Supraventricular tachycardia causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Supraventricular tachycardia}}
{{Supraventricular tachycardia}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AO}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AO}} {{Ochuko}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Supraventricular tachycardia is a collective term used to describe all the tachycardias originating from the SA node, atrium and AV node.  Therefore, the causes depend on the source of the pathology, and they are as follows:
Supraventricular tachycardia is a collective term used to describe all the [[Tachycardia|tachycardias]] originating from the [[SA node]], [[atrium]] and [[AV node]].  Therefore, the causes depend on the source of the pathology, and they are as follows:


==Causes Based on Pathophysiology==
==Causes==
===SVTs from a Sinoatrial Source===
===Life Threatening Causes===
*[[Inappropriate sinus tachycardia#Causes|Inappropriate sinus tachycardia]]
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
*[[Sinus tachycardia#Causes|Sinus tachycardia]]
{{columns-list|2|
*[[Sinoatrial nodal reentry tachycardia#Causes|Sinoatrial nodal reentry tachycardia]]
*[[Air embolism]]
*[[Alcoholism|Alcohol overdose]]
*[[Alcohol withdrawal]]
*[[Aminophylline|Aminophylline toxicity]]
*[[Carbon monoxide poisoning#Symptoms|Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
*[[Cardiac tamponade]]
*[[Cocaine|Cocaine overdose]]
*[[Cyanide poisoning]]
*[[Dehydration]]
*[[Digitalis toxicity]]
*[[Drowning]]
*[[Electric shock]]
*[[Fat embolism]]
*[[Hypoglycemia]]
*[[Hypokalemia]]
*[[Hypotension]]
*[[Hypothermia]]
*[[Lithium|Lithium toxicity]]
*[[Malignant hyperthermia]]
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
*[[Salicylate poisoning]]
*[[Shock]]
*[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
*[[Tension pneumothorax]]
*[[Tricyclic antidepressant overdose]]
}}


===SVTs from an Atrial Source===
===Common Causes===
*[[Focal atrial tachycardia#Causes|Focal atrial tachycardia]] (AT)
{{columns-list|2|
*[[Atrial flutter#Causes|Atrial flutter]]
*[[Alcoholism|Alcohol overdose]]
*[[Atrial fibrillation#Causes|Atrial fibrillation]]
*[[Alcohol withdrawal]]
*[[Multifocal atrial tachycardia#Causes|Multifocal atrial tachycardia]]
*[[Anemia]]
*[[Anxiety]]
*[[Beta blockers|Beta blockers toxicity]]
*[[Caffeine]]
*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
*[[Cocaine|Cocaine overdose]]
*[[Congenital heart disease]]
*[[Dehydration]]
*[[Digitalis toxicity]]
*[[Fever]]
*[[Heart failure]]
*[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Hypoglycemia]]
*[[Hypokalemia]]
*[[Hypoxia]]
*[[Mitral valve prolapse]]
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
*[[Myocarditis]]
*[[Nicotine]]
*[[Pain]]
*[[Pericarditis]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Salbutamol]]
*[[Sepsis]]
*[[Tricyclic antidepressant overdose]]
}}


===SVTs from an Atrioventricular Source===
===Causes by Organ System===
*[[AV nodal reentrant tachycardia#Causes|AV nodal reentrant tachycardia]]
*[[AV reentrant tachycardia#Causes|AV reentrant tachycardia]]
*[[Junctional tachycardia#Causes|Junctional tachycardia]]


