Bell's palsy overview: Difference between revisions
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{{Bell's palsy}} | {{Bell's palsy}} | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{MMJ}} | ||
== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
The first comprehensive description of Bell's palsy was first discovered by '''Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyyā al-Rāzī''', a Persian polymath, [[physician]], alchemist, philosopher, in 9th ''century'', although '''Sir Charles Bell''', a Scottish [[surgeon]], was the first to provide the [[anatomic]] basis for the condition that bears his name in 1821. For the first time, Razi provided accurate descriptions of [[facial muscles]] disorders. Razi describes a clinical method for distinguishing [[spasm]] and [[paralysis]] for the first time. In 9th ''century'', the therapy of Bell's palsy was developed by '''Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyyā al-Rāzī'''. In 1821, '''Sir Charles Bell''' described the lesions of the [[Facial nerve|seventh cranial nerve]] produce facial [[paralysis]]. Bell described the [[Bell's palsy (patient information)|Bell's palsy]] is caused by problem of [[Seventh cranial nerve|7th cranial nerve(facial nerve).]] | |||
==Classification== | |||
[[Beach muscles|Bell's palsy]] may be classified into five categories according to laterality and recurrence and alternating of the [[palsy]] include: unilateral nonrecurrent, unilateral recurrent, simultaneous bilateral, alternating bilateral and recurrent bilateral type. | |||
==Pathophysiology== | |||
The exact [[pathophysiology]] of [[Bell's palsy (patient information)|Bell's palsy]] is not known. [[Bell's palsy (patient information)|Bell's palsy]] occurs due to failure to function in a normal manner of the [[Facial nerve|facial nerve (VII cranial nerve)]]. The malfunction of the [[facial nerve]] caused involuntary [[spasm]] in the [[facial muscles]] which called [[facial palsy]]. [[Bell's palsy (patient information)|Bell's palsy]] causes the [[Lower motor neuron lesion|lower motor neuron type paralysis]]. Although the exact etiology of [[Bell's palsy (patient information)|Bell's palsy]] is unknown, there is some evidences that implies there may be some relation between [[Vasospasm|vasospasm,]] from any cause, along any [[Facial nerve|facial nerve branch]], with [[Bell's palsy (patient information)|Bell's palsy]]. There is no established association between [[Genetics|genetic]] factors and [[Bell's palsy (patient information)|Bell's palsy]]. Hereditary components may play a role in [[Familial|familial recurrent Bell's palsy]]. On microscopic [[Histopathology|histopathologica]]<nowiki/>l analysis, thickened [[perineurium]], infiltrates of [[inflammatory cells]] between nerve bundles and around [[Blood vessel|blood vessels]] are characteristic findings of [[Bell's Palsy|Bell’s palsy]]. It appears that the [[histology]] of the [[facial nerve]] in [[Bell's palsy (patient information)|Bell's palsy]] is similar to [[Herpes Zoster infection]], suggestive of an infectious cause. | |||
==Causes== | |||
The exact cause of [[Bell's palsy (patient information)|Bell's palsy]] is unknown but there are some evidences which implies [[Bell's palsy (patient information)|Bell's palsy]] may be caused by: [[herpes simplex virus]] reactivation, [[herpes Zoster]], [[cytomegalovirus]], [[epstein Barr virus]], [[rubella]] virus, [[mumps]], [[influenza B]], [[coxsackievirus]], [[Rickettsial|Rickettsia]]<nowiki/>l infection, [[borrelia burgdorferi]], acute [[HIV]] infection, ischemic [[mononeuropathy]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[Medullary thyroid cancer|thyroid disorders]] and compression of the [[facial nerve]]. | |||
==Differentiating Bell's palsy from Other Diseases== | |||
[[Bell's palsy (patient information)|Bell's palsy]] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause weakness or total [[paralysis]] on one side of the face, difficulty making facial expressions in one side, impaired [[facial nerve]] reflexes, [[salivation]] and unintended eye closure, such as [[Ramsay-Hunt syndrome|Ramsay-Hunt Syndrome]], [[Lyme disease|Lyme Disease]], [[Lyme disease|stroke]], [[Skull fracture]], head or neck [[tumor]], and [[Multiple sclerosis]]. | |||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
