Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia ECG: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
An EKG abnormality is present in 90% of patients with AVRD.  These abnormalities include inverted T waves beyond V1 in young males, the presence of [[right bundle branch block]], the presence of an [[epsilon wave]], and the presence of [[right ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardia]] with a [[left bundle branch block]] pattern.
An EKG abnormality is present in 90% of patients with AVRD.  These abnormalities include [[inverted T waves]] beyond lead V<sub>1</sub> in young males, the presence of [[right bundle branch block]], the presence of an [[epsilon wave]], and the presence of [[right ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardia]] with a [[left bundle branch block]] pattern.
 
==Electrocardiograph Characteristics of ARVD/C==
Electrocardiograph tracings of ARVD/C are typically featured by the presence of complete or incomplete [[right bundle branch block|right bundle branch block (RBBB)]] morphologies, [[T wave inversions]], terminal QRS fractionation, and slurred S wave upstrokes that are present predominantly in leads V<sub>1</sub> through V<sub>3</sub>. Among these EKG findings, the presence of [[epsilon wave]] or prolonged upstroke of S wave beyond 55 ms has been shown to correlate with disease severity.


==T Wave Inversion Beyond Lead V1==
==T Wave Inversion Beyond Lead V1==
The most common EKG abnormality seen in ARVD is T wave inversion in leads V<sub>1</sub> to V<sub>3</sub>.  The presence of T wave inversion beyond V1 in a young athlete should always raise a suspicion of ARVD.  However, this is a non-specific finding, and may be considered a normal variant in [[right bundle branch block]] ([[RBBB]]), women, and children under 12 years old.
The most common EKG abnormality seen in ARVD is [[T wave inversion]] in leads V<sub>1</sub> to V<sub>3</sub>.  The presence of [[T wave inversion]] beyond V<sub>1</sub> in a young athlete should always raise a suspicion of ARVD.  However, this is a non-specific finding, and may be considered a normal variant in [[right bundle branch block]] ([[RBBB]]), women, and children under 12 years old.
 
Shown below is an example of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia with terminal QRS complex deflections and T wave inversions.
 
[[Image:ARVD.png|center|500px]]
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Shown below is an example of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia with sharp discrete deflections in the terminal portions of QRS complex with T wave invertions.
 
[[Image:Arrhythmogenic_right_ventricular_dysplasia_-_Inverted_T_waves.jpg|center|500px]]
----


==Right Bundle Branch Block==
==Right Bundle Branch Block==
[[RBBB]] itself is seen frequently in individuals with ARVD.  This may be due to delayed activation of the [[right ventricle]], rather than any intrinsic abnormality in the [[right bundle branch]].
[[RBBB]] itself is seen frequently in individuals with ARVD.  This may be due to delayed activation of the [[right ventricle]], rather than any intrinsic abnormality in the [[right bundle branch]].


{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="300px" align="right"
==Epsilon Wave==
|-----
The '''[[epsilon wave]]''' is found in about 50% of those with ARVD. This is described as a terminal notch in the [[QRS complex]].  It is due to slowed intraventricular conduction.  The epsilon wave may be seen on a surface EKG; however, it is more commonly seen on signal averaged EKGs.
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="center" colspan="2" |
[[Image:ARVD-Epsilon_wave.png|center|300px|EKG lead demonstrating the epsilon wave]]
<small>The epsilon wave</small>
|-----
| align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid gray;" | <font size="-1">''The epsilon wave (red triangle), seen in ARVD.''</font>
|}


The '''epsilon wave''' is found in about 50% of those with ARVD. This is described as a terminal notch in the QRS complex.  It is due to slowed intraventricular conduction.  The epsilon wave may be seen on a surface EKG; however, it is more commonly seen on signal averaged EKGs.
[[Image:ARVD-Epsilon_wave.png|center|500px|EKG lead demonstrating the epsilon wave]]


Ventricular [[Cardiac ectopy|ectopy]] seen on a surface EKG in the setting of ARVD is typically of [[left bundle branch block]] (LBBB) morphology, with a QRS axis of -90 to +110 degrees.  The origin of the ectopic beats is usually from one of the three regions of fatty degeneration (the "triangle of dysplasia"): the RV outflow tract, the RV inflow tract, and the RV apex.
== Signal averaged ECG ==
Signal averaged ECG (SAECG) is used to detect late potentials and epsilon waves in individuals with ARVD.