==Combined List of Causes==
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
===Inappropriate sinus tachycardia===
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
* The cause is unknown
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Air embolism]], [[amyloidosis]], [[aortic regurgitation]], [[aortic stenosis]], [[arteriovenous fistula]], [[atrial infarction|atrial ischemia]], [[atrial myxoma]], [[atrial septal defect]], [[cardiac tamponade]], [[cardiac tumors]], [[cardiomyopathy]], [[The heart in Chagas' disease|Chagas heart disease]], [[congestive heart failure]], [[constrictive pericarditis]], [[coronary artery bypass graft surgery]], [[coronary artery disease]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[Ebstein's anomaly]], [[endocarditis]], [[familial atrial fibrillation]], [[familial atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia]], [[heart bypass surgery]], [[heart failure]], [[hemochromatosis]], [[holiday heart syndrome]], [[hypertensive heart disease]], [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[hypokalemia]], [[hypotension]], [[hypoxia]], [[ischemic heart disease]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[left ventricular hypertrophy]], [[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]], [[Long QT Syndrome classification#LQT4|LQT type 4]], [[Lutembacher syndrome]], [[Mahaim fibers|mahaim fiber tachycardia]], [[mitral regurgitation]], [[mitral valve stenosis]], [[myocardial infarction]], [[myocarditis]], [[coxsackie A virus#Diseases|neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]], [[open heart surgery]], [[pericarditis]], [[peripartum cardiomyopathy]], [[cardiac surgery|post cardiac surgery]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[rheumatic heart disease]], [[shock]], [[sick sinus syndrome]], [[stroke]], [[temporary cardiac pacing]], [[tricuspid regurgitation]], [[tricuspid stenosis]], [[unstable angina]], [[uremic pericarditis]], [[valvular heart disease]], [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
* This is a diagnosis of exclusion after all the causes of sinus tachycardia have been excluded.
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Breath spray]], [[carbon monoxide poisoning]], [[cyanide]], [[grayanotoxin]], [[mercury poisoning]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Psoriatic arthritis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Albuterol]], [[alprazolam]], [[amiodarone]], [[amphetamines]], [[amrinone]], [[atomoxetine]], [[atropine]], [[beta blockers]], [[caffeine]], [[carbamazepine#Adverse effects|carbamazepine poisoning]], [[cimetidine]], [[clonidine]], [[conivaptan]], [[diazoxide]], [[cyanide poisoning#Treatment of poisoning and antidotes|dicobalt edetate]], [[diltiazem]], [[disopyramide]], [[dobutamine]], [[docetaxel]], [[dopexamine]], [[doxapram]], [[doxorubicin]], [[ephedrine]], [[epirubicin]], [[fentanyl]], [[flecainide]], [[flumazenil]], [[fluvoxamine]], [[guanethidine]], [[hexamethonium]], [[hydralazine]], [[ibutilide]], [[isoprenaline]], [[isoproterenol infusion]], [[lithium]], [[methamphetamines]], [[methyldopa]], [[methylphenidate]], [[methysergide]], [[minoxidil]], [[nelarabine]], [[nicotine]], [[orlistat]], [[palonosetron]], [[paroxetine]], [[phenoxybenzamine]], [[phentolamine]], [[porfimer sodium]], [[pramipexole]], [[procainamide]], [[propafenone]], [[quinidine]], [[ramucirumab]], [[reserpine]], [[ritodrine]], [[romidepsin]], [[salbutamol]], [[salmeterol]], [[sargramostim]], [[sibutramine]], [[theophylline]], [[trimethaphan]], [[antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ia agents|type Ia antiarrhythmic agents]], [[antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ic agents|type Ic antiarrhythmic agents]], [[antiarrhythmic agent#Class III agents|type III antiarrhythmic agents]], [[verapamil]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amyloidosis]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[fatigue]], [[hemochromatosis]], [[hyperthyroidism]], [[hypoglycemia]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[pheochromocytoma]], [[thyrotoxicosis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Crohn's disease]], [[hemochromatosis]], [[ulcerative colitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Channelopaties]], [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]], [[hemochromatosis]], [[Long QT Syndrome classification#LQT4|LQT type 4]], [[muscular dystrophy]], [[myotonic dystrophy]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anemia]], [[fat embolism]], [[fatigue]], [[hemochromatosis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cardiac surgery]], [[cardiac transplantation]], [[catheter ablation|incomplete ablation procedures]], [[cardiac surgery|post cardiac surgery]], [[postoperative complication]], [[surgery]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amoebiasis]], [[The heart in Chagas' disease|chagas heart disease]], [[diphtheria]], [[fever]], [[leptospirosis]], [[Lyme disease]], [[myocarditis]], [[myotonic dystrophy]], [[coxsackie A virus#Diseases|neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[salmonella|salmonella typhosa]], [[sepsis]], [[trichinosis]], [[viral infections]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]], [[fat embolism]], [[hemochromatosis]], [[muscular dystrophy]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[diabetic neuropathy|Diabetic autonomic neuropathy]], [[fat embolism]], [[fatigue]], [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]], [[obstructive sleep apnea]], [[stroke]], [[subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dehydration]], [[hypercapnia]], [[hypervitaminosis D]], [[hypokalemia]], [[hypomagnesemia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[hydrops fetalis|nonimmune hydrops fetalis]], [[peripartum cardiomyopathy]], [[pregnancy]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[atrial myxoma]], [[bronchogenic carcinoma]], [[cardiac tumors]], [[fatigue]], [[lung cancer]], [[pheochromocytoma]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[alcoholism|Alcohol overdose]], [[alcohol withdrawal]], [[aminophylline|aminophylline toxicity]], [[binge drinking]], [[carbamazepine#Adverse effects|carbamazepine poisoning]], [[cocaine|cocaine overdose]], [[digitalis toxicity]], [[salicylate poisoning]], [[tricyclic antidepressant overdose]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anxiety]], [[bulimia nervosa]], [[fatigue]], [[panic disorder]], [[psychological stress]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Air embolism]], [[bronchogenic carcinoma]], [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], [[emphysema]], [[fat embolism]], [[hypoxia]], [[lung cancer]], [[pneumonia]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[tension pneumothorax]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic kidney disease]], [[chronic renal failure]], [[dehydration]], [[electrolyte disturbance]], [[renal insufficiency]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amyloidosis]], [[ankylosing spondylitis]], [[collagen vascular disease]], [[juvenile idiopathic arthritis]], [[psoriatic arthritis]], [[reactive arthritis]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[rheumatic heart disease]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[scleroderma]], [[spondyloarthritis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[commotio cordis|Cardiac injury from blunt trauma]], [[drowning]], [[electric shock]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Binge drinking]], [[drowning]], [[fever]], [[hypothermia]], [[malignant hyperthermia]], [[pain]], [[stress]]
|-
|}