The [[incidence]] of [[Bell's palsy CT|Bell's palsy]] is approximately 30 per 100,000 individuals. The lifetime [[prevalence]] of [[Bell's palsy (patient information)|Bell's palsy]] was 642.8 cases per 100,000 population age 15 years and above in one study. The [[incidence]] of [[Bell's palsy (patient information)|Bell's palsy]] increases with age. There is no racial predilection to [[Bell's palsy (patient information)|Bell's palsy. Bell's palsy]] affects men and women equally. The ratio of male to female patients was 48:52 in one study. There is no geographic difference in incidence of Bell's palsy. | |||
==Risk Factors== | |||
The most potent risk factor in the development of [[Bell's palsy CT|Bell's palsy]] is [[diabetes mellitus]]. Other risk factors include [[lyme disease]], [[Hypertension|arterial hypertension]], [[Autoimmune Disease|autoimmune inflammatory disorders]], [[viral infections]] and [[Lipoprotein disorders|lipid disturbances]]. | |||
==Screening== | |||
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [[Bell's palsy (patient information)|Bell's palsy]]. | |||
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | |||
The onset of [[Bell's palsy]] is sudden and [[Symp|symptoms]] typically peak fast, within a few days. The main [[symptom]] is acute peripheral [[facial weakness]]. The hallmark of [[Bell's palsy (patient information)|Bell's palsy]] is unilateral, acute paresis or paralysis of facial movement. A positive history of [[viral infections]], [[Ischemic Enteritis|Ischemic]] [[mononeuropathy]],[[Diabetes mellitus]] and [[Thyroid-medullary carcinoma|Thyroid disorders]] is suggestive of Bell's palsy. Patients with Bell's palsy may also have a positive history of: [[Herpes simplex virus]] reactivation, [[Herpes Zoster]], [[cytomegalovirus]], [[Epstein Barr virus]], r[[Rubella|ubella]] virus, [[mumps]], i[[Influenza B|nfluenza B]], [[Coxsackievirus|coxsackie virus]], [[Rickettsia|rickettsial]] infection, [[borrelia burgdorferi]], acute [[HIV]] infection, ischemic [[mononeuropathy]], [[diabetes mellitus]] and [[thyroid]] disorders. Complications of Bell’s palsy include: incomplete [[eyelid]] closure with resultant dry [[eye]], permanent [[facial weakness]] with [[muscle]] [[contractures]], motor [[synkinesis]] , crocodile tears (tears when eating due to misdirection of regenerating [[gustatory]] fibres destined for the [[Salivary gland|salivary glands]], so that they become [[Secretory component|secretory]] [[Fiber|fibre]]<nowiki/>s to the [[lacrimal gland]] and cause [[ipsilateral]] tearing while the patient is eating), contracture of [[facial muscles]], reduction or loss of taste [[sensation]] and problems with [[dysarthria]] due to facial [[muscle weakness]]. [[Prognosis]] of [[Bell's palsy CT|Bell's palsy]] is generally good. If left untreated approximately 71% of patients with Bell's palsy recover normal function and around 13% are left with slight weakness and around 4% with severe weakness resulting in major [[facial]] dysfunction. The presence of complete [[palsy]], advanced age and [[Herpes zoster Infection|Herpes zoster infection]] is associated with a particularly poor prognosis among patients with [[Bell's palsy CT scan|Bell's palsy]]. The Bell's palsy recurs in 7% of patients. The [[House ear clinic|House-Brackmann grading system]] was devised both as a clinical indicator of severity and also an objective record of progress. | |||
==Diagnosis== | |||
===Diagnostic Study of Choice=== | |||
There is no single diagnostic study of choice for the diagnosis of [[Bell's palsy CT|Bell's palsy]]. Bell's palsy is a diagnosis of exclusion of other causes of [[facial nerve palsy]]. The [[Magnetic resonance imaging|Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]] or [[Computed tomography|computerized tomography (CT)]] may be performed to rule out other possible causes of [[Facial nerve palsy|facial nerve palsy.]] Laboratory studies are not routinely needed in the diagnosis of [[Bell's Palsy|Bell’s palsy]] and are only recommended in patients with recurrence or absence improvement after more than 3 weeks of therapy. [[Blood]] studies for an underlying systemic disease or infection may also be considered in [[Patient|patients]] with [[Bell's palsy (patient information)|Bell's palsy]]. There is no test that provides prognostic information early enough to be used for guiding treatment or prognosis. | |||
