Pericardial effusion causes: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 12:42, 9 March 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [2]; Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3]; Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S., Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk, MD [4]

Overview

Pericardial effusion can be classified into serous, bloody and chylous effusions based on the composition of the effusion fluid. Infections and inflammation usually cause serous effusion while bloody effusions are as a result of trauma to the heart. Though iatrogenic causes and infections are the common etiologies, pericardial disease may also be a feature of other disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease. Aortic dissection or free wall rupture should also be considered in patients with unstable hemodynamics and pericardial tamponade.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Acute myocardial infarction, aortic dissection, aortic rupture, bacterial pericarditis, benign obstruction of thoracic duct, Cantu syndrome, capillary leak syndrome, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, constrictive pericarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, dissecting aortic aneurysm, Dressler's syndrome, hypersensitivity pericarditis with eosinophilia, hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia, Kawasaki disease, myocardial rupture, heart surgery, fungal pericarditis, pyogenic pericarditis, rheumatic pericarditis, tuberculous pericarditis, uremic pericarditis, ventricular aneurysm, viral pericarditis
Chemical / poisoning	Asbestosis, silicosis
Dermatologic	Behcet syndrome^[1], Cantu syndrome, hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia
Drug Side Effect	Anticoagulants, bleomycin,Bosutinib, certolizumab pegol, chemotherapy, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dantrolene, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, hydralazine, isoniazid, minoxidil, Oprelvekin, penicillin, phenylbutazone, phenytoin, procainamide, Sargramostim, sirolimus
Ear Nose Throat	Temporal arteritis^[2]
Endocrine	Addisonian crisis, hypothyroidism, myxedema
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Acute pancreatitis, cirrhosis, inflammatory bowel disease, Whipple's
Genetic	Cantu syndrome, congenital disorders of glycosylation, Gaucher disease, hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia, Jacobs arthropathy-camptodactyly syndrome, Mulibrey nanism syndrome, recurrent hereditary polyserositis
Hematologic	Coagulopathy, leukemia, lymphoma
Iatrogenic	Cardiac catheterization, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, cathether ablation for arrhythmias, coronary artery bypass grafting, dialysis, heart surgery, percutaneous coronary intervention, postpericardiotomy syndrome, radiation, TAVI, thoracic surgery, valvuloplasty
Infectious Disease	Actinomycosis, adenovirus, alveolar hydatid disease, amebiasis, aspergillus, blastomycosis, borrelia, brucellosis, candida, coccidiomycosis, coxsackie B Virus, cytomegalovirus, Ebstein-Barr virus, echinococcus, echovirus, entamoeba histolytica, escherichia coli, francisella, fungal pericarditis, haemophilus influenza, hepatitis B, histoplasmosis, influenza, klebsiella, legionella, Lyme disease, meningococci, mumps, mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycoplasma pnuemonia, neisseria, nocardia, pneumococci, pneumonia, proteus, pseudomonas, pyogenic pericarditis, rheumatic fever, rickettsia, salmonella, scrub typhus, staphylococcus, streptococci, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, tuberculous pericarditis, tularemia, varicella, viral pericarditis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Cantu syndrome, hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic	Malnutrition, congenital disorders of glycosylation
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
Oncologic	Breast cancer, carcinoid, fibroma, Kaposi's sarcoma, leukemia, lung cancer, lymphoma, melanoma, mesothelioma, neoplasia that has spread to the pericardium, ovarian cancer, sarcoma, Sipple syndrome
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Bronchogenic cyst, lung cancer, pneumonia, sarcoidosis
Renal / Electrolyte	Nephrotic syndrome, renal failure, uremic pericarditis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Acute rheumatic fever, amyloidosis, ankylosing spondylitis, Behcet syndrome, collagen vascular disease, Dressler's syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, Kawasaki disease, mixed connective tissue disease, polyarteritis nodosa, polymyositis, Reiter's syndrome, rheumatic pericarditis, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, Still's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, temporal arteritis, Wegener's
Sexual	Neisseria gonorrhoeae^[3], treponema pallidum
Trauma	Blunt or penetrating chest trauma, esophageal rupture, esophogeal perforation, gastric perforation, pancreatic-pericardial fistula
Urologic	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Hypoalbuminemia, idiopathic, radiation

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

↑ Scarlett JA, Kistner ML, Yang LC (1979). "Behçet's syndrome. Report of a case associated with pericardial effusion and cryoglobulinemia treated with indomethacin". Am J Med. 66 (1): 146–8. PMID 420242.
