Pheochromocytoma causes: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Pheochromocytoma arises from [[chromaffin cells]], found in [[adrenal medulla]] which secrete [[adrenaline]], [[noradrenaline]], and [[Dopamine|dopamine.]] Majority of pheochromocytomas are sporadic (50-60 percent), others are familial. Familial forms can be sub-divided into two major clusters based on [[genes]] causing the disease. Cluster 1 tumors are [[Norepinephrine|noradrenergic]] and cluster 2 tumors are [[adrenergic]]. Familial pheochromocytoma may be caused by a [[mutation]] of either ''[[SDHD]],'' ''[[VHL]]'', ''[[SDHB]],'' ''[[RET proto-oncogene|RET]]'', ''[[NF1]]'' [[genes]].
The most common cause of pheochromocytoma is sporadic mutations. Less common causes of pheochromocytoma include familial associations and association with syndromes. Familial pheochromocytoma may be caused by a [[mutation]] of either ''[[SDHD]],'' ''[[VHL]]'', ''[[SDHB]],'' ''[[RET proto-oncogene|RET]]'', ''[[NF1]]'' [[genes]].
 
==Causes==
==Causes==
* Majority of pheochromocytomas are sporadic (50-60 percent), others are familial.
===Life-threatening Causes===
* Approximately 10 percent of pheochromocytoma [[Tumor|tumors]] are [[malignant]]. Common sites of spread are the base of [[skull]], [[head]], and [[neck]].
* Pheochromocytoma due to any cause may be life-threatening which may result in death.
* Familial causes can be sub-divided into two major clusters based on [[genes]] causing the disease.<ref name="pmid23933153">{{cite journal| author=King KS, Pacak K| title=Familial pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. | journal=Mol Cell Endocrinol | year= 2014 | volume= 386 | issue= 1-2 | pages= 92-100 | pmid=23933153 | doi=10.1016/j.mce.2013.07.032 | pmc=3917973 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23933153 }}</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable"
===Common Causes===
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Familial pheochromocytoma
* In most cases of pheochromocytoma, the cause is unknown.  
* Sporadic form is more common
 
===Less Common Causes===
Less common causes of pheochromocytoma include:
* Familial form
* Associated with syndromes- Neurofibromatosis 1, Von Hippel-Lindau disease, Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 2A and 2B
 
===Genetic Causes===
Pheochromocytoma of the familial type may be caused by a mutation in the following genes:
*[[RET gene|RET]] gene ([[MEN, type 2a|MEN 2A]], [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2|MEN 2B]] [[Syndrome|syndromes]])
*[[NF1|NF1 gene]]
*[[Von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor|VHL gene]] ([[Von Hippel-Lindau disease|VHL disease]])
*[[SDHD]], [[SDHB]], and [[SDHC]] genes of the [[Mitochondrial|mitochondrial complex]] <ref name="pmid15883706">{{cite journal| author=Gimm O| title=Pheochromocytoma-associated syndromes: genes, proteins and functions of RET, VHL and SDHx. | journal=Fam Cancer | year= 2005 | volume= 4 | issue= 1 | pages= 17-23 | pmid=15883706 | doi=10.1007/s10689-004-5740-1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15883706  }} </ref>
*[[SDHA]], [[SDHAF2]], [[TMEM127]] (transmembrane protein 127), [[MAX (gene)|MAX]] (myc-associated factor X), [[Fumarate hydratase|FH]] (fumarate hydratase), [[PDH complex|PDH1]], PDH2 (pyruvate dehydrogenase), [[Hypoxia inducible factors|HIF1alpha]] (hypoxia-inducible factor), [[MDH1|MDH2]] (malate dehydrogenase), and KIF1Bß (kinesin family member) genes. <ref>{{cite book | last = Jameson | first = J | title = Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 19th Edition and Harrison's Manual of Medicine 19th Edition VAL PAK | publisher = McGraw-Hill Medical | location = New York | year = 2017 | isbn = 978-1260128857 }} </ref>
 