===Symptoms=== | |||
Common symptoms of Bell's palsy include: rapid onset of mild weakness to total [[paralysis]] on one side of the face within hours to days, difficulty making [[Facial expression|facial expressions]] in one side, such as closing eye, smiling, whistling and frowning, [[salivation]], [[facial droop]], pain around the jaw or ear and [[Paresthesia|numbness]] in the skin of affected side. Less common symptoms of Bell's palsy include: Altered [[taste]], changes in the amount of [[tears]] and [[saliva]] and ear problems (increased [[sensitivity]] to sound on the affected side, [[dizziness]]). | |||
===Physical Examination=== | |||
Patients with [[Bell's palsy CT|Bell's palsy]] usually appear normal. Physical examination of patients with [[Bell's palsy (patient information)|Bell's palsy]] is usually remarkable for: unintended eye closure with an effort to smile, incomplete closure and the of the eye when patient attempts to close the eyes, inability to puff the cheek in affected side and impaired or absent [[taste]] in affected side, reduced [[Hearing|hearing acuity]], [[tenderness]] upon palpation of the [[ear]], facial tenderness in distribution of [[facial nerve]] and asymmetric smile. [[Facial nerve]] reflexes may be impaired, including: impaired [[orbicularis oculi]] and impaired [[corneal reflex]]. | |||
== | ===Laboratory Findings=== | ||
Laboratory studies are not routinely needed in the diagnosis of [[Bead theory|Bell’s palsy]] and are only recommended in patients with recurrence or absence improvement after more than 3 weeks of therapy. [[Blood]] studies for an underlying systemic disease or infection may also be considered in [[Patient|patients]] with [[Bell's palsy CT|Bell's palsy]]. There is no test that provides prognostic information early enough to be used for guiding treatment or prognosis. | |||
===Electrocardiogram=== | |||
There are no ECG findings associated with Bell's palsy. | |||
===X-ray=== | |||
There are no [[x-ray]] findings associated with Bell's palsy. However, an [[x-ray]] may be helpful in the diagnosis of other causes of [[facial nerve palsy]]. | |||
===Echocardiography and Ultrasound=== | |||
There are no [[echocardiography]] findings associated with [[Bell's palsy (patient information)|Bell's palsy]]. [[Ultrasound]] of the [[facial nerve]] may be used to predict functional outcomes in patients with Bell's palsy. [[Ultrasound]] may show increase in [[facial nerve]] diameter and side-to-side difference in diameter in patients with [[facial nerve palsy]] compared to controls. The diameter of the affected side may be significantly larger than that of the healthy side in patients with [[Bell's palsy CT|Bell's palsy]]. [[Ultrasound]] also may be helpful in the diagnosis of other causes of [[facial nerve palsy]]. | |||
===CT scan=== | |||
There are no [[CT scan]] findings associated with Bell's palsy. However, an [[CT scan]] may be helpful in the diagnosis of other causes of [[facial nerve palsy]]. | |||
===MRI=== | |||
[[MRI]] findings are not specific and necessary for diagnosis of [[Bell's palsy CT|Bell's palsy]]. Findings on [[MRI]] suggestive of of Bell's palsy include: swelling of [[facial nerve]] and [[Intraoperative blood salvage|Intraoperative swelling]] of [[Geniculate ganglion|geniculate ganglion of facial nerve]]. [[MRI]] also may be helpful in the diagnosis of other causes of [[facial nerve palsy]]. | |||
===Other Imaging Findings=== | |||
There are no other imaging findings associated with [[Bell's palsy CT|Bell's palsy.]] | |||
===Other Diagnostic Studies=== | |||
There are no other [[Diagnosis|diagnostic]] studies associated with Bell's palsy. | |||
==Treatment== | |||
===Medical Therapy=== | |||
