*[[Melarsoprol]]
*[[Melasma]]
*[[Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism, type 2]]
*[[Minocycline]]
*[[Moles]]
*[[Mongolian blue spots]]
*[[Multiple lentigines syndrome]]
*[[Naegeli-franceschetti-jadassohn syndrome]]
*[[Nelson's syndrome]]
*[[Neurocutaneous melanosis]]
*[[Nevus flammeus]]
*[[Nevus of ota]]
*[[Nevus spilus]]
*[[Onchocerciasis]]
*[[Parry-romberg syndrome]]
*[[Peplomycin]]
*[[Peutz-jeghers syndrome]]
*[[Photocontact dermatitis]]
*[[Phytophotodermatitis]]
*[[Pigmented hairy epidermal nevus]]
*[[Pigmented naevus]]
*[[Poems syndrome]]
*[[Poikiloderma]]
*[[Poikiloderma of civatte]]
*[[Polidocanol]]
*[[Polycystic ovary syndrome ]]
*[[Porphyria cutanea tarda type 1 ]]
*[[Porphyria cutanea tarda type 2 ]]
*[[Prednisolone ]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Primary biliary cirrhosis ]]
*[[Proteus syndrome]]
*[[Psoriasis]]
*[[Radiotherapy]]
*[[Rapadilino syndrome]]
*[[Reticulate acropigmentation ]]
*[[Retigabine]]
*[[Retinol]]
*[[Riehl's melanosis]]
*[[Ringworm]]
*[[Rothmund-thomson syndrome]]
*[[Salicylic acid]]
*[[Schimke immunoosseous dysplasia]]
*[[Scleredema adultorum]]
*[[Scleroderma ]]
*[[Selenium]]
*[[Sertaconazole]]
*[[Siltuximab]]
*[[Silver poisoning]]
*[[Skin tag]]
*[[Smoker's melanosis]]
*[[Spitz nevus]]
*[[Spondylohypoplasia arthrogryposis popliteal pterygium ]]
*[[Stomach cancer]]
*[[Sunitinib malate]]
*[[Systemic sclerosis]]
*[[Tattoo]]
*[[Thiazides]]
*[[Thrombophlebitis ]]
*[[Tinea nigra]]
*[[Tinea versicolor]]
*[[Urod-related porphyria cutanea tarda]]
*[[Varicose veins]]
*[[Variegate porphyria]]
*[[Vascular malformations]]
*[[Visceral leishmaniasis]]
*[[Vitreoretinochoroidopathy dominant ]]
*[[Whipple's disease]]
*[[Whyte murphy syndrome]]
*[[Wolcott-rallison syndrome]]
*[[Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome]]
}}


==Treatment==
==Treatment==
Treatment of hyperpigmentation may include [[hydroquinone]], [[kojic acid]], [[azelaic acid]], [[ascorbic acid]], [[tretinoin]] ([[Retinol]]), topical [[glucocorticoid]]s, and [[licorice]] extract. Note that all treatments will fail if the affected area is exposed to the sun and if there is not adequate UVA/UVB protection.
Treatment of hyperpigmentation may include [[hydroquinone]], [[kojic acid]], [[azelaic acid]], [[ascorbic acid]], [[tretinoin]] ([[Retinol]]), topical [[glucocorticoid]]s, and [[licorice]] extract. Note that all treatments will fail if the affected area is exposed to the sun and if there is not adequate UVA/UVB protection.
==Physical examination for hyperpigmentation due to Amiodarone==
<gallery widths=200px>
2743.jpg | Hyperpigmentation Due To Amiodarone. <br> [http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/disease.jsf?diseaseId=197 <font size="-2">''With permission of Dermatology Atlas''</font>]
HP2747.jpg | Hyperpigmentation Due To Amiodarone. <br> [http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/disease.jsf?diseaseId=197 <font size="-2">''With permission of Dermatology Atlas''</font>]
HP2745.jpg | Hyperpigmentation Due To Amiodarone. <br> [http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/disease.jsf?diseaseId=197 <font size="-2">''With permission of Dermatology Atlas''</font>]
</gallery>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 48: Line 437:
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
{{commonscat|Acne}}
{{commonscat|Acne}}


[[Category:Dermatology]]
[[Category:Dermatology]]
[[Category:Medical signs]]
[[Category:Medical signs]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]


<br>
<br>
[[de:Hyperpigmentierung]]
[[nl:Hyperpigmentatie]]


{{WH}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
{{WS}}
{{jb1}}
{{jb1}}

Latest revision as of 21:18, 10 January 2020

Hyperpigmentation
DiseasesDB 24638
MeSH D017495

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.

Overview

In dermatology, hyperpigmentation is the darkening of an area of skin or nails caused by increased melanin.

