Pentalogy of Fallot: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{SI}}
{{SI}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}[[User:Abdulkareem Opeoluwalukan|Abdulkareem Opeoluwalukan, MD]]
{{CMG}} {{AE}}[[User:Abdulkareem Opeoluwalukan|Abdul-Kareem Lukan, M.D]].
==Overview==
==Overview==
Pentalogy of Fallot is defined as the occurrence of Tetralogy of Fallot plus an [[atrial septal defect]].
Pentalogy of Fallot is defined as the occurrence of Tetralogy of Fallot plus an [[atrial septal defect]].[[File:Pentalogy_of_fallot_image_1.png |200p|thumb|center|  Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa. paolo.pazzi@up.ac.za.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3984729/]]
 
==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
[Disease name] was first discovered by [name of scientist], a [nationality + occupation], in [year]/during/following [event].
*[[Tetrallogy of fallot|Tetralogy of fallot]] was first discovered by Niel Stenson, a Denish physician [[Anatomist]], in 1671. <ref name="pmid30020660">{{cite journal |vauthors=Diaz-Frias J, Guillaume M |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=30020660 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
* The association between [[right ventricular outflow tract obstruction]] and a large [[ventricular septal defect]] and [[Tetralogy of Fallot|tetralogy of fallot]] was made in 1888 by Etinne-Louise.<ref name="ApitzWebb2009">{{cite journal|last1=Apitz|first1=Christian|last2=Webb|first2=Gary D|last3=Redington|first3=Andrew N|title=Tetralogy of Fallot|journal=The Lancet|volume=374|issue=9699|year=2009|pages=1462–1471|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60657-7}}</ref>
The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].
* In 1924, Canadian, Maude Abbott was the first to discover the association between [[ventricular septal defect]] , [[Pulmonary valve stenosis|pulmonary stenosis]], [[overriding aorta]] and [[right ventricular hypertrophy]] and the development of [[tetralogy of Fallot]].<ref name="ApitzWebb2009">{{cite journal|last1=Apitz|first1=Christian|last2=Webb|first2=Gary D|last3=Redington|first3=Andrew N|title=Tetralogy of Fallot|journal=The Lancet|volume=374|issue=9699|year=2009|pages=1462–1471|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60657-7}}</ref
 
In 1939, the first surgical treatment  was developed by Dr Helen Taussig in Johns Hopkins&amp;amp;lt;nowiki&amp;amp;gt;&&amp;amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;amp;gt;lt;nowiki&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&&lt;/nowiki&gt;lt;nowiki<nowiki>&</nowiki>gt;<nowiki>&lt;nowiki&gt;<ref name="pmid30020660">&lt;/nowiki&gt;</nowiki>&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Diaz-Frias J, Guillaume M |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=30020660 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].
 
In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
 
There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], including -----.
 
In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].
 
==Classification==
==Classification==
There is no established system for the classification of [disease name].
* There is no established system for the [[classification]] of the pentalogy of Fallot.
 
OR
 
[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups: [group1], [group2], [group3], and [group4].
 
OR
 
[Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].
[Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].
 
OR
 
Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic.
 
OR
 
If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features:
According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].
 
OR
 
The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].
 
OR
 
There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].
 
==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
It is thought that conotruncal  diseases like [[Tetralogy of Fallot|tetralogy of fallot]] and pentalogy of Fallot  occur as a result of:<ref name="OMJA2020">{{cite journal|last1=OM|first1=Akinlade|last2=JA|first2=Ogunmodede|last3=OA|first3=Adeyemi|last4=WO|first4=Yusuf|last5=RO|first5=Awodun|last6=YA|first6=Ayoola|last7=IA|first7=Yusuf|last8=PM|first8=Kolo|title=Adult Nigerian with Untreated Pentalogy of Fallot: A Case Report|journal=Asploro Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Case Reports|volume=3|issue=1|year=2020|pages=62–66|issn=2582-0370|doi=10.36502/2020/ASJBCCR.6187}}</ref>
 
* [[Neural crest]] migration defect.  
OR
* Underdevelopment of right ventricular infundibulum
 
It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
 
OR
 
[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
 
OR
 
Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
 
OR
 
 
[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
 
OR
 
The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
 
OR
 
The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
 
==Causes==
==Causes==
Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
*The [[cause]] of the pentalogy of Fallot has not been identified.
 
*To review [[risk factors]] for the development of pentalogy of Fallot, click [[Pentalogy of Fallot#Risk factors|here]].
OR
==Differentiating pentalogy of Fallot from other Diseases==
 
*Pentalogy of Fallot  must be differentiated from other [[diseases]] that cause:<ref name="pmid30020660">{{cite journal |vauthors=Diaz-Frias J, Guillaume M |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=30020660 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
===Right to left shunt===
 
*[[Transposition of the great vessels|Transposition of great arteries]] with [[Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction|Pulmonic stenosis]]
OR
*[[Double outlet right ventricle]] including [[Taussig-Bing syndrome|Taussig-Bing anomaly]]
 
*[[Tricuspid atresia]]
The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].
* [[Ebstein Anomaly]]
 
*[[Pulmonary atresia]] with intact [[Interventricular septum|ventricular septum]]
OR
*[[Respiratory]] diseases
 
** [[Bronchiolitis]]
The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click [[Pericarditis causes#Overview|here]].
** Viral and bacterial [[Pneumonia]]
 
** [[Pneumothorax]] because when they are in [[Congestive heart failure|heart failure]] they present with signs of respiratory distress, [[cyanosis]] and [[failure to thrive]].
==Differentiating ((Page name)) from other Diseases==
=== Bidirectional shunt  diseases===
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
* [[Total anomalous pulmonary venous return]]
 
*[[Hypoplastic left heart syndrome]]
OR
*[[Single ventricle]]
 
*[[Persistent truncus arteriosus|Truncus arteriosus]]
[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
 
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
The epidemiology of the pentalogy of Fallot has not been well studied.
 
OR
 
In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
 
OR
 
In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate of [number range]%.
 