===Sinus tachycardia===
===Combined List of Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{columns-list|
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Air embolism]]
*[[Air embolism]]
*[[Alcohol]]
*[[Albuterol]]
*[[Alcoholism|Alcohol overdose]]
*[[Alcohol withdrawal]]
*[[Alcohol withdrawal]]
*[[Alprazolam]]
*[[Alprazolam]]
*[[Aminophylline]]
*[[Aminophylline|Aminophylline toxicity]]
*[[Amiodarone]]
*[[Amoebiasis]]
*[[Amphetamines]]
*[[Amphetamines]]
*[[Amrinone]]
*[[Amrinone]]
*[[Amyloidosis]]
*[[Anemia]]
*[[Anemia]]
*[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
*[[Anxiety]]
*[[Anxiety]]
*[[Aortic regurgitation]]
*[[Aortic stenosis]]
*[[Arteriovenous fistula]]
*[[Arteriovenous fistula]]
*[[Atomoxetine]]
*[[Atomoxetine]]
*[[atrial infarction|Atrial ischemia]]
*[[Atrial myxoma]]
*[[Atrial septal defect]]
*[[Atropine]]
*[[Atropine]]
*[[Beta blockers]]
*[[Binge drinking]]
*[[Breath spray]]
*[[Bronchogenic carcinoma]]
*[[Bulimia nervosa]]
*[[Bulimia nervosa]]
*[[Caffeine]]
*[[Caffeine]]
*[[Carbamazepine#Adverse effects|Carbamazepine poisoning]]
*[[Carbamazepine#Adverse effects|Carbamazepine poisoning]]
*[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
*[[Commotio cordis|Cardiac injury from blunt trauma]]
*[[Commotio cordis|Cardiac injury from blunt trauma]]
*[[Cardiac surgery]]
*[[Cardiac tamponade]]
*[[Cardiac tamponade]]
*[[Cardiac transplantation]]
*[[Cardiac tumors]]
*[[Cardiomyopathy]]
*[[The heart in Chagas' disease|Chagas heart disease]]
*[[The heart in Chagas' disease|Chagas heart disease]]
*[[Channelopaties]]
*[[Chronic kidney disease]]
*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
*[[Cocaine]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]]
*[[Cimetidine]]
*[[Clonidine]]
*[[Cocaine|Cocaine overdose]]
*[[Collagen vascular disease]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
*[[Conivaptan]]
*[[Constrictive pericarditis]]
*[[Coronary artery bypass graft surgery]]
*[[Coronary artery disease]]
*[[Crohn's disease]]
*[[Cyanide]]
*[[Cyanide]]
*[[Dehydration]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
*[[Diabetic neuropathy|Diabetic autonomic neuropathy]]
*[[Diazoxide]]
*[[Cyanide poisoning#Treatment of poisoning and antidotes|Dicobalt edetate]]
*[[Digitalis toxicity]]
*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Diltiazem]]
*[[Diphtheria]]
*[[Disopyramide]]
*[[Dobutamine]]
*[[Docetaxel]]
*[[Dopexamine]]
*[[Doxapram]]
*[[Doxorubicin]]
*[[Drowning]]
*[[Ebstein's anomaly]]
*[[Electric shock]]
*[[Electrolyte disturbance]]
*[[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]]
*[[Emphysema]]
*[[Endocarditis]]
*[[Ephedrine]]
*[[Epirubicin]]
*[[Familial atrial fibrillation ]]
*[[Familial atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia]]
*[[Fat embolism]]
*[[Fatigue]]
*[[Fentanyl]]
*[[Fever]]
*[[Flecainide]]
*[[Flumazenil]]
*[[Fluvoxamine]]
*[[Grayanotoxin]]
*[[Guanethidine]]
*[[Guillain-Barré syndrome]]
*[[Heart bypass surgery]]
*[[Heart failure]]
*[[Hemochromatosis]]
*[[Hexamethonium]]
*[[Holiday heart syndrome]]
*[[Hydralazine]]
*[[Hypercapnia]]
*[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Hypervitaminosis D]]
*[[Hypoglycemia]]
*[[Hypokalemia]]
*[[Hypomagnesemia]]
*[[Hypotension]]
*[[Hypothermia]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Hypoxia]]
*[[Ibutilide]]
*[[Catheter ablation|Incomplete ablation procedures]]
*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
*[[Isoprenaline]]
*[[Isoproterenol|Isoproterenol infusion]]
*[[The heart in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis#3. Systemic onset of juvenile idiopathic arthritis|Juvenile idiopathic arthritis]]
*[[Kawasaki disease]]
*[[Left ventricular hypertrophy]]
*[[Leptospirosis]]
*[[Lithium]]
*[[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]]
*[[Long QT Syndrome classification#LQT4|LQT type 4]]
*[[Lung cancer]]
*[[Lutembacher syndrome]]
*[[Lyme disease]]
*[[Mahaim fibers|Mahaim fiber tachycardia]]
*[[Malignant hyperthermia]]
*[[Mercury poisoning]]
*[[Methamphetamines]]
*[[Methyldopa]]
*[[Methylphenidate]]
*[[Methysergide]]
*[[Minoxidil]]
*[[Mitral regurgitation]]