↑ Garewal HS, Uhlmann RF, Bennett RM (1981). "Pericardial effusion in association with giant cell arteritis". West J Med. 134 (1): 71–2. PMC 1272467. PMID 7210667.
↑ Wilson J, Zaman AG, Simmons AV (1990). "Gonococcal arthritis complicated by acute pericarditis and pericardial effusion". Br Heart J. 63 (2): 134–5. PMC 1024342. PMID 2317408.

Template:WikiDoc Sources

[pmid420242-1] Scarlett JA, Kistner ML, Yang LC (1979). "Behçet's syndrome. Report of a case associated with pericardial effusion and cryoglobulinemia treated with indomethacin". Am J Med. 66 (1): 146–8. PMID 420242.

[pmid7210667-2] Garewal HS, Uhlmann RF, Bennett RM (1981). "Pericardial effusion in association with giant cell arteritis". West J Med. 134 (1): 71–2. PMC 1272467. PMID 7210667.

[pmid2317408-3] Wilson J, Zaman AG, Simmons AV (1990). "Gonococcal arthritis complicated by acute pericarditis and pericardial effusion". Br Heart J. 63 (2): 134–5. PMC 1024342. PMID 2317408.

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+__NOTOC__
 {{Pericardial effusion}}
-{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}; [[Varun Kumar]], M.B.B.S.
-==Causes of Pericardial Effusion Based Upon Composition of Effusion==
-=== Serous ===
-* [[Acute pancreatitis]]
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{M.P}}; {{CZ}}; [[Varun Kumar]], M.B.B.S., {{AIA}}
-* [[Chemotherapeutics]]
-* [[Chronic disease]]
-* [[Cirrhosis]]
-* [[Congestive heart failure]]
-* [[Dressler's syndrome]]
-* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
-* [[Hypothyroidism]]
-* [[Infection]]
-* [[Irradiation]]
-* [[Malnutrition]]
-* [[Nephrotic Syndrome]]
-=== Blood ===
+==Overview==
+Pericardial effusion can be classified into [[serous]], [[bleeding|bloody]] and [[chyle|chylous]] effusions based on the composition of the effusion fluid.  [[Infection]]s and [[inflammation]] usually cause serous effusion while bloody effusions are as a result of [[trauma]] to the heart.  Though [[iatrogenic]] causes and [[infection]]s are the common etiologies, pericardial disease may also be a feature of other disorders such as [[inflammatory bowel disease]].  [[Aortic dissection]] or [[free wall rupture]] should also be considered in patients with unstable hemodynamics and [[pericardial tamponade]].
-* [[STEMI|Acute myocardial infarction]]
+==Causes==
-* [[Anticoagulants]]
+===Life Threatening Causes===
-* [[chest trauma|Aortic rupture]]
+Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
-* [[Cardiac catheterization]]
+*[[Acute myocardial infarction]]
-* [[Chemotherapeutics]]
+*[[Aortic dissection]]
-* [[Coagulopathy]]
+*[[Aortic rupture]]
-* [[Heart surgery]]
+*[[Myocardial rupture]]
-* [[Neoplasm]]
+*[[ventricular aneurysm|Rupture of ventricular aneurysm]]
-* [[Perforation]]
+*[[Uremic pericarditis]]
-* [[Trauma]]
-* [[Uremia]]
-=== Lymph or Chylous ===
+===Common Causes===
+*[[Acute myocardial infarction]]
-* Benign obstruction of [[thoracic duct]]
+*[[Aortic dissection]]
-* [[Idiopathic]]
+*[[Aortic rupture]]
-* [[Neoplasm]]
+*[[Pericarditis|Bacterial pericarditis]]
+*[[Cardiac catheterization]]
-=== Metastatic Tumor ===
+*[[Cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Chemotherapy]]
-* [[Breast cancer]]
+*[[Chest trauma]]
-* [[Leukemia]]
+*[[Collagen vascular disease]]
-* [[Lung cancer]]
+*[[Congestive heart failure]]
-* [[Lymphoma]]
+*[[Dressler's syndrome]]
-* [[Pericarditis]]
+*[[Neoplasm]]
+*[[Postpericardiotomy syndrome]]
-=== Miscellaneous ===
+*[[Radiation injury|Postirradiation]]
+*[[Rheumatic fever|Rheumatic pericarditis]]
-* [[Cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Tuberculous pericarditis]]
-* [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]]
+*[[Uremic pericarditis]]
+*[[Pericarditis|Viral pericarditis]]
-=== Infectious===
-* [[Viral]]
-* [[Pyogenic]]
-* [[Tuberculosis | Tuberculous]]
-* [[Fungal]]
-* [[infection|Other infections]] ([[syphilitic]], [[protozoal]], [[parasitic]])
-* [[Pericarditis]]
-===Noninfectious===
-* [[Idiopathic]]
-* [[Uremia]]: [[Kidney failure]] with excessive blood levels of urea nitrogen