 
 
Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
 
OR
 
The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
 
OR
 
[Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
 
OR
 
[Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
 
OR
 
[Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].
 
 
 
There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
 
OR
 
[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
 
 
 
[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
 
OR
 
[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.
 
 
 
The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].
 
OR
 
[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].
 
==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
There are no established risk factors for [disease name].
Common [[risk factors]] in the development of pentalogy of fallot include:<ref name="SilvaNeves2019">{{cite journal|last1=Silva|first1=Joana A.|last2=Neves|first2=Ana L.|last3=Flor-de-Lima|first3=Filipa|last4=Soares|first4=Paulo|last5=Guimarães|first5=Hercília|title=Risk Factors and Outcomes of Tetralogy of Fallot: From Fetal to Neonatal Life|journal=Pediatric Cardiology|volume=41|issue=1|year=2019|pages=155–164|issn=0172-0643|doi=10.1007/s00246-019-02239-4}}</ref>
 
*[[Alcoholism]] in mother
OR
* Maternal [[Diabetes]]
 
* Advanced maternal age i.e greater than 40 years
The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
*[[Malnutrition]] in pregnancy
 
* Family history of [[Tetralogy of Fallot|tetralogy of fallot]]
OR
* [[Viral]] illness during pregnancy like [[Rubella]].
 
* Presence of [[Down syndrome]] or [[22q11.2 deletion syndrome|DiGeorge syndrome]]
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
 
OR
 
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.
 
==Screening==
==Screening==
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for the pentalogy of Fallot.
 
OR
 
According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.
 
OR
 
According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with [condition 1], [condition 2], and [condition 3].
 
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
If left untreated, patients with pentalogy of fallot  may progress to develop [[Clubbing|finger clubbing]], [[stunted growth]], [[Cardiac arrhythmia|cardiac arrhythmias]], hypoplastic pulmonary artery, [[Paradoxical embolism|paradoxical emboli]] and [[polycythemia]] .<ref name="OMJA2020">{{cite journal|last1=OM|first1=Akinlade|last2=JA|first2=Ogunmodede|last3=OA|first3=Adeyemi|last4=WO|first4=Yusuf|last5=RO|first5=Awodun|last6=YA|first6=Ayoola|last7=IA|first7=Yusuf|last8=PM|first8=Kolo|title=Adult Nigerian with Untreated Pentalogy of Fallot: A Case Report|journal=Asploro Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Case Reports|volume=3|issue=1|year=2020|pages=62–66|issn=2582-0370|doi=10.36502/2020/ASJBCCR.6187}}</ref>
 
Prognosis is generally excellent provided the  [[Ventricular septal defect|VSD]] has been closed and the [[right ventricular outflow tract]] has been relieved.<ref name="Braun-FalcoMankin2009">{{cite journal|last1=Braun-Falco|first1=Markus|last2=Mankin|first2=Henry J.|last3=Wenger|first3=Sharon L.|last4=Braun-Falco|first4=Markus|last5=Kendall|first5=Stephan DiSean|last6=Blobe|first6=Gerard C.|last7=Weber|first7=Christoph K.|last8=Lorenz|first8=Richard|last9=Adler|first9=Guido|last10=Whitcomb|first10=David C.|last11=Yadav|first11=Dhiraj|last12=Bode|first12=Johannes|last13=Wabitsch|first13=Martin|last14=Debatin|first14=Klaus-Michael|last15=Posovzsky|first15=Pamela Fischer|last16=Hassan|first16=Akmal|last17=Megahed|first17=Mosaad|last18=Lundgren|first18=Tord M.|last19=Pfister|first19=Markus|last20=Zenner|first20=Hans-Peter|last21=Berardi|first21=Rossana|last22=Pierantoni|first22=Chiara|last23=Scartozzi|first23=Mario|last24=Cascinu|first24=Stefano|last25=Hendy|first25=Geoffrey N.|last26=Schwarz|first26=Johannes|last27=Storch|first27=Alexander|last28=Schnog|first28=John-John B.|last29=Gerdes|first29=Victor E. 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C.|last230=Prieto|first230=Lourdes|last231=Latson|first231=Larry|last232=Keller|first232=Nancy R.|last233=Robertson|first233=David|last234=Fairbanks|first234=Lynette D.|last235=Simmonds|first235=H. Anne|last236=Brunner|first236=Martina|last237=Zouboulis|first237=Christos C.|last238=Everts|first238=Vincent|last239=Helfrich|first239=Miep|last240=Leung|first240=Alexander K. C.|last241=Wong|first241=Andrew L.|last242=Von Den Driesch|first242=Peter|last243=Bitsch|first243=Roland|last244=Bitsch|first244=Roland|last245=Bitsch|first245=Roland|last246=García-Cazorla|first246=Angels|last247=Saudubray|first247=Jean Marie|title=Pentalogy of Fallot|year=2009|pages=1602–1605|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_1393}}</ref>
OR
 
Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
 
OR
 
Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.
 
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===
The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].
There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of pentalogy Fallot.
 
OR
 
The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which include [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].
 
OR
 
The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [definition name] definition, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].
 
OR
 
There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of [disease name].
 