[[Pharmacologic|Pharmacologic medical therapy]] is recommended among all patients with [[Bell's palsy (patient information)|Bell's palsy]]. Most patients with [[Bell's palsy CT|Bell's palsy]] recover fully without treatment. [[Corticosteroid]]<nowiki/>s may reduce the risk of unsatisfactory recovery in patients with Bell palsy and are highly recommended for treatment of Bell's palsy. [[Antiviral Therapy|Antiviral agents]], when administered with [[Corticosteroid|corticosteroids]], may be associated with additional benefit. Pharmacologic medical therapy in adults include: [[prednisolone]] 60 mg PO q24h for 5 days then reduced by 10 mg per day (for a total treatment time of 10 days) and 50 mg per day (in two divided doses) for 10 days and [[acyclovir]] 2000 mg PO q24h for 7-10 days. Pharmacologic medical therapy in children include: [[prednisolone]] 1 mg/kg PO per day q24h for 10 days . There is low quality evidence that tailored facial exercises can help to improve facial function in patients with [[Bell's palsy CT scan|bell's palsy.]] There is low quality evidence that facial exercise reduces [[sequelae]] in acute cases of bell's palsy. | |||
===Surgery=== | |||
[[Surgical instruments|Surgical intervention]] is not recommended for the management of all patients with [[Bell's palsy (patient information)|Bell's palsy]] as spontaneous recovery occurs in most cases. [[Surgery]] is usually reserved when [[Degeneration (medical)|degeneration]] of [[facial nerve]] reaches 90% to 94% within one to 21 days after onset of the [[Symptom|symptoms of Bell's palsy]] or when presence of a [[tumor]] is suspected or when there is high probability of [[nerve]] [[ischemia]]. | |||
===Primary Prevention=== | |||
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [[Bell's palsy (patient information)|Bell's palsy]]. | |||
[[ | |||
===Secondary Prevention=== | |||
Effective measures for the secondary prevention of Bell's palsy [[Complications during and following cardiac catheterization|complications]] include early treatment of disease within 24h after onset of the [[symptoms]]. | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist|2}} | |||
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Latest revision as of 12:40, 7 April 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamadmostafa Jahansouz M.D.[2]
Historical Perspective
The first comprehensive description of Bell's palsy was first discovered by Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyyā al-Rāzī, a Persian polymath, physician, alchemist, philosopher, in 9th century, although Sir Charles Bell, a Scottish surgeon, was the first to provide the anatomic basis for the condition that bears his name in 1821. For the first time, Razi provided accurate descriptions of facial muscles disorders. Razi describes a clinical method for distinguishing spasm and paralysis for the first time. In 9th century, the therapy of Bell's palsy was developed by Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyyā al-Rāzī. In 1821, Sir Charles Bell described the lesions of the seventh cranial nerve produce facial paralysis. Bell described the Bell's palsy is caused by problem of 7th cranial nerve(facial nerve).
Classification
Bell's palsy may be classified into five categories according to laterality and recurrence and alternating of the palsy include: unilateral nonrecurrent, unilateral recurrent, simultaneous bilateral, alternating bilateral and recurrent bilateral type.
Pathophysiology
The exact pathophysiology of Bell's palsy is not known. Bell's palsy occurs due to failure to function in a normal manner of the facial nerve (VII cranial nerve). The malfunction of the facial nerve caused involuntary spasm in the facial muscles which called facial palsy. Bell's palsy causes the lower motor neuron type paralysis. Although the exact etiology of Bell's palsy is unknown, there is some evidences that implies there may be some relation between vasospasm, from any cause, along any facial nerve branch, with Bell's palsy. There is no established association between genetic factors and Bell's palsy. Hereditary components may play a role in familial recurrent Bell's palsy. On microscopic histopathological analysis, thickened perineurium, infiltrates of inflammatory cells between nerve bundles and around blood vessels are characteristic findings of Bell’s palsy. It appears that the histology of the facial nerve in Bell's palsy is similar to Herpes Zoster infection, suggestive of an infectious cause.