-* [[Heart surgery]]<ref>[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/pericardial-effusion/HQ01198 Pericardial effusion:What are the symptoms?], Dr. Martha Grogan M.D.</ref>
-* [[Neoplasia]] that has spread to the [[pericardium]]
-* [[Acute myocardial infarction]]: [[Dressler's syndrome|Post myocardial infarction pericarditis]] ([[Dressler's syndrome]])
-* [[Radiation therapy|Postirradiation]]
-* [[Aortic dissection]] (with leakage into [[pericardial sac]])
-* [[Trauma]]
-* [[Sarcoidosis]]
-* [[Pericarditis]]
-===Hypersensitivity or Autoimmunity Related===
-*[[Amyloid]]
-*[[Collagen vascular disease]]
-*[[Drug-induced]]
-*[[Lupus]]
-*[[Pericarditis]]
-*[[Rheumatic fever]]
 ===Causes by Organ System===
 {|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
 |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute myocardial infarction]], [[Aortic dissection]], [[Aortic rupture]], [[Bacterial pericarditis]], [[Benign obstruction of thoracic duct]], [[Capillary leak syndrome]], [[Cardiomyopathy]], [[Congestive heart failure]], [[Constrictive pericarditis]], [[Dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[Dissecting aortic aneurysm]], [[Dressler's syndrome]], [[Hypersensitivity pericarditis with eosinophilia]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[Myocardial rupture]], [[Pericarditis]], [[Ventricular aneurysm]], [[Cantu syndrome]], [[Hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia]], [[Heart surgery]], [[Fungal pericarditis]], [[Pyogenic pericarditis]], [[Tuberculous pericarditis]], [[Viral pericarditis]], [[Uremic pericarditis]], [[Rheumatic pericarditis]]
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute myocardial infarction]], [[aortic dissection]], [[aortic rupture]], [[pericarditis|bacterial pericarditis]], [[thoracic duct|benign obstruction of thoracic duct]], [[Cantu syndrome]], [[capillary leak syndrome]], [[cardiomyopathy]], [[congestive heart failure]], [[constrictive pericarditis]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[dissecting aortic aneurysm]], [[Dressler's syndrome]], [[pericarditis|hypersensitivity pericarditis with eosinophilia]], [[hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[myocardial rupture]], [[heart surgery]], [[pericarditis|fungal pericarditis]], [[pericarditis|pyogenic pericarditis]], [[rheumatic fever|rheumatic pericarditis]], [[tuberculous pericarditis]], [[uremic pericarditis]], [[ventricular aneurysm]], [[pericarditis|viral pericarditis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Chemical / poisoning'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Asbestosis]], [[Scorpion fish bite]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Asbestosis]], [[silicosis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Dermatologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Behcet syndrome]]<ref name="pmid420242">{{cite journal| author=Scarlett JA, Kistner ML, Yang LC| title=Behçet's syndrome. Report of a case associated with pericardial effusion and cryoglobulinemia treated with indomethacin. | journal=Am J Med | year= 1979 | volume= 66 | issue= 1 | pages= 146-8 | pmid=420242 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>, [[Cantu syndrome]], [[hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Drug Side Effect'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anticoagulants]], [[Chemotherapy]], [[Daunorubicin]], [[Doxorubicin]], [[Hydralazine]], [[Isoniazid]], [[Minoxidil]], [[Penicillins]], [[Phenytoin]], [[Procainamide]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anticoagulants]], [[bleomycin]],[[Bosutinib]], [[certolizumab pegol]], [[chemotherapy]], [[cyclophosphamide]], [[cytarabine]], [[dantrolene]], [[daunorubicin]], [[doxorubicin]], [[hydralazine]], [[isoniazid]], [[minoxidil]], [[Oprelvekin]], [[penicillin]], [[phenylbutazone]], [[phenytoin]], [[procainamide]], [[Sargramostim]], [[sirolimus]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Temporal arteritis]]<ref name="pmid7210667">{{cite journal| author=Garewal HS, Uhlmann RF, Bennett RM| title=Pericardial effusion in association with giant cell arteritis. | journal=West J Med | year= 1981 | volume= 134 | issue= 1 | pages= 71-2 | pmid=7210667 | doi= | pmc=PMC1272467 | url= }} </ref>