===History and Symptoms===
===History and Symptoms===
The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.
The hallmark of pentalogy of fallot  is [[cyanosis]]. A positive history of [[cyanosis]] and easy fatigability leading to squatting during exercise is suggestive of cyanotic [[congenital]] heart defect.<ref name="Braun-FalcoMankin2009">{{cite journal|last1=Braun-Falco|first1=Markus|last2=Mankin|first2=Henry J.|last3=Wenger|first3=Sharon L.|last4=Braun-Falco|first4=Markus|last5=Kendall|first5=Stephan DiSean|last6=Blobe|first6=Gerard C.|last7=Weber|first7=Christoph K.|last8=Lorenz|first8=Richard|last9=Adler|first9=Guido|last10=Whitcomb|first10=David C.|last11=Yadav|first11=Dhiraj|last12=Bode|first12=Johannes|last13=Wabitsch|first13=Martin|last14=Debatin|first14=Klaus-Michael|last15=Posovzsky|first15=Pamela Fischer|last16=Hassan|first16=Akmal|last17=Megahed|first17=Mosaad|last18=Lundgren|first18=Tord M.|last19=Pfister|first19=Markus|last20=Zenner|first20=Hans-Peter|last21=Berardi|first21=Rossana|last22=Pierantoni|first22=Chiara|last23=Scartozzi|first23=Mario|last24=Cascinu|first24=Stefano|last25=Hendy|first25=Geoffrey N.|last26=Schwarz|first26=Johannes|last27=Storch|first27=Alexander|last28=Schnog|first28=John-John B.|last29=Gerdes|first29=Victor E. A.|last30=Schneider|first30=Susanne A.|last31=Bhatia|first31=Kailash P.|last32=Gittenberger-de Groot|first32=Adriana C.|last33=Bökenkamp|first33=Regina|last34=DeRuiter|first34=Marco C.|last35=Leung|first35=Alexander K. C.|last36=Wong|first36=Andrew L.|last37=Lang|first37=Undine E.|last38=Leung|first38=Alexander K. C.|last39=Leung|first39=Alexander K. C.|last40=Seyhan|first40=Muammer|last41=Hofmann|first41=Silke|last42=Bruckner-Tuderman|first42=Leena|last43=Hofmann|first43=Silke|last44=Bruckner-Tuderman|first44=Leena|last45=Hofmann|first45=Silke|last46=Bruckner-Tuderman|first46=Leena|last47=Kopp|first47=Peter|last48=Forrest|first48=Douglas|last49=Misirlioğlu|first49=Emine Dibek|last50=Alpan|first50=Nursel|last51=Oette|first51=Mark|last52=Imazio|first52=Massimo|last53=Chinnaiyan|first53=Kavitha M.|last54=Mehta|first54=Laxmi S.|last55=Bhat|first55=Mushtaq A.|last56=Bhat|first56=Javeed I.|last57=Stöber|first57=Gerald|last58=Reis|first58=André|last59=Rémi|first59=Jan|last60=Noachtar|first60=Soheyl|last61=Jurkat-Rott|first61=Karin|last62=Lehmann-Horn|first62=Frank|last63=Holzhausen|first63=Marinella|last64=Vergnolle|first64=Nathalie|last65=Schillinger|first65=Martin|last66=Gdynia|first66=Hans-Jürgen|last67=Ludolph|first67=Albert C.|last68=Namdar|first68=Thomas|last69=Eisenberger|first69=Claus Ferdinand|last70=Knoefel|first70=Wolfram Trudo|last71=Ginés|first71=Pere|last72=Guevara|first72=Mónica|last73=Cuesta-Muñoz|first73=Antonio L.|last74=Eijer|first74=Henk|last75=Böhm|first75=Markus|last76=Luger|first76=Thomas A.|last77=Güttler|first77=Flemming|last78=Guldberg|first78=Per|last79=Koch|first79=Richard|last80=Moseley|first80=Kathryn|last81=Eisenhofer|first81=Graeme|last82=Pacak|first82=Karel|last83=Leonard|first83=James V.|last84=Jaeken|first84=Jaak|last85=Becker|first85=Michael A.|last86=Stephani|first86=Ulrich|last87=Frazier|first87=Kendall S.|last88=Böhm|first88=Markus|last89=Luger|first89=Thomas A.|last90=Leung|first90=Alexander K. C.|last91=Sauve|first91=Reginald S.|last92=Matejas|first92=Verena|last93=Zenker|first93=Martin|last94=Leung|first94=Alexander K. C.|last95=Leung|first95=Alexander K. C.|last96=Robson|first96=William Lane M.|last97=Beissert|first97=Stefan|last98=Leung|first98=Alexander K. C.|last99=Robson|first99=William Lane M.|last100=Woo|first100=Tom Y.|last101=Leung|first101=Alexander K. C.|last102=Cate|first102=Hugo Ten|last103=Light|first103=Richard W.|last104=Bozza|first104=Patricia T.|last105=Salluh|first105=Jorge I.|last106=Jantz|first106=Michael A.|last107=Vargas|first107=Sergio L.|last108=Tomic|first108=Rade|last109=Roman|first109=Jesse|last110=Mobeireek|first110=Abdullah F.|last111=Khalid|first111=Mohammad|last112=Torres|first112=Harrys A.|last113=Chemaly|first113=Roy F.|last114=Tomic|first114=Rade|last115=Roman|first115=Jesse|last116=Light|first116=Richard W.|last117=Dispenzieri|first117=Angela|last118=Krause|first118=Sabine|last119=Lochmüller|first119=Hanns|last120=Weihrauch|first120=Julia|last121=Krieg|first121=Thomas|last122=Kühn|first122=Wolfgang|last123=Walz|first123=Gerd|last124=Merker|first124=Georg H.|last125=Kubitz|first125=Ralf|last126=Häussinger|first126=Dieter|last127=Schnog|first127=John-John B.|last128=Gerdes|first128=Victor E. A.|last129=Musco|first129=Giovanna|last130=Stoll|first130=Guido|last131=Toyka|first131=Klaus V.|last132=Leung|first132=Alexander K. C.|last133=Leung|first133=Alexander K. C.|last134=Robson|first134=William Lane M.|last135=Böhm|first135=Markus|last136=Luger|first136=Thomas A.|last137=Pischik|first137=Elena|last138=Kauppinen|first138=Raili|last139=Frank|first139=Jorge|last140=Schwarz|first140=Thomas|last141=Thapar|first141=Manish|last142=Bonkovsky|first142=Herbert. L.|last143=Wagner|first143=Jeffrey C.|last144=Smith|first144=A. Gordon|last145=Mela|first145=Maria|last146=Thalheimer|first146=Ulrich|last147=Samonakis|first147=Dimitrios|last148=Burroughs|first148=Andrew K.|last149=Mela|first149=Maria|last150=Thalheimer|first150=Ulrich|last151=Samonakis|first151=Dimitrios|last152=Burroughs|first152=Andrew K.|last153=Shastri|first153=Yogesh M.|last154=Stein|first154=Jürgen M.|last155=Segman|first155=Ronnen H.|last156=Shalev|first156=Arieh Y.|last157=Jacob|first157=Giris|last158=Robertson|first158=David|last159=Leung|first159=Alexander K. C.|last160=Robson|first160=William Lane M.|last161=Leung|first161=Alexander K. C.|last162=Lampinen|first162=Katja|last163=Kublickiene|first163=Karolina|last164=Kaaja|first164=Risto|last165=Lenarczyk|first165=Radosław|last166=Kowalski|first166=Oskar|last167=Kalarus|first167=Zbigniew|last168=Wichterle|first168=Dan|last169=Leung|first169=Alexander K. C.|last170=Maguire|first170=Jamie|last171=Mody|first171=Istvan|last172=Janssens|first172=Katrien|last173=Vanhoenacker|first173=Filip|last174=Van Hul|first174=Wim|last175=Gdynia|first175=Hans-Jürgen|last176=Ludolph|first176=Albert C.|last177=Leonard|first177=James V.|last178=Cate|first178=Hugo Ten|last179=Geboes|first179=Karel|last180=Van Assche|first180=Gert|last181=Cate|first181=Hugo Ten|last182=Berden|first182=Jo H. M.|last183=Van Kuppevelt|first183=Toin H.|last184=Rops|first184=Angelique L.|last185=Cate|first185=Hugo Ten|last186=Cate|first186=Hugo Ten|last187=Frank|first187=Jorge|last188=Schwarz|first188=Thomas|last189=Ambros-Rudolph|first189=Christina M.|last190=Lamounier-Zepter|first190=Valéria|last191=Thomas|first191=Christie P.|last192=Thomas|first192=Christie P.|last193=Thomas|first193=Christie P.|last194=Koch|first194=Christian A.|last195=Weinstein|first195=Lee S.|last196=Silve|first196=Caroline|last197=Leung|first197=Alexander K. C.|last198=Uitto|first198=Jouni|last199=Jiang|first199=Qiujie|last200=Leung|first200=Alexander K. C.|last201=Robson|first201=William Lane M.|last202=Leung|first202=Alexander K. C.|last203=Yildiz|first203=Orhan|last204=Kayabas|first204=Uner|last205=Hegele|first205=Richard G.|last206=Tournier|first206=Jean-Nicolas|last207=Halefoğlu|first207=Ahmet Mesrur|last208=Hutson|first208=Mary Redmond|last209=Kirby|first209=Margaret L.|last210=Okada|first210=Fumito|last211=Ando|first211=Yumiko|last212=Ono|first212=Asami|last213=Mori|first213=Hiromu|last214=Moore|first214=Timothy M.|last215=Townsley|first215=Mary I.|last216=Krauth|first216=Maria-T.|last217=Pabinger|first217=Ingrid|last218=Ballmann|first218=Manfred|last219=Hegele|first219=Richard G.|last220=Trow|first220=Terence K.|last221=McLaughlin|first221=Vallerie V.|last222=Hegele|first222=Richard G.|last223=Fetouh Yassin|first223=Atteyet-Alla|last224=Uebing|first224=Anselm|last225=Gatzoulis|first225=Michael A.|last226=Gardiner|first226=Helena M.|last227=Ma|first227=Lucia K.|last228=Ma|first228=Patrick T. S.|last229=Leung|first229=Alexander K. C.|last230=Prieto|first230=Lourdes|last231=Latson|first231=Larry|last232=Keller|first232=Nancy R.|last233=Robertson|first233=David|last234=Fairbanks|first234=Lynette D.|last235=Simmonds|first235=H. Anne|last236=Brunner|first236=Martina|last237=Zouboulis|first237=Christos C.|last238=Everts|first238=Vincent|last239=Helfrich|first239=Miep|last240=Leung|first240=Alexander K. C.|last241=Wong|first241=Andrew L.|last242=Von Den Driesch|first242=Peter|last243=Bitsch|first243=Roland|last244=Bitsch|first244=Roland|last245=Bitsch|first245=Roland|last246=García-Cazorla|first246=Angels|last247=Saudubray|first247=Jean Marie|title=Pentalogy of Fallot|year=2009|pages=1602–1605|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_1393}}</ref>
 