Causes
The exact cause of Bell's palsy is unknown but there are some evidences which implies Bell's palsy may be caused by: herpes simplex virus reactivation, herpes Zoster, cytomegalovirus, epstein Barr virus, rubella virus, mumps, influenza B, coxsackievirus, Rickettsial infection, borrelia burgdorferi, acute HIV infection, ischemic mononeuropathy, diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders and compression of the facial nerve.
Differentiating Bell's palsy from Other Diseases
Bell's palsy must be differentiated from other diseases that cause weakness or total paralysis on one side of the face, difficulty making facial expressions in one side, impaired facial nerve reflexes, salivation and unintended eye closure, such as Ramsay-Hunt Syndrome, Lyme Disease, stroke, Skull fracture, head or neck tumor, and Multiple sclerosis.
Epidemiology and Demographics
The incidence of Bell's palsy is approximately 30 per 100,000 individuals. The lifetime prevalence of Bell's palsy was 642.8 cases per 100,000 population age 15 years and above in one study. The incidence of Bell's palsy increases with age. There is no racial predilection to Bell's palsy. Bell's palsy affects men and women equally. The ratio of male to female patients was 48:52 in one study. There is no geographic difference in incidence of Bell's palsy.
Risk Factors
The most potent risk factor in the development of Bell's palsy is diabetes mellitus. Other risk factors include lyme disease, arterial hypertension, autoimmune inflammatory disorders, viral infections and lipid disturbances.
Screening
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for Bell's palsy.
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
The onset of Bell's palsy is sudden and symptoms typically peak fast, within a few days. The main symptom is acute peripheral facial weakness. The hallmark of Bell's palsy is unilateral, acute paresis or paralysis of facial movement. A positive history of viral infections, Ischemic mononeuropathy,Diabetes mellitus and Thyroid disorders is suggestive of Bell's palsy. Patients with Bell's palsy may also have a positive history of: Herpes simplex virus reactivation, Herpes Zoster, cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr virus, rubella virus, mumps, influenza B, coxsackie virus, rickettsial infection, borrelia burgdorferi, acute HIV infection, ischemic mononeuropathy, diabetes mellitus and thyroid disorders. Complications of Bell’s palsy include: incomplete eyelid closure with resultant dry eye, permanent facial weakness with muscle contractures, motor synkinesis , crocodile tears (tears when eating due to misdirection of regenerating gustatory fibres destined for the salivary glands, so that they become secretory fibres to the lacrimal gland and cause ipsilateral tearing while the patient is eating), contracture of facial muscles, reduction or loss of taste sensation and problems with dysarthria due to facial muscle weakness. Prognosis of Bell's palsy is generally good. If left untreated approximately 71% of patients with Bell's palsy recover normal function and around 13% are left with slight weakness and around 4% with severe weakness resulting in major facial dysfunction. The presence of complete palsy, advanced age and Herpes zoster infection is associated with a particularly poor prognosis among patients with Bell's palsy. The Bell's palsy recurs in 7% of patients. The House-Brackmann grading system was devised both as a clinical indicator of severity and also an objective record of progress.
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Study of Choice
There is no single diagnostic study of choice for the diagnosis of Bell's palsy. Bell's palsy is a diagnosis of exclusion of other causes of facial nerve palsy. The Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computerized tomography (CT) may be performed to rule out other possible causes of facial nerve palsy. Laboratory studies are not routinely needed in the diagnosis of Bell’s palsy and are only recommended in patients with recurrence or absence improvement after more than 3 weeks of therapy. Blood studies for an underlying systemic disease or infection may also be considered in patients with Bell's palsy. There is no test that provides prognostic information early enough to be used for guiding treatment or prognosis.