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, Cutaneomeningospinal angiomatosis, Thrombophlebitis , Varicose veins, Vascular malformations
Chemical/Poisoning Arsenic trioxide, Arsenicals, Carbon monoxide toxicity, Chemical poisoning, Cigarette smoke, Gold salts, Silver poisoning, Smoker's melanosis
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Acne, Atopic dermatitis, Atrophoderma of pasini and pierini, Birthmark, Blue nevus, Carotenemia, Chloasma, Cutaneous t-cell lymphoma, Dermatitis herpetiformis, Dermatofibroma, Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis, Dermatosis papulosa nigra, Dowling-degos syndrome, Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria, Dyskeratosis congenita, autosomal dominant, Dyskeratosis congenita, x-linked, Eczema, Elevated melanin synthesis, Epidermal nevus, Erythema dyschromicum perstans, Erythrokeratoderma variabilis, Erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli, Excessive acth production, Excessive exposure to sunlight, Freckles, Hypercarotinemia, Hypomelanosis , Incontinentia pigmenti , Jaundice, Kwashiorkor, Laugier-hunziker syndrome, Lichen planus, Lichen simplex chronicus, Linea nigra, Lupus, Macular amyloidosis, Malassezia furfur, Mastocytosis, Melanoderma, Melanoma, Melasma, Moles, Mongolian blue spots, Nevus flammeus, Nevus of ota, Nevus spilus, Photocontact dermatitis, Phytophotodermatitis, Pigmented hairy epidermal nevus, Pigmented naevus, Poikiloderma of civatte, Poikiloderma, Psoriasis, Reticulate acropigmentation , Riehl's melanosis, Rothmund-thomson syndrome, Scleredema adultorum, Scleroderma , Skin tag, Smoker's melanosis, Spitz nevus, Tattoo, Tinea nigra, Tinea versicolor, Urod-related porphyria cutanea tarda, Whyte murphy syndrome, Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome
Drug Side Effect Antimalarials, Bleomycin, Busulphan, Chemotherapy, Cisplatin, Combined oral contraceptive pill, Cyclophosphamide, Dexamethasone, Dihydroxyacetone, Doxycycline, Emtricitabine, Hydroxyurea , Indinavir, Melarsoprol, Minocycline, Peplomycin, Polidocanol, Prednisolone , Retigabine, Retinol, Salicylic acid, Selenium, Sertaconazole, Siltuximab, Sunitinib malate, Thiazides
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Addison's disease, Adrenal insufficiency, Adrenocorticotrophic hormone, Carney myxoma-endocrine complex, Classic childhood adrenoleukodystrophy , Glucocorticoid deficiency, Haemochromatosis, Hereditary acth resistance, Hypothyroidism, Mccune-albright syndrome , Nelson's syndrome, Poems syndrome
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Canada-cronkhite syndrome, Celiac disease, Cronkite-canada syndrome, Haemochromatosis, Jaundice, Peutz-jeghers syndrome, Primary biliary cirrhosis , Ringworm, Stomach cancer, Whipple's disease
Genetic Alkaptonuria, Autoimmune adrenalitis, Berardinelli-seip congenital lipodystrophy, type 1 , Berardinelli-seip congenital lipodystrophy, type 2 , Birthmark, Celiac disease, Chondrodysplasia punctata 2, x-linked dominant, Chromosome 14 trisomy syndrome, Chromosome 14q deletion syndrome, Congenital erythropoeitic porphyria, Congenital lipomatous overgrowth, Craniolenticulosutural dysplasia, Dermatosis papulosa nigra, Dowling-degos syndrome, Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria, Dyskeratosis congenita, autosomal dominant, Dyskeratosis congenita, x-linked, Erythrokeratoderma variabilis, Erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli, Fanconi anaemia, Gaucher's disease, Hay-wells syndrome , Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 3, Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism, type 2, Multiple lentigines syndrome, Naegeli-franceschetti-jadassohn syndrome, Neurocutaneous melanosis, Peutz-jeghers syndrome, Porphyria cutanea tarda type 1 , Porphyria cutanea tarda type 2 , Proteus syndrome, Rapadilino syndrome, Rothmund-thomson syndrome, Schimke immunoosseous dysplasia, Spondylohypoplasia arthrogryposis popliteal pterygium , Variegate porphyria, Vitreoretinochoroidopathy dominant , Wolcott-rallison syndrome, Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome
Hematologic Angioma , Fanconi anaemia, Haematoma, Haemochromatosis, Nevus flammeus, Nevus of ota, Nevus spilus
Iatrogenic Chemotherapy, Laser surgery, Radiotherapy
Infectious Disease Acanthosis nigricans, Cutaneomeningospinal angiomatosis, Linea nigra, Malassezia furfur, Onchocerciasis, Ringworm, Tinea nigra, Tinea versicolor, Visceral leishmaniasis, Whipple's disease
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Chondrodysplasia punctata 2, x-linked dominant, Humeroradioulnar synostosis, Lison syndrome, Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism, type 2, Rapadilino syndrome
Neurologic Lison syndrome, Systemic sclerosis
Nutritional/Metabolic Alkaptonuria, Berardinelli-seip congenital lipodystrophy, type 1 , Berardinelli-seip congenital lipodystrophy, type 2 , Insulin resistance, Kwashiorkor
Obstetric/Gynecologic Polycystic ovary syndrome , Pregnancy
Oncologic Angioma , Basal cell papilloma, Canada-cronkhite syndrome, Cronkite-canada syndrome, Cushing's disease, Cutaneous t-cell lymphoma, Dermatofibroma, Haematoma, Mastocytosis, Melanoderma, Melanoma, Nelson's syndrome, Stomach cancer
Ophthalmologic Vitreoretinochoroidopathy dominant ,
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte Chronic renal failure
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Autoimmune adrenalitis, Dermatitis herpetiformis, Lupus, Macular amyloidosis, Parry-romberg syndrome, Primary biliary cirrhosis , Psoriasis, Systemic sclerosis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Tattoo
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Treatment

Treatment of hyperpigmentation may include hydroquinone, kojic acid, azelaic acid, ascorbic acid, tretinoin (Retinol), topical glucocorticoids, and licorice extract. Note that all treatments will fail if the affected area is exposed to the sun and if there is not adequate UVA/UVB protection.

Physical examination for hyperpigmentation due to Amiodarone

See also

References


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