. The most common symptoms of pentalogy of fallot include [[cyanosis]], easy fatigabillity , and hypercyanotic spells with crying , feeding and defecating.<ref name="Braun-FalcoMankin2009">{{cite journal|last1=Braun-Falco|first1=Markus|last2=Mankin|first2=Henry J.|last3=Wenger|first3=Sharon L.|last4=Braun-Falco|first4=Markus|last5=Kendall|first5=Stephan DiSean|last6=Blobe|first6=Gerard C.|last7=Weber|first7=Christoph K.|last8=Lorenz|first8=Richard|last9=Adler|first9=Guido|last10=Whitcomb|first10=David C.|last11=Yadav|first11=Dhiraj|last12=Bode|first12=Johannes|last13=Wabitsch|first13=Martin|last14=Debatin|first14=Klaus-Michael|last15=Posovzsky|first15=Pamela Fischer|last16=Hassan|first16=Akmal|last17=Megahed|first17=Mosaad|last18=Lundgren|first18=Tord M.|last19=Pfister|first19=Markus|last20=Zenner|first20=Hans-Peter|last21=Berardi|first21=Rossana|last22=Pierantoni|first22=Chiara|last23=Scartozzi|first23=Mario|last24=Cascinu|first24=Stefano|last25=Hendy|first25=Geoffrey N.|last26=Schwarz|first26=Johannes|last27=Storch|first27=Alexander|last28=Schnog|first28=John-John B.|last29=Gerdes|first29=Victor E. A.|last30=Schneider|first30=Susanne A.|last31=Bhatia|first31=Kailash P.|last32=Gittenberger-de Groot|first32=Adriana C.|last33=Bökenkamp|first33=Regina|last34=DeRuiter|first34=Marco C.|last35=Leung|first35=Alexander K. C.|last36=Wong|first36=Andrew L.|last37=Lang|first37=Undine E.|last38=Leung|first38=Alexander K. C.|last39=Leung|first39=Alexander K. C.|last40=Seyhan|first40=Muammer|last41=Hofmann|first41=Silke|last42=Bruckner-Tuderman|first42=Leena|last43=Hofmann|first43=Silke|last44=Bruckner-Tuderman|first44=Leena|last45=Hofmann|first45=Silke|last46=Bruckner-Tuderman|first46=Leena|last47=Kopp|first47=Peter|last48=Forrest|first48=Douglas|last49=Misirlioğlu|first49=Emine Dibek|last50=Alpan|first50=Nursel|last51=Oette|first51=Mark|last52=Imazio|first52=Massimo|last53=Chinnaiyan|first53=Kavitha M.|last54=Mehta|first54=Laxmi S.|last55=Bhat|first55=Mushtaq A.|last56=Bhat|first56=Javeed I.|last57=Stöber|first57=Gerald|last58=Reis|first58=André|last59=Rémi|first59=Jan|last60=Noachtar|first60=Soheyl|last61=Jurkat-Rott|first61=Karin|last62=Lehmann-Horn|first62=Frank|last63=Holzhausen|first63=Marinella|last64=Vergnolle|first64=Nathalie|last65=Schillinger|first65=Martin|last66=Gdynia|first66=Hans-Jürgen|last67=Ludolph|first67=Albert C.|last68=Namdar|first68=Thomas|last69=Eisenberger|first69=Claus Ferdinand|last70=Knoefel|first70=Wolfram Trudo|last71=Ginés|first71=Pere|last72=Guevara|first72=Mónica|last73=Cuesta-Muñoz|first73=Antonio L.|last74=Eijer|first74=Henk|last75=Böhm|first75=Markus|last76=Luger|first76=Thomas A.|last77=Güttler|first77=Flemming|last78=Guldberg|first78=Per|last79=Koch|first79=Richard|last80=Moseley|first80=Kathryn|last81=Eisenhofer|first81=Graeme|last82=Pacak|first82=Karel|last83=Leonard|first83=James V.|last84=Jaeken|first84=Jaak|last85=Becker|first85=Michael A.|last86=Stephani|first86=Ulrich|last87=Frazier|first87=Kendall S.|last88=Böhm|first88=Markus|last89=Luger|first89=Thomas A.|last90=Leung|first90=Alexander K. C.|last91=Sauve|first91=Reginald S.|last92=Matejas|first92=Verena|last93=Zenker|first93=Martin|last94=Leung|first94=Alexander K. C.|last95=Leung|first95=Alexander K. C.|last96=Robson|first96=William Lane M.|last97=Beissert|first97=Stefan|last98=Leung|first98=Alexander K. C.|last99=Robson|first99=William Lane M.|last100=Woo|first100=Tom Y.|last101=Leung|first101=Alexander K. C.|last102=Cate|first102=Hugo Ten|last103=Light|first103=Richard W.|last104=Bozza|first104=Patricia T.|last105=Salluh|first105=Jorge I.|last106=Jantz|first106=Michael A.|last107=Vargas|first107=Sergio L.|last108=Tomic|first108=Rade|last109=Roman|first109=Jesse|last110=Mobeireek|first110=Abdullah F.|last111=Khalid|first111=Mohammad|last112=Torres|first112=Harrys A.|last113=Chemaly|first113=Roy F.|last114=Tomic|first114=Rade|last115=Roman|first115=Jesse|last116=Light|first116=Richard W.|last117=Dispenzieri|first117=Angela|last118=Krause|first118=Sabine|last119=Lochmüller|first119=Hanns|last120=Weihrauch|first120=Julia|last121=Krieg|first121=Thomas|last122=Kühn|first122=Wolfgang|last123=Walz|first123=Gerd|last124=Merker|first124=Georg H.|last125=Kubitz|first125=Ralf|last126=Häussinger|first126=Dieter|last127=Schnog|first127=John-John B.|last128=Gerdes|first128=Victor E. A.|last129=Musco|first129=Giovanna|last130=Stoll|first130=Guido|last131=Toyka|first131=Klaus V.|last132=Leung|first132=Alexander K. C.|last133=Leung|first133=Alexander K. C.|last134=Robson|first134=William Lane M.|last135=Böhm|first135=Markus|last136=Luger|first136=Thomas A.|last137=Pischik|first137=Elena|last138=Kauppinen|first138=Raili|last139=Frank|first139=Jorge|last140=Schwarz|first140=Thomas|last141=Thapar|first141=Manish|last142=Bonkovsky|first142=Herbert. L.|last143=Wagner|first143=Jeffrey C.|last144=Smith|first144=A. Gordon|last145=Mela|first145=Maria|last146=Thalheimer|first146=Ulrich|last147=Samonakis|first147=Dimitrios|last148=Burroughs|first148=Andrew K.|last149=Mela|first149=Maria|last150=Thalheimer|first150=Ulrich|last151=Samonakis|first151=Dimitrios|last152=Burroughs|first152=Andrew K.|last153=Shastri|first153=Yogesh M.|last154=Stein|first154=Jürgen M.|last155=Segman|first155=Ronnen H.|last156=Shalev|first156=Arieh Y.|last157=Jacob|first157=Giris|last158=Robertson|first158=David|last159=Leung|first159=Alexander K. C.|last160=Robson|first160=William Lane M.|last161=Leung|first161=Alexander K. C.|last162=Lampinen|first162=Katja|last163=Kublickiene|first163=Karolina|last164=Kaaja|first164=Risto|last165=Lenarczyk|first165=Radosław|last166=Kowalski|first166=Oskar|last167=Kalarus|first167=Zbigniew|last168=Wichterle|first168=Dan|last169=Leung|first169=Alexander K. C.|last170=Maguire|first170=Jamie|last171=Mody|first171=Istvan|last172=Janssens|first172=Katrien|last173=Vanhoenacker|first173=Filip|last174=Van Hul|first174=Wim|last175=Gdynia|first175=Hans-Jürgen|last176=Ludolph|first176=Albert C.|last177=Leonard|first177=James V.|last178=Cate|first178=Hugo Ten|last179=Geboes|first179=Karel|last180=Van Assche|first180=Gert|last181=Cate|first181=Hugo Ten|last182=Berden|first182=Jo H. M.|last183=Van Kuppevelt|first183=Toin H.|last184=Rops|first184=Angelique L.|last185=Cate|first185=Hugo Ten|last186=Cate|first186=Hugo Ten|last187=Frank|first187=Jorge|last188=Schwarz|first188=Thomas|last189=Ambros-Rudolph|first189=Christina M.|last190=Lamounier-Zepter|first190=Valéria|last191=Thomas|first191=Christie P.|last192=Thomas|first192=Christie P.|last193=Thomas|first193=Christie P.|last194=Koch|first194=Christian A.|last195=Weinstein|first195=Lee S.|last196=Silve|first196=Caroline|last197=Leung|first197=Alexander K. C.|last198=Uitto|first198=Jouni|last199=Jiang|first199=Qiujie|last200=Leung|first200=Alexander K. C.|last201=Robson|first201=William Lane M.|last202=Leung|first202=Alexander K. C.|last203=Yildiz|first203=Orhan|last204=Kayabas|first204=Uner|last205=Hegele|first205=Richard G.|last206=Tournier|first206=Jean-Nicolas|last207=Halefoğlu|first207=Ahmet Mesrur|last208=Hutson|first208=Mary Redmond|last209=Kirby|first209=Margaret L.|last210=Okada|first210=Fumito|last211=Ando|first211=Yumiko|last212=Ono|first212=Asami|last213=Mori|first213=Hiromu|last214=Moore|first214=Timothy M.|last215=Townsley|first215=Mary I.|last216=Krauth|first216=Maria-T.|last217=Pabinger|first217=Ingrid|last218=Ballmann|first218=Manfred|last219=Hegele|first219=Richard G.|last220=Trow|first220=Terence K.|last221=McLaughlin|first221=Vallerie V.|last222=Hegele|first222=Richard G.|last223=Fetouh Yassin|first223=Atteyet-Alla|last224=Uebing|first224=Anselm|last225=Gatzoulis|first225=Michael A.|last226=Gardiner|first226=Helena M.|last227=Ma|first227=Lucia K.|last228=Ma|first228=Patrick T. S.|last229=Leung|first229=Alexander K. C.|last230=Prieto|first230=Lourdes|last231=Latson|first231=Larry|last232=Keller|first232=Nancy R.|last233=Robertson|first233=David|last234=Fairbanks|first234=Lynette D.|last235=Simmonds|first235=H. Anne|last236=Brunner|first236=Martina|last237=Zouboulis|first237=Christos C.|last238=Everts|first238=Vincent|last239=Helfrich|first239=Miep|last240=Leung|first240=Alexander K. C.|last241=Wong|first241=Andrew L.|last242=Von Den Driesch|first242=Peter|last243=Bitsch|first243=Roland|last244=Bitsch|first244=Roland|last245=Bitsch|first245=Roland|last246=García-Cazorla|first246=Angels|last247=Saudubray|first247=Jean Marie|title=Pentalogy of Fallot|year=2009|pages=1602–1605|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_1393}}</ref>
OR
==Physical Examination==
 