==== Signal averaged ECG ====
==Ventricular Ectopy==
Signal averaged ECG (SAECG) is used to detect late potentials and epsilon waves in individuals with ARVD.
Ventricular [[Cardiac ectopy|ectopy]] seen on a surface EKG in the setting of ARVD is typically of [[left bundle branch block]] (LBBB) morphology, with a [[QRS axis]] of -90 to +110 degrees.  The origin of the ectopic beats is usually from one of the three regions of fatty degeneration (the "triangle of dysplasia"): the [[RV outflow tract]], the RV inflow tract, and the RV apex.


====Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Ventricular Tachycardia====
==Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Ventricular Tachycardia==
The presence of [[right ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardia]] should prompt suspicion of AVRD.
The presence of [[right ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardia]] should prompt suspicion of AVRD.


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* A rightward and inferior axis deviation (approximately +90 degrees)
* A rightward and inferior axis deviation (approximately +90 degrees)


[[File:Right ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardia.JPG|Frame|Right ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardia. Note the negative deflection in V1 and V2 and left bundle branch block pattern to the tachycardia|500 px]]
Shown below is an example of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia with  right ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardia. Note the negative deflection in V1 and V2 and left bundle branch block pattern to the tachycardia.
 
[[Image:Right ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardia.JPG|center|500 px]]
 
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Shown below is an example of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia with  terminal QRS deflections in V1 and V2
[[Image:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia.jpg|500px|center]]
 
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==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 18:07, 6 May 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

An EKG abnormality is present in 90% of patients with AVRD. These abnormalities include inverted T waves beyond lead V1 in young males, the presence of right bundle branch block, the presence of an epsilon wave, and the presence of right ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardia with a left bundle branch block pattern.

Electrocardiograph Characteristics of ARVD/C

Electrocardiograph tracings of ARVD/C are typically featured by the presence of complete or incomplete right bundle branch block (RBBB) morphologies, T wave inversions, terminal QRS fractionation, and slurred S wave upstrokes that are present predominantly in leads V1 through V3. Among these EKG findings, the presence of epsilon wave or prolonged upstroke of S wave beyond 55 ms has been shown to correlate with disease severity.

T Wave Inversion Beyond Lead V1

The most common EKG abnormality seen in ARVD is T wave inversion in leads V1 to V3. The presence of T wave inversion beyond V1 in a young athlete should always raise a suspicion of ARVD. However, this is a non-specific finding, and may be considered a normal variant in right bundle branch block (RBBB), women, and children under 12 years old.

Shown below is an example of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia with terminal QRS complex deflections and T wave inversions.


Shown below is an example of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia with sharp discrete deflections in the terminal portions of QRS complex with T wave invertions.


Right Bundle Branch Block

RBBB itself is seen frequently in individuals with ARVD. This may be due to delayed activation of the right ventricle, rather than any intrinsic abnormality in the right bundle branch.

Epsilon Wave

The epsilon wave is found in about 50% of those with ARVD. This is described as a terminal notch in the QRS complex. It is due to slowed intraventricular conduction. The epsilon wave may be seen on a surface EKG; however, it is more commonly seen on signal averaged EKGs.

EKG lead demonstrating the epsilon wave
EKG lead demonstrating the epsilon wave

Signal averaged ECG

Signal averaged ECG (SAECG) is used to detect late potentials and epsilon waves in individuals with ARVD.

Ventricular Ectopy

Ventricular ectopy seen on a surface EKG in the setting of ARVD is typically of left bundle branch block (LBBB) morphology, with a QRS axis of -90 to +110 degrees. The origin of the ectopic beats is usually from one of the three regions of fatty degeneration (the "triangle of dysplasia"): the RV outflow tract, the RV inflow tract, and the RV apex.

Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Ventricular Tachycardia

The presence of right ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardia should prompt suspicion of AVRD.

Electrocardiographic characteristics include the following:

Shown below is an example of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia with right ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardia. Note the negative deflection in V1 and V2 and left bundle branch block pattern to the tachycardia.


Shown below is an example of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia with terminal QRS deflections in V1 and V2



References


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