Symptoms
Common symptoms of Bell's palsy include: rapid onset of mild weakness to total paralysis on one side of the face within hours to days, difficulty making facial expressions in one side, such as closing eye, smiling, whistling and frowning, salivation, facial droop, pain around the jaw or ear and numbness in the skin of affected side. Less common symptoms of Bell's palsy include: Altered taste, changes in the amount of tears and saliva and ear problems (increased sensitivity to sound on the affected side, dizziness).
Physical Examination
Patients with Bell's palsy usually appear normal. Physical examination of patients with Bell's palsy is usually remarkable for: unintended eye closure with an effort to smile, incomplete closure and the of the eye when patient attempts to close the eyes, inability to puff the cheek in affected side and impaired or absent taste in affected side, reduced hearing acuity, tenderness upon palpation of the ear, facial tenderness in distribution of facial nerve and asymmetric smile. Facial nerve reflexes may be impaired, including: impaired orbicularis oculi and impaired corneal reflex.
Laboratory Findings
Laboratory studies are not routinely needed in the diagnosis of Bell’s palsy and are only recommended in patients with recurrence or absence improvement after more than 3 weeks of therapy. Blood studies for an underlying systemic disease or infection may also be considered in patients with Bell's palsy. There is no test that provides prognostic information early enough to be used for guiding treatment or prognosis.
Electrocardiogram
There are no ECG findings associated with Bell's palsy.
X-ray
There are no x-ray findings associated with Bell's palsy. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of other causes of facial nerve palsy.
Echocardiography and Ultrasound
There are no echocardiography findings associated with Bell's palsy. Ultrasound of the facial nerve may be used to predict functional outcomes in patients with Bell's palsy. Ultrasound may show increase in facial nerve diameter and side-to-side difference in diameter in patients with facial nerve palsy compared to controls. The diameter of the affected side may be significantly larger than that of the healthy side in patients with Bell's palsy. Ultrasound also may be helpful in the diagnosis of other causes of facial nerve palsy.
CT scan
There are no CT scan findings associated with Bell's palsy. However, an CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of other causes of facial nerve palsy.
MRI
MRI findings are not specific and necessary for diagnosis of Bell's palsy. Findings on MRI suggestive of of Bell's palsy include: swelling of facial nerve and Intraoperative swelling of geniculate ganglion of facial nerve. MRI also may be helpful in the diagnosis of other causes of facial nerve palsy.
Other Imaging Findings
There are no other imaging findings associated with Bell's palsy.
Other Diagnostic Studies
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with Bell's palsy.
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among all patients with Bell's palsy. Most patients with Bell's palsy recover fully without treatment. Corticosteroids may reduce the risk of unsatisfactory recovery in patients with Bell palsy and are highly recommended for treatment of Bell's palsy. Antiviral agents, when administered with corticosteroids, may be associated with additional benefit. Pharmacologic medical therapy in adults include: prednisolone 60 mg PO q24h for 5 days then reduced by 10 mg per day (for a total treatment time of 10 days) and 50 mg per day (in two divided doses) for 10 days and acyclovir 2000 mg PO q24h for 7-10 days. Pharmacologic medical therapy in children include: prednisolone 1 mg/kg PO per day q24h for 10 days . There is low quality evidence that tailored facial exercises can help to improve facial function in patients with bell's palsy. There is low quality evidence that facial exercise reduces sequelae in acute cases of bell's palsy.
Surgery
Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of all patients with Bell's palsy as spontaneous recovery occurs in most cases. Surgery is usually reserved when degeneration of facial nerve reaches 90% to 94% within one to 21 days after onset of the symptoms of Bell's palsy or when presence of a tumor is suspected or when there is high probability of nerve ischemia.
Primary Prevention
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of Bell's palsy.
Secondary Prevention
Effective measures for the secondary prevention of Bell's palsy complications include early treatment of disease within 24h after onset of the symptoms.