[[Patients]] with pentalogy of Fallot appear [[cyanotic]].<ref name="OMJA2020">{{cite journal|last1=OM|first1=Akinlade|last2=JA|first2=Ogunmodede|last3=OA|first3=Adeyemi|last4=WO|first4=Yusuf|last5=RO|first5=Awodun|last6=YA|first6=Ayoola|last7=IA|first7=Yusuf|last8=PM|first8=Kolo|title=Adult Nigerian with Untreated Pentalogy of Fallot: A Case Report|journal=Asploro Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Case Reports|volume=3|issue=1|year=2020|pages=62–66|issn=2582-0370|doi=10.36502/2020/ASJBCCR.6187}}</ref><ref name="ParwaniPhillips2016">{{cite journal|last1=Parwani|first1=Purvi|last2=Phillips|first2=Sabrina|title=IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL EXAMINATION IN ADULT PATIENTS WITH TETRALOGY OF FALLOT|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=67|issue=13|year=2016|pages=1101|issn=07351097|doi=10.1016/S0735-1097(16)31102-0}}</ref>
The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
* Physical examination of patients with Pentalogy of Fallot is usually remarkable for:
 
** Right ventricular heave
===Physical Examination===
** Elevated jugular venous pressure
Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
** [[Clubbing|Finger clubbing]]
 
** Displaced apex beat
OR
** Normal S1 with single S2
 
** [[Pedal edema|Peripheral edema]]
Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
** [[Heart murmur|Diastolic murmur]] at the left sternal border
 
** [[Systolic murmur]] increasing with [[inspiration]] at the [[left sternal border]]
OR
 
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].
 
OR
 
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].
 