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Endocrine'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypothyroidism]], [[Myxedema]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Addisonian crisis]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[myxedema]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Environmental'''
@@ Line 110: / Line 68: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Gastroenterologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute pancreatitis]], [[Cirrhosis of liver]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute pancreatitis]], [[cirrhosis]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]], [[Whipple's]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Genetic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cantu syndrome]], [[Congenital disorders of glycosylation]], [[Hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cantu syndrome]], [[congenital disorders of glycosylation]], [[Gaucher disease]], [[hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia]], [[Jacobsen syndrome|Jacobs arthropathy-camptodactyly syndrome]], [[Mulibrey nanism|Mulibrey nanism syndrome]], [[recurrent hereditary polyserositis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Hematologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Coagulopathy]], [[Leukemia]], [[Lymphoma]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Coagulopathy]], [[leukemia]], [[lymphoma]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Iatrogenic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cardiac catheterization]], [[Dialysis]], [[Heart surgery]], [[Percutaneous interventional procedures]], [[Postirradiation]], [[Postpericardiotomy syndrome]], [[Radiation]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cardiac catheterization]], [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]], [[catheter ablation|cathether ablation for arrhythmias]], [[CABG|coronary artery bypass grafting]], [[dialysis]], [[heart surgery]], [[percutaneous coronary intervention]], [[postpericardiotomy syndrome]], [[radiation]], [[TAVI]], [[thoracic surgery]], [[valvuloplasty]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Infectious Disease'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Coccidiomycosis]], [[Fungal pericarditis]], [[Histoplasmosis]], [[Infection]], [[Legionella]], [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]], [[Neisseria]], [[Pneumococci]], [[Pyogenic pericarditis]], [[Rheumatic fever ]], [[Scrub typhus]], [[Staphylococci]], [[Streptococci]], [[Syphilis]], [[Tuberculous pericarditis]], [[Viral pericarditis]], [[Pneumonia]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Actinomycosis]], [[adenovirus]], [[hydatid cyst|alveolar hydatid disease]], [[amebiasis]], [[aspergillus]], [[blastomycosis]], [[borrelia]], [[brucellosis]], [[candida]], [[coccidiomycosis]], [[coxsackie B Virus]], [[cytomegalovirus]], [[Ebstein-Barr virus]], [[echinococcus]], [[echovirus]], [[entamoeba histolytica]], [[escherichia coli]], [[francisella]], [[pericarditis|fungal pericarditis]], [[haemophilus influenza]], [[hepatitis B]], [[histoplasmosis]], [[influenza]], [[klebsiella]], [[legionella]], [[Lyme disease]], [[meningococci]], [[mumps]], [[mycobacterium tuberculosis]], [[mycoplasma|mycoplasma pnuemonia]], [[neisseria]], [[nocardia]], [[pneumococci]], [[pneumonia]], [[proteus]], [[pseudomonas]], [[pericarditis|pyogenic pericarditis]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[rickettsia]], [[salmonella]], [[scrub typhus]], [[staphylococcus]], [[streptococci]], [[syphilis]], [[toxoplasmosis]], [[tuberculous pericarditis]], [[tularemia]], [[varicella]], [[pericarditis|viral pericarditis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cantu syndrome]], [[hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 138: / Line 96: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Malnutrition]], [[Congenital disorders of glycosylation]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Malnutrition]], [[congenital disorders of glycosylation]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 146: / Line 104: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Oncologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Kaposi sarcoma]], [[Lymphoma]], [[Neoplasia that has spread to the pericardium]], [[Leukemia]], [[Lung cancer]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Breast cancer]], [[carcinoid]], [[fibroma]], [[Kaposi's sarcoma]], [[leukemia]], [[lung cancer]], [[lymphoma]], [[melanoma]], [[mesothelioma]], [[cardiac tumors|neoplasia that has spread to the pericardium]], [[ovarian cancer]], [[sarcoma]], [[Sipple syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 162: / Line 120: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Pulmonary'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bronchogenic cyst]], [[Lung cancer]], [[Pneumonia]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bronchogenic cyst]], [[lung cancer]], [[pneumonia]], [[sarcoidosis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Nephrotic Syndrome ]], [[Renal failure]], [[Uremic pericarditis]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Nephrotic syndrome]], [[renal failure]], [[uremic pericarditis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amyloidosis]], [[Breast cancer]], [[Collagen vascular disease]], [[Lupus]], [[Rheumatic pericarditis]], [[Sarcoidosis]], [[Scleroderma]], [[Systemic lupus erythematosus ]], [[Dressler's syndrome]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[rheumatic fever|Acute rheumatic fever]], [[amyloidosis]], [[ankylosing spondylitis]], [[Behcet syndrome]], [[collagen vascular disease]], [[Dressler's syndrome]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[mixed connective tissue disease]], [[polyarteritis nodosa]], [[polymyositis]], [[Reiter's syndrome]], [[rheumatic fever|rheumatic pericarditis]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[scleroderma]], [[Still's disease]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[systemic sclerosis]], [[temporal arteritis]], [[Wegener's]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Sexual'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]<ref name="pmid2317408">{{cite journal| author=Wilson J, Zaman AG, Simmons AV| title=Gonococcal arthritis complicated by acute pericarditis and pericardial effusion. | journal=Br Heart J | year= 1990 | volume= 63 | issue= 2 | pages= 134-5 | pmid=2317408 | doi= | pmc=PMC1024342 | url= }} </ref>, [[treponema pallidum]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Trauma'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chest trauma]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[chest trauma|Blunt or penetrating chest trauma]], [[esophageal rupture]], [[esophageal rupture|esophogeal perforation]], [[perforation|gastric perforation]], [[fistula|pancreatic-pericardial fistula]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 190: / Line 148: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Miscellaneous'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypoalbuminemia]], [[Idiopathic]], [[Radiation]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypoalbuminemia]], [[idiopathic]], [[radiation]]
 |-
 |}
 ===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
 {{MultiCol}}
+*[[Actinomycosis]]
 *[[Acute myocardial infarction]]
 *[[Acute pancreatitis]]
+*[[rheumatic fever|Acute rheumatic fever]]
+*[[Addisonian crisis]]
+*[[Adenovirus]]
+*[[hydatid cyst|Alveolar hydatid disease]]
+*[[Amebiasis]]
 *[[Amyloidosis]]
+*[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
 *[[Anticoagulants]]
 *[[Aortic dissection]]
 *[[Aortic rupture]]
 *[[Asbestosis]]
-*[[Bacterial pericarditis]]
+*[[Aspergillus]]
-*[[Benign obstruction of thoracic duct]]
+*[[Pericarditis|Bacterial pericarditis]]
+*[[Behcet syndrome]]
+*[[Thoracic duct|Benign obstruction of thoracic duct]]
+*[[Blastomycosis]]
+*[[chest trauma|Blunt or penetrating chest trauma]]
+*[[Borrelia]]
 *[[Breast cancer]]
 *[[Bronchogenic cyst]]
+*[[Brucellosis]]
+*[[Candida]]
 *[[Cantu syndrome]]
 *[[Capillary leak syndrome]]
+*[[Carcinoid]]
 *[[Cardiac catheterization]]
 *[[Cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[Certolizumab pegol]]
 *[[Chemotherapy]]
-*[[Chest therapy]]
+*[[Chest trauma]]
 *[[Cirrhosis of liver]]
 *[[Coagulopathy]]
@@ Line 221: / Line 194: @@
 *[[Congestive heart failure]]
 *[[Constrictive pericarditis]]
+*[[CABG|Coronary artery bypass grafting]]
+*[[Coxsackie B Virus]]
+*[[Cyclophosphamide]]
+*[[Cytarabine]]
+*[[Cytomegalovirus]]
+*[[Dantrolene]]
 *[[Daunorubicin]]
 *[[Dialysis]]
@@ Line 227: / Line 206: @@
 *[[Doxorubicin]]
 *[[Dressler's syndrome]]
-*[[Fungal pericarditis]]
+*[[Ebstein-Barr virus]]
+*[[Echinococcus]]
+*[[Echovirus]]
+{{ColBreak}}
+*[[Entamoeba histolytica]]
+*[[Escherichia coli]]
+*[[Esophageal rupture]]
+*[[esophageal rupture|Esophogeal perforation]]
+*[[Fibroma]]
+*[[Francisella]]
+*[[pericarditis|Fungal pericarditis]]
+*[[perforation|Gastric perforation]]
+*[[Gaucher disease]]
+*[[Haemophilus influenza]]
 *[[Heart surgery]]
+*[[Hepatitis B]]
 *[[Histoplasmosis]]
 *[[Hydralazine]]
-*[[Hypersensitivity pericarditis with eosinophilia]]
+*[[pericarditis|Hypersensitivity pericarditis with eosinophilia]]
 *[[Hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia]]
 *[[Hypoalbuminemia]]
@@ Line 237: / Line 230: @@
 *[[Idiopathic]]
 *[[Infection]]
+*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
+*[[Influenza]]
 *[[Isoniazid]]
+*[[Jacobsen syndrome|Jacobs arthropathy-camptodactyly syndrome]]
 *[[Kaposi sarcoma]]
+*[[Kaposi's sarcoma]]
 *[[Kawasaki disease]]
-{{ColBreak}}
+*[[Klebsiella]]
 *[[Legionella]]
 *[[Leukemia]]
 *[[Lung cancer]]
 *[[Lupus]]
+*[[Lyme disease]]
 *[[Lymphoma]]
 *[[Malnutrition]]
+*[[Melanoma]]
+*[[Meningococci]]
+*[[Mesothelioma]]
 *[[Minoxidil]]
+*[[Mixed connective tissue disease]]
+*[[Mulibrey nanism|Mulibrey nanism syndrome]]
+*[[Mumps]]
 *[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]
+*[[mycoplasma|Mycoplasma pnuemonia]]
 *[[Myocardial rupture]]
 *[[Myxedema]]
 *[[Neisseria]]
-*[[Neoplasia that has spread to the pericardium]]
+*[[cardiac tumors|Neoplasia that has spread to the pericardium]]
-*[[Nephrotic Syndrome ]]
+*[[Nephrotic syndrome ]]
+*[[Nocardia]]
+*[[Oprelvekin]]
+*[[Ovarian cancer]]
 *[[Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome]]
-*[[Penicillins]]
+{{ColBreak}}
-*[[Percutaneous interventional procedures]]
+*[[fistula|Pancreatic-pericardial fistula]]
+*[[Penicillin]]
+*[[PCI|Percutaneous interventional procedures]]
 *[[Pericarditis]]
+*[[Phenylbutazone]]
 *[[Phenytoin]]
 *[[Pneumococci]]
 *[[Pneumonia]]
-*[[Postirradiation]]
+*[[Polyarteritis nodosa]]
+*[[Polymyositis]]
+*[[Radiation injury|Postirradiation]]
 *[[Postpericardiotomy syndrome]]
 *[[Procainamide]]
-*[[Pyogenic pericarditis]]
+*[[Proteus]]
+*[[Pseudomonas]]
+*[[pericarditis|Pyogenic pericarditis]]
 *[[Radiation]]
+*[[Recurrent hereditary polyserositis]]
+*[[Reiter's syndrome]]
 *[[Renal failure]]
-*[[Rheumatic fever ]]
+*[[Rheumatic fever]]
-*[[Rheumatic pericarditis]]
+*[[rheumatic fever|Rheumatic pericarditis]]
+*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
+*[[Rickettsia]]
+*[[Salmonella]]
 *[[Sarcoidosis]]
+*[[Sarcoma]]
+*[[Sargramostim]]
 *[[Scleroderma]]
-*[[Scorpion fish bite]]
+*[[Scorpion sting]]
 *[[Scrub typhus]]
-*[[Staphylococci]]
+*[[Silicosis]]
+*[[Sipple syndrome]]
+*[[Staphylococcus]]
+*[[Still's disease]]
 *[[Streptococci]]
 *[[Syphilis]]
 *[[Systemic lupus erythematosus ]]
+*[[Systemic sclerosis]]
+*[[TAVI]]
+*[[Temporal arteritis]]
+*[[Thoracic surgery]]
+*[[Toxoplasmosis]]
+*[[Treponema pallidum]]
 *[[Tuberculous pericarditis]]
+*[[Tularemia]]
 *[[Uremic pericarditis]]
+*[[Valvuloplasty]]
+*[[Varicella]]
 *[[Ventricular aneurysm]]
-*[[Viral pericarditis]]
+*[[Pericarditis|Viral pericarditis]]
+*[[Wegener's]]
+*[[Whipple's]]
 {{EndMultiCol}}
@@ Line 286: / Line 322: @@
 {{reflist|2}}
+{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
+{{WikiDoc Sources}}
+[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
+[[Category:Cardiology]]
 [[Category:Diseases involving the fasciae]]
-[[Category:Cardiology]]
 [[Category:Emergency medicine]]
+[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
-{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
-{{WikiDoc Sources}}