 
[[Pheochromocytoma]] and [[Paraganglioma|paragangliomas]] (PPGL) susceptibility genes can be classified into the following clusters- <ref>{{cite book | last = Jameson | first = J | title = Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 19th Edition and Harrison's Manual of Medicine 19th Edition VAL PAK | publisher = McGraw-Hill Medical | location = New York | year = 2017 | isbn = 978-1260128857 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15613462">{{cite journal| author=Eisenhofer G, Huynh TT, Pacak K, Brouwers FM, Walther MM, Linehan WM | display-authors=etal| title=Distinct gene expression profiles in norepinephrine- and epinephrine-producing hereditary and sporadic pheochromocytomas: activation of hypoxia-driven angiogenic pathways in von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. | journal=Endocr Relat Cancer | year= 2004 | volume= 11 | issue= 4 | pages= 897-911 | pmid=15613462 | doi=10.1677/erc.1.00838 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15613462  }} </ref>  <ref name="pmid28477311">{{cite journal| author=Lam AK| title=Update on Adrenal Tumours in 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) of Endocrine Tumours. | journal=Endocr Pathol | year= 2017 | volume= 28 | issue= 3 | pages= 213-227 | pmid=28477311 | doi=10.1007/s12022-017-9484-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28477311 }} </ref>
* Cluster 1
**[[Mutation|Mutations]] involving in [[overexpression]] of [[Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) IRES A|vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)]] as a result of pseudohypoxia
** Impaired [[DNA]] [[methylation]] leading to increased vascularization
* Cluster 2
** Activating [[Mutation|mutations]] of [[Wnt signaling pathway|Wnt-signaling pathway]] including Wnt receptor signaling and [[Hedgehog signaling pathway|Hedgehog]] signaling.
** Mutations of [[CSDE1]] (Cold shock domain containing E1) and [[MAML2|MAML3]] (Mastermind like transcriptional coactivator 3) genes7.
* Cluster 3
** Abnormal activation of [[Kinase|kinase signaling pathways]] like PI3Kinase/[[AKT]], [[RAS]]/RAF/ERK, and [[mTOR]] pathways.
 
===Causes by Organ System===
 
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
!align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cluster 1 (Noradrenergic)
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
!align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cluster 2 (Adrenergic)
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
!
* [[Succinate dehydrogenase]] (SDH) subunit genes
* [[Von Hippel-Lindau Disease|Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease]]
* [[Fumarate hydratase|Fumarate hydratase gene mutations]]
|
* '''[[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A|Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]]'''
* '''[[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B]]'''
* '''[[Neurofibromatosis type 1|Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)]]'''
|}
|}
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
List of causes of the disease in alphabetical order:
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
*[[Familial]] inheritance
*[[Fumarate hydratase|FH (fumarate hydratase) gene]]
*[[Hypoxia inducible factor|HIF1alpha (hypoxia-inducible factor) gene]]
* KIF1Bß (kinesin family member) gene
*[[MAX (gene)|MAX]] (myc-associated factor X)
*[[MDH1|MDH2 (malate dehydrogenase) gene]]
*[[NF1|NF1 gene]]- Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1)
*[[Pyruvate dehydrogenase|PDH1]], PDH2 (pyruvate dehydrogenase) gene
*[[RET gene|RET]] gene- Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN 2A, MEN 2B)
*[[SDHA]] gene
*[[SDHB]] gene
*[[SDHC]] gene
*[[SDHD]] gene
*[[SDHAF2]] gene
* Sporadic mutations
*[[TMEM127]] gene
* Unknown origin
*[[VHL gene]]- Von-Hippel Lindau disease (VHL)
</div>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

Latest revision as of 00:01, 25 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmad Al Maradni, M.D. [2] Mohammed Abdelwahed M.D[3]

Overview

The most common cause of pheochromocytoma is sporadic mutations. Less common causes of pheochromocytoma include familial associations and association with syndromes. Familial pheochromocytoma may be caused by a mutation of either SDHD, VHL, SDHB, RET, NF1 genes.

Causes

Life-threatening Causes

  • Pheochromocytoma due to any cause may be life-threatening which may result in death.

Common Causes

  • In most cases of pheochromocytoma, the cause is unknown.
  • Sporadic form is more common

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of pheochromocytoma include:

  • Familial form
  • Associated with syndromes- Neurofibromatosis 1, Von Hippel-Lindau disease, Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 2A and 2B

Genetic Causes

Pheochromocytoma of the familial type may be caused by a mutation in the following genes:


Pheochromocytoma and paragangliomas (PPGL) susceptibility genes can be classified into the following clusters- [3] [4] [5]

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

List of causes of the disease in alphabetical order:

References

  1. ↑ Gimm O (2005). "Pheochromocytoma-associated syndromes: genes, proteins and functions of RET, VHL and SDHx". Fam Cancer. 4 (1): 17–23. doi:10.1007/s10689-004-5740-1. PMID 15883706.
  2. ↑ Jameson, J (2017). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 19th Edition and Harrison's Manual of Medicine 19th Edition VAL PAK. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 978-1260128857.
  3. ↑ Jameson, J (2017). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 19th Edition and Harrison's Manual of Medicine 19th Edition VAL PAK. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 978-1260128857.
  4. ↑ Eisenhofer G, Huynh TT, Pacak K, Brouwers FM, Walther MM, Linehan WM; et al. (2004). "Distinct gene expression profiles in norepinephrine- and epinephrine-producing hereditary and sporadic pheochromocytomas: activation of hypoxia-driven angiogenic pathways in von Hippel-Lindau syndrome". Endocr Relat Cancer. 11 (4): 897–911. doi:10.1677/erc.1.00838. PMID 15613462.
  5. ↑ Lam AK (2017). "Update on Adrenal Tumours in 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) of Endocrine Tumours". Endocr Pathol. 28 (3): 213–227. doi:10.1007/s12022-017-9484-5. PMID 28477311.
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