===Laboratory Findings===
===Laboratory Findings===
An elevated/reduced concentration of serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
Some patients with pentalogy of fallot may have [[polycythemia]]  
 
which is usually suggestive of worsening [[hypoxia]] and compensatory production of erythropoetin.<ref name="Braun-FalcoMankin2009">{{cite journal|last1=Braun-Falco|first1=Markus|last2=Mankin|first2=Henry J.|last3=Wenger|first3=Sharon L.|last4=Braun-Falco|first4=Markus|last5=Kendall|first5=Stephan DiSean|last6=Blobe|first6=Gerard C.|last7=Weber|first7=Christoph K.|last8=Lorenz|first8=Richard|last9=Adler|first9=Guido|last10=Whitcomb|first10=David C.|last11=Yadav|first11=Dhiraj|last12=Bode|first12=Johannes|last13=Wabitsch|first13=Martin|last14=Debatin|first14=Klaus-Michael|last15=Posovzsky|first15=Pamela Fischer|last16=Hassan|first16=Akmal|last17=Megahed|first17=Mosaad|last18=Lundgren|first18=Tord M.|last19=Pfister|first19=Markus|last20=Zenner|first20=Hans-Peter|last21=Berardi|first21=Rossana|last22=Pierantoni|first22=Chiara|last23=Scartozzi|first23=Mario|last24=Cascinu|first24=Stefano|last25=Hendy|first25=Geoffrey N.|last26=Schwarz|first26=Johannes|last27=Storch|first27=Alexander|last28=Schnog|first28=John-John B.|last29=Gerdes|first29=Victor E. A.|last30=Schneider|first30=Susanne A.|last31=Bhatia|first31=Kailash P.|last32=Gittenberger-de Groot|first32=Adriana C.|last33=Bökenkamp|first33=Regina|last34=DeRuiter|first34=Marco C.|last35=Leung|first35=Alexander K. C.|last36=Wong|first36=Andrew L.|last37=Lang|first37=Undine E.|last38=Leung|first38=Alexander K. C.|last39=Leung|first39=Alexander K. C.|last40=Seyhan|first40=Muammer|last41=Hofmann|first41=Silke|last42=Bruckner-Tuderman|first42=Leena|last43=Hofmann|first43=Silke|last44=Bruckner-Tuderman|first44=Leena|last45=Hofmann|first45=Silke|last46=Bruckner-Tuderman|first46=Leena|last47=Kopp|first47=Peter|last48=Forrest|first48=Douglas|last49=Misirlioğlu|first49=Emine Dibek|last50=Alpan|first50=Nursel|last51=Oette|first51=Mark|last52=Imazio|first52=Massimo|last53=Chinnaiyan|first53=Kavitha M.|last54=Mehta|first54=Laxmi S.|last55=Bhat|first55=Mushtaq A.|last56=Bhat|first56=Javeed I.|last57=Stöber|first57=Gerald|last58=Reis|first58=André|last59=Rémi|first59=Jan|last60=Noachtar|first60=Soheyl|last61=Jurkat-Rott|first61=Karin|last62=Lehmann-Horn|first62=Frank|last63=Holzhausen|first63=Marinella|last64=Vergnolle|first64=Nathalie|last65=Schillinger|first65=Martin|last66=Gdynia|first66=Hans-Jürgen|last67=Ludolph|first67=Albert C.|last68=Namdar|first68=Thomas|last69=Eisenberger|first69=Claus Ferdinand|last70=Knoefel|first70=Wolfram Trudo|last71=Ginés|first71=Pere|last72=Guevara|first72=Mónica|last73=Cuesta-Muñoz|first73=Antonio L.|last74=Eijer|first74=Henk|last75=Böhm|first75=Markus|last76=Luger|first76=Thomas A.|last77=Güttler|first77=Flemming|last78=Guldberg|first78=Per|last79=Koch|first79=Richard|last80=Moseley|first80=Kathryn|last81=Eisenhofer|first81=Graeme|last82=Pacak|first82=Karel|last83=Leonard|first83=James V.|last84=Jaeken|first84=Jaak|last85=Becker|first85=Michael A.|last86=Stephani|first86=Ulrich|last87=Frazier|first87=Kendall S.|last88=Böhm|first88=Markus|last89=Luger|first89=Thomas A.|last90=Leung|first90=Alexander K. C.|last91=Sauve|first91=Reginald S.|last92=Matejas|first92=Verena|last93=Zenker|first93=Martin|last94=Leung|first94=Alexander K. C.|last95=Leung|first95=Alexander K. C.|last96=Robson|first96=William Lane M.|last97=Beissert|first97=Stefan|last98=Leung|first98=Alexander K. C.|last99=Robson|first99=William Lane M.|last100=Woo|first100=Tom Y.|last101=Leung|first101=Alexander K. C.|last102=Cate|first102=Hugo Ten|last103=Light|first103=Richard W.|last104=Bozza|first104=Patricia T.|last105=Salluh|first105=Jorge I.|last106=Jantz|first106=Michael A.|last107=Vargas|first107=Sergio L.|last108=Tomic|first108=Rade|last109=Roman|first109=Jesse|last110=Mobeireek|first110=Abdullah F.|last111=Khalid|first111=Mohammad|last112=Torres|first112=Harrys A.|last113=Chemaly|first113=Roy F.|last114=Tomic|first114=Rade|last115=Roman|first115=Jesse|last116=Light|first116=Richard W.|last117=Dispenzieri|first117=Angela|last118=Krause|first118=Sabine|last119=Lochmüller|first119=Hanns|last120=Weihrauch|first120=Julia|last121=Krieg|first121=Thomas|last122=Kühn|first122=Wolfgang|last123=Walz|first123=Gerd|last124=Merker|first124=Georg H.|last125=Kubitz|first125=Ralf|last126=Häussinger|first126=Dieter|last127=Schnog|first127=John-John B.|last128=Gerdes|first128=Victor E. A.|last129=Musco|first129=Giovanna|last130=Stoll|first130=Guido|last131=Toyka|first131=Klaus V.|last132=Leung|first132=Alexander K. C.|last133=Leung|first133=Alexander K. C.|last134=Robson|first134=William Lane M.|last135=Böhm|first135=Markus|last136=Luger|first136=Thomas A.|last137=Pischik|first137=Elena|last138=Kauppinen|first138=Raili|last139=Frank|first139=Jorge|last140=Schwarz|first140=Thomas|last141=Thapar|first141=Manish|last142=Bonkovsky|first142=Herbert. L.|last143=Wagner|first143=Jeffrey C.|last144=Smith|first144=A. Gordon|last145=Mela|first145=Maria|last146=Thalheimer|first146=Ulrich|last147=Samonakis|first147=Dimitrios|last148=Burroughs|first148=Andrew K.|last149=Mela|first149=Maria|last150=Thalheimer|first150=Ulrich|last151=Samonakis|first151=Dimitrios|last152=Burroughs|first152=Andrew K.|last153=Shastri|first153=Yogesh M.|last154=Stein|first154=Jürgen M.|last155=Segman|first155=Ronnen H.|last156=Shalev|first156=Arieh Y.|last157=Jacob|first157=Giris|last158=Robertson|first158=David|last159=Leung|first159=Alexander K. C.|last160=Robson|first160=William Lane M.|last161=Leung|first161=Alexander K. C.|last162=Lampinen|first162=Katja|last163=Kublickiene|first163=Karolina|last164=Kaaja|first164=Risto|last165=Lenarczyk|first165=Radosław|last166=Kowalski|first166=Oskar|last167=Kalarus|first167=Zbigniew|last168=Wichterle|first168=Dan|last169=Leung|first169=Alexander K. C.|last170=Maguire|first170=Jamie|last171=Mody|first171=Istvan|last172=Janssens|first172=Katrien|last173=Vanhoenacker|first173=Filip|last174=Van Hul|first174=Wim|last175=Gdynia|first175=Hans-Jürgen|last176=Ludolph|first176=Albert C.|last177=Leonard|first177=James V.|last178=Cate|first178=Hugo Ten|last179=Geboes|first179=Karel|last180=Van Assche|first180=Gert|last181=Cate|first181=Hugo Ten|last182=Berden|first182=Jo H. M.|last183=Van Kuppevelt|first183=Toin H.|last184=Rops|first184=Angelique L.|last185=Cate|first185=Hugo Ten|last186=Cate|first186=Hugo Ten|last187=Frank|first187=Jorge|last188=Schwarz|first188=Thomas|last189=Ambros-Rudolph|first189=Christina M.|last190=Lamounier-Zepter|first190=Valéria|last191=Thomas|first191=Christie P.|last192=Thomas|first192=Christie P.|last193=Thomas|first193=Christie P.|last194=Koch|first194=Christian A.|last195=Weinstein|first195=Lee S.|last196=Silve|first196=Caroline|last197=Leung|first197=Alexander K. C.|last198=Uitto|first198=Jouni|last199=Jiang|first199=Qiujie|last200=Leung|first200=Alexander K. C.|last201=Robson|first201=William Lane M.|last202=Leung|first202=Alexander K. C.|last203=Yildiz|first203=Orhan|last204=Kayabas|first204=Uner|last205=Hegele|first205=Richard G.|last206=Tournier|first206=Jean-Nicolas|last207=Halefoğlu|first207=Ahmet Mesrur|last208=Hutson|first208=Mary Redmond|last209=Kirby|first209=Margaret L.|last210=Okada|first210=Fumito|last211=Ando|first211=Yumiko|last212=Ono|first212=Asami|last213=Mori|first213=Hiromu|last214=Moore|first214=Timothy M.|last215=Townsley|first215=Mary I.|last216=Krauth|first216=Maria-T.|last217=Pabinger|first217=Ingrid|last218=Ballmann|first218=Manfred|last219=Hegele|first219=Richard G.|last220=Trow|first220=Terence K.|last221=McLaughlin|first221=Vallerie V.|last222=Hegele|first222=Richard G.|last223=Fetouh Yassin|first223=Atteyet-Alla|last224=Uebing|first224=Anselm|last225=Gatzoulis|first225=Michael A.|last226=Gardiner|first226=Helena M.|last227=Ma|first227=Lucia K.|last228=Ma|first228=Patrick T. S.|last229=Leung|first229=Alexander K. C.|last230=Prieto|first230=Lourdes|last231=Latson|first231=Larry|last232=Keller|first232=Nancy R.|last233=Robertson|first233=David|last234=Fairbanks|first234=Lynette D.|last235=Simmonds|first235=H. Anne|last236=Brunner|first236=Martina|last237=Zouboulis|first237=Christos C.|last238=Everts|first238=Vincent|last239=Helfrich|first239=Miep|last240=Leung|first240=Alexander K. C.|last241=Wong|first241=Andrew L.|last242=Von Den Driesch|first242=Peter|last243=Bitsch|first243=Roland|last244=Bitsch|first244=Roland|last245=Bitsch|first245=Roland|last246=García-Cazorla|first246=Angels|last247=Saudubray|first247=Jean Marie|title=Pentalogy of Fallot|year=2009|pages=1602–1605|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_1393}}</ref>
OR
 
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].
 
OR
 
[Test] is usually normal among patients with [disease name].
 
OR
 
Some patients with [disease name] may have elevated/reduced concentration of [test], which is usually suggestive of [progression/complication].
 
OR
 
There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with [disease name].


===Electrocardiogram===
===Electrocardiogram===
There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].
An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of pentalogy of Fallot,
 
Findings on an ECG suggestive of pentalogy of fallot include [[right axis deviation]] and [[right ventricular hypertrophy]].<ref name="Braun-FalcoMankin2009">{{cite journal|last1=Braun-Falco|first1=Markus|last2=Mankin|first2=Henry J.|last3=Wenger|first3=Sharon L.|last4=Braun-Falco|first4=Markus|last5=Kendall|first5=Stephan DiSean|last6=Blobe|first6=Gerard C.|last7=Weber|first7=Christoph K.|last8=Lorenz|first8=Richard|last9=Adler|first9=Guido|last10=Whitcomb|first10=David C.|last11=Yadav|first11=Dhiraj|last12=Bode|first12=Johannes|last13=Wabitsch|first13=Martin|last14=Debatin|first14=Klaus-Michael|last15=Posovzsky|first15=Pamela Fischer|last16=Hassan|first16=Akmal|last17=Megahed|first17=Mosaad|last18=Lundgren|first18=Tord M.|last19=Pfister|first19=Markus|last20=Zenner|first20=Hans-Peter|last21=Berardi|first21=Rossana|last22=Pierantoni|first22=