*[[Mitral valve stenosis]]
*[[Muscular dystrophy]]
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
*[[Myocarditis]]
*[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
*[[Nelarabine]]
*[[Coxsackie A virus#Diseases|Neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]]
*[[Nicotine]]
*[[Hydrops fetalis|Nonimmune hydrops fetalis]]
*[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
*[[Open heart surgery]]
*[[Orlistat]]
*[[Pain]]
*[[Palonosetron]]
*[[Panic disorder]]
*[[Paroxetine]]
*[[Pericarditis]]
*[[Peripartum cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Phenoxybenzamine]]
*[[Phentolamine]]
*[[Pheochromocytoma]]
*[[Pneumonia]]
*[[Pneumonia]]
*[[Pneumonia]]
*[[Porfimer sodium]]
*[[Cardiac surgery|Post cardiac surgery]]
*[[Postoperative complication]]
*[[Pramipexole]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Procainamide]]
*[[Propafenone]]
*[[Psoriatic arthritis]]
*[[Psychological stress]]
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
*[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
*[[Quinidine]]
*[[Ramucirumab]]
*[[Reactive arthritis]]
*[[Renal insufficiency]]
*[[Reserpine]]
*[[Rheumatic fever]]
*[[Rheumatic heart disease]]
*[[Ritodrine]]
*[[Romidepsin]]
*[[Salbutamol]]
*[[Salicylate poisoning]]
*[[Salmeterol]]
*[[Salmonella|Salmonella typhosa]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[Sargramostim]]
*[[Scleroderma]]
*[[Sepsis]]
*[[Shock]]
*[[Sibutramine]]
*[[Sick sinus syndrome]]
*[[Spondyloarthritis]]
*[[Stress]]
*[[Stroke]]
*[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
*[[Surgery]]
*[[Temporary cardiac pacing]]
*[[Tension pneumothorax]]
*[[Theophylline]]
*[[Thyrotoxicosis]]
*[[Trichinosis ]]
*[[Tricuspid regurgitation]]
*[[Tricuspid stenosis]]
*[[Tricyclic antidepressant overdose]]
*[[Trimethaphan]]
*[[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ia agents|Type Ia antiarrhythmic agents]]
*[[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ic agents|Type Ic antiarrhythmic agents]]
*[[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class III agents|Type III antiarrhythmic agents]]
*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
*[[Unstable angina]]
*[[Uremic pericarditis]]
*[[Valvular heart disease]]
*[[Verapamil]]
*[[Viral infections]]
*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
}}
==Causes Based on Pathophysiologic Origin==
===SVTs from a Sinoatrial Source===
====Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia====
The cause of inappropriate sinus tachycardia is unknown.  It is a diagnosis of exclusion after all the specific physiological and psychological triggers of [[sinus tachycardia]] have been excluded.  The diagnosis of IST is based on the presence of a persistent and recurrent sinus tachycardia on EKG that is otherwise unexplainable.
====Sinus Tachycardia====
{{columns-list|
*[[Air embolism]]
*[[Alcoholism|Alcohol overdose]]
*[[Alcohol withdrawal]]
*[[Alprazolam]]
*[[Aminophylline|Aminophylline toxicity]]
*[[Amphetamines|Amphetamine toxicity]]
*[[Amrinone]]
*[[Anemia]]
*[[Anxiety]]
*[[Arteriovenous fistula]]
*[[Atomoxetine]]
*[[Atropine]]
*[[Bulimia nervosa]]
*[[Caffeine]]
*[[Carbamazepine#Adverse effects|Carbamazepine poisoning]]
*[[Commotio cordis|Cardiac injury from blunt trauma]]
*[[Cardiac tamponade]]
*[[The heart in Chagas' disease|Chagas heart disease]]
*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
*[[Cocaine|Cocaine overdose]]
*[[Cyanide|Cyanide poisoning]]
*[[Dehydration]]
*[[Dehydration]]
*[[Diabetic neuropathy|Diabetic autonomic neuropathy]]
*[[Diabetic neuropathy|Diabetic autonomic neuropathy]]
Line 58: Line 432:
*[[Dobutamine]]
*[[Dobutamine]]
*[[Docetaxel]]
*[[Docetaxel]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Dopexamine]]
*[[Dopexamine]]
*[[Doxapram]]
*[[Doxapram]]
Line 86: Line 459:
*[[Mercury poisoning]]
*[[Mercury poisoning]]
*[[Methylphenidate]]
*[[Methylphenidate]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Methysergide]]
*[[Methysergide]]
*[[Minoxidil]]
*[[Minoxidil]]
Line 114: Line 486:
*[[Trimethaphan]]
*[[Trimethaphan]]
*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
{{col-end}}
}}


===Sinoatrial nodal reentry tachycardia===
====Sinoatrial Nodal Reentry Tachycardia====
*[[Congenital heart disease]]
*[[Congenital heart disease]]
*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
Line 122: Line 494:
*[[Valvular heart disease]]
*[[Valvular heart disease]]


===Focal atrial tachycardia===
===SVTs from an Atrial Source===
====Focal Atrial Tachycardia====
*[[Stroke|Acute stroke]]   
*[[Stroke|Acute stroke]]   
*[[Albuterol]]  
*[[Albuterol]]  
Line 137: Line 510:
*[[Theophylline]]
*[[Theophylline]]


===Atrial flutter===
====Atrial Flutter====
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{columns-list|
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Alcoholism|Alcohol overdose]]
*[[Alcohol]]
*[[Amoebiasis]]
*[[Amoebiasis]]
*[[Amphetamines]]
*[[Amphetamines|Amphetamine toxicity]]
*[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
*[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
*[[Anxiety]]
*[[Anxiety]]
Line 148: Line 520:
*[[Aortic stenosis]]
*[[Aortic stenosis]]
*[[Atrial myxoma]]
*[[Atrial myxoma]]
*[[Binge drinking]]
*[[Caffeine]]
*[[Caffeine]]
*[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
*[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
*[[Cardiac surgery]]
*[[Cardiac surgery]]
*[[Cardiac transplantation]]
*[[Cardiac transplantation]]
*[[Cardiomyopathy natural history, complications and prognosis|Cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
*[[Cocaine]]
*[[Cocaine|Cocaine overdose]]
*[[Congenital heart disease]]
*[[Congenital heart disease]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
Line 164: Line 534:
*[[Disopyramide]]
*[[Disopyramide]]
*[[Emphysema]]
*[[Emphysema]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Flecainide]]
*[[Flecainide]]
*[[Heart bypass surgery]]
*[[Heart bypass surgery]]
*[[Holiday heart syndrome]]
*[[Holiday heart syndrome]]
*[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
*[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism history and symptoms|Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Hypoxia]]
*[[Hypoxia]]
Line 175: Line 544:
*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
*[[The heart in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis#3. Systemic onset of juvenile idiopathic arthritis|Juvenile idiopathic arthritis]]
*[[The heart in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis#3. Systemic onset of juvenile idiopathic arthritis|Juvenile idiopathic arthritis]]
*[[Lithium]]
*[[Lithium|Lithium toxicity]]
*[[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]]
*[[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]]
*[[Lung cancer]]
*[[Lung cancer]]
Line 181: Line 550:
*[[Mitral valve prolapse]]
*[[Mitral valve prolapse]]
*[[Mitral valve stenosis]]
*[[Mitral valve stenosis]]
*[[ST elevation myocardial infarction complications|Myocardial infarction]]
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
*[[Myocardial ischemia]]
*[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
*[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
*[[Coxsackie A virus#Diseases|Neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]]
*[[Coxsackie A virus#Diseases|Neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]]
Line 189: Line 557:
*[[Open heart surgery]]
*[[Open heart surgery]]
*[[Orlistat]]
*[[Orlistat]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Pericarditis]]
*[[Pericarditis]]
*[[Pheochromocytoma]]
*[[Pheochromocytoma]]
Line 196: Line 563:
*[[Propafenone]]
*[[Propafenone]]
*[[Psoriatic arthritis]]
*[[Psoriatic arthritis]]
*[[Pulmonary embolism natural history, complications and prognosis|Pulmonary embolism]]
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
*[[Quinidine]]
*[[Quinidine]]
*[[Reactive arthritis]]
*[[Reactive arthritis]]
Line 208: Line 575:
*[[Temporary cardiac pacing]]
*[[Temporary cardiac pacing]]
*[[Thyrotoxicosis]]
*[[Thyrotoxicosis]]
*[[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ia agents|Type Ia antiarrhythmic agents]]
*[[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ia agents|Type IA antiarrhythmic agents]]
*[[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ic agents|Type Ic antiarrhythmic agents]]
*[[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ic agents|Type IC antiarrhythmic agents]]
*[[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class III agents|Type III antiarrhythmic agents]]
*[[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class III agents|Type III antiarrhythmic agents]]
*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
{{col-end}}
}}


===Atrial fibrillation===
====Atrial Fibrillation====
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{columns-list|
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Alcoholism|Alcohol overdose]]
*[[Alcohol]]
*[[Alcohol withdrawal]]
*[[Alcohol withdrawal]]
*[[atrial infarction|Atrial ischemia]]  
*[[atrial infarction|Atrial ischemia]]  
Line 227: Line 593:
*[[Caffeine]]
*[[Caffeine]]
*[[Cardiac tumors]]
*[[Cardiac tumors]]
*[[Cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Channelopaties]]  
*[[Channelopaties]]  
*[[Chronic kidney disease]]
*[[Chronic kidney disease]]
*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
*[[Cocaine]]
*[[Cocaine|Cocaine overdose]]
*[[Collagen vascular disease]]
*[[Collagen vascular disease]]
*[[Congenital heart disease]]
*[[Congenital heart disease]]
Line 240: Line 605:
*[[Coronary artery disease]]
*[[Coronary artery disease]]
*[[Dehydration]]
*[[Dehydration]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Diabetes]]
*[[Diabetes]]
*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
Line 247: Line 611:
*[[Familial atrial fibrillation ]]
*[[Familial atrial fibrillation ]]
*[[Fatigue]]
*[[Fatigue]]
*[[Heart failure]]
*[[Hemochromatosis]]
*[[Hemochromatosis]]
*[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
*[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
Line 255: Line 618:
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Hypoxia]]
*[[Hypoxia]]
*[[Left ventricular hypertrophy]]
*[[Lung cancer]]
*[[Lutembacher syndrome]]
*[[Lutembacher syndrome]]
*[[Methamphetamines]]
*[[Methamphetamine|Methamphetamine toxicity]]
*[[Mitral regurgitation]]
*[[Mitral regurgitation]]
*[[Mitral stenosis]]
*[[Mitral stenosis]]
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
*[[Myocarditis]]
*[[Myocarditis]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
*[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
*[[Pericarditis]]  
*[[Pericarditis]]  
Line 273: Line 633:
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
*[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
*[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
*[[Renal insufficiency]]
*[[Rheumatic heart disease]]
*[[Rheumatic heart disease]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[Stroke]]
*[[Stroke]]
*[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
*[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
*[[Surgery]]
*[[Cardiac surgery|Post cardiac surgery]]
*[[Tricuspid regurgitation]]
*[[Tricuspid regurgitation]]
*[[Tricuspid stenosis]]
*[[Tricuspid stenosis]]
Line 285: Line 644:
*[[Valvular heart disease]]
*[[Valvular heart disease]]
*[[Viral infections]]
*[[Viral infections]]
{{col-end}}
}}


===Multifocal atrial tachycardia===
====Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia====
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{columns-list|2|
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Aminophylline|Aminophylline toxicity]]
*[[Aminophylline|Aminophylline toxicity]]
*[[Pneumonia]]
*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]]
Line 299: Line 656:
*[[Hypokalemia]]
*[[Hypokalemia]]
*[[Hypomagnesemia]]
*[[Hypomagnesemia]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Hypoxia]]  
*[[Hypoxia]]  
*[[Isoproterenol]]  
*[[Isoproterenol|Isoproterenol infusion]]  
*[[Lung cancer]]  
*[[Lung cancer]]  
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
*[[Pneumonia]]
*[[Postoperative complication]]
*[[Postoperative complication]]
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
*[[Sepsis]]
*[[Sepsis]]
*[[Valvular heart disease]]
*[[Valvular heart disease]]
{{col-end}}
}}


===AV nodal reentrant tachycardia===
===SVTs from an Atrioventricular Source===
====AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia====
*[[Familial atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia]]
*[[Familial atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia]]
*[[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]]
*[[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]]
Line 317: Line 675:
*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]


===AV reentrant tachycardia===
====AV Reentrant Tachycardia====
*[[Ebstein's anomaly]]
*[[Ebstein anomaly]]
*[[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]]
*[[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]]
*[[Mahaim fibers|Mahaim fiber tachycardia]]
*[[Mahaim fibers|Mahaim fiber tachycardia]]
*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]


===Junctional tachycardia===
====Junctional Tachycardia====
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{columns-list|2|
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Amiodarone]]
*[[Amiodarone]]
*[[Amyloidosis]]
*[[Amyloidosis]]
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*[[Hypokalemia]]
*[[Hypokalemia]]
*[[Hypothermia]]
*[[Hypothermia]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Hypoxia]]
*[[Hypoxia]]
Line 363: Line 719:
*[[Verapamil]]
*[[Verapamil]]
*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
{{col-end}}
}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


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[[Category:Arrhythmia]]
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[[Category:Disease]]
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Latest revision as of 23:02, 10 January 2020

Supraventricular tachycardia Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Among the Different Types of Supraventricular Tachycardia

Differentiating Supraventricular Tachycardia from Ventricular Tachycardia

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

EKG Examples

Chest X Ray

Echocardiography

Cardiac Catheterization

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

2015 ACC/AHA Guideline Recommendations

Acute Treatment of SVT of Unknown Mechanism
Ongoing Management of SVT of Unknown Mechanism
Ongoing Management of IST
Acute Treatment of Suspected Focal Atrial Tachycardia
Acute Treatment of Multifocal Atria Tachycardia
Ongoing Management of Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia
Acute Treatment of AVNRT
Ongoing Management of AVNRT
Acute Treatment of Orthodromic AVRT
Ongoing Management of Orthodromic AVRT
Asymptomatic Patients With Pre-Excitation
Management of Symptomatic Patients With Manifest Accessory Pathways
Acute Treatment of Atrial Flutter
Ongoing Management of Atrial Flutter
Acute Treatment of Junctional Tachycardia
Ongoing Management of Junctional Tachycardia
Acute Treatment of SVT in ACHD Patients
Ongoing Management of SVT in ACHD Patients
Acute Treatment of SVT in Pregnant Patients
Acute Treatment and Ongoing Management of SVT in Older Population

Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Supraventricular tachycardia causes On the Web

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Risk calculators and risk factors for Supraventricular tachycardia causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ayokunle Olubaniyi, M.B,B.S [2] Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [3]

Overview

Supraventricular tachycardia is a collective term used to describe all the tachycardias originating from the SA node, atrium and AV node. Therefore, the causes depend on the source of the pathology, and they are as follows:

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

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Common Causes

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Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Air embolism, amyloidosis, aortic regurgitation, aortic stenosis, arteriovenous fistula, atrial ischemia, atrial myxoma, atrial septal defect, cardiac tamponade, cardiac tumors, cardiomyopathy, Chagas heart disease, congestive heart failure, constrictive pericarditis, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, coronary artery disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, Ebstein's anomaly, endocarditis, familial atrial fibrillation, familial atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia, heart bypass surgery, heart failure, hemochromatosis, holiday heart syndrome, hypertensive heart disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hypokalemia, hypotension, hypoxia, ischemic heart disease, Kawasaki disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome, LQT type 4, Lutembacher syndrome, mahaim fiber tachycardia, mitral regurgitation, mitral valve stenosis, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, neonatal coxsackie myocarditis, open heart surgery, pericarditis, peripartum cardiomyopathy, post cardiac surgery, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, rheumatic heart disease, shock, sick sinus syndrome, stroke, temporary cardiac pacing, tricuspid regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis, unstable angina, uremic pericarditis, valvular heart disease, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
Chemical/Poisoning Breath spray, carbon monoxide poisoning, cyanide, grayanotoxin, mercury poisoning
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Psoriatic arthritis
Drug Side Effect Albuterol, alprazolam, amiodarone, amphetamines, amrinone, atomoxetine, atropine, beta blockers, caffeine, carbamazepine poisoning, cimetidine, clonidine, conivaptan, diazoxide, dicobalt edetate, diltiazem, disopyramide, dobutamine, docetaxel, dopexamine, doxapram, doxorubicin, ephedrine, epirubicin, fentanyl, flecainide, flumazenil, fluvoxamine, guanethidine, hexamethonium, hydralazine, ibutilide, isoprenaline, isoproterenol infusion, lithium, methamphetamines, methyldopa, methylphenidate, methysergide, minoxidil, nelarabine, nicotine, orlistat, palonosetron, paroxetine, phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine, porfimer sodium, pramipexole, procainamide, propafenone, quinidine, ramucirumab, reserpine, ritodrine, romidepsin, salbutamol, salmeterol, sargramostim, sibutramine, theophylline, trimethaphan, type Ia antiarrhythmic agents, type Ic antiarrhythmic agents, type III antiarrhythmic agents, verapamil
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Amyloidosis, diabetes mellitus, fatigue, hemochromatosis, hyperthyroidism, hypoglycemia, hypothyroidism, pheochromocytoma, thyrotoxicosis
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Crohn's disease, hemochromatosis, ulcerative colitis
Genetic Channelopaties, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, hemochromatosis, LQT type 4, muscular dystrophy, myotonic dystrophy
Hematologic Anemia, fat embolism, fatigue, hemochromatosis
Iatrogenic Cardiac surgery, cardiac transplantation, incomplete ablation procedures, post cardiac surgery, postoperative complication, surgery
Infectious Disease Amoebiasis, chagas heart disease, diphtheria, fever, leptospirosis, Lyme disease, myocarditis, myotonic dystrophy, neonatal coxsackie myocarditis, rheumatic fever, salmonella typhosa, sepsis, trichinosis, viral infections
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, fat embolism, hemochromatosis, muscular dystrophy
Neurologic Diabetic autonomic neuropathy, fat embolism, fatigue, Guillain-Barré syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage
Nutritional/Metabolic Dehydration, hypercapnia, hypervitaminosis D, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia
Obstetric/Gynecologic nonimmune hydrops fetalis, peripartum cardiomyopathy, pregnancy
Oncologic atrial myxoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, cardiac tumors, fatigue, lung cancer, pheochromocytoma
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity Alcohol overdose, alcohol withdrawal, aminophylline toxicity, binge drinking, carbamazepine poisoning, cocaine overdose, digitalis toxicity, salicylate poisoning, tricyclic antidepressant overdose
Psychiatric Anxiety, bulimia nervosa, fatigue, panic disorder, psychological stress
Pulmonary Air embolism, bronchogenic carcinoma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, fat embolism, hypoxia, lung cancer, pneumonia, sarcoidosis, tension pneumothorax
Renal/Electrolyte Chronic kidney disease, chronic renal failure, dehydration, electrolyte disturbance, renal insufficiency
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Amyloidosis, ankylosing spondylitis, collagen vascular disease, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, spondyloarthritis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Cardiac injury from blunt trauma, drowning, electric shock
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Binge drinking, drowning, fever, hypothermia, malignant hyperthermia, pain, stress

Combined List of Causes in Alphabetical Order

Causes Based on Pathophysiologic Origin

SVTs from a Sinoatrial Source

Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia

The cause of inappropriate sinus tachycardia is unknown. It is a diagnosis of exclusion after all the specific physiological and psychological triggers of sinus tachycardia have been excluded. The diagnosis of IST is based on the presence of a persistent and recurrent sinus tachycardia on EKG that is otherwise unexplainable.

Sinus Tachycardia

Sinoatrial Nodal Reentry Tachycardia

SVTs from an Atrial Source

Focal Atrial Tachycardia

Atrial Flutter

Atrial Fibrillation

Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia

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SVTs from an Atrioventricular Source

AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia

AV Reentrant Tachycardia

Junctional Tachycardia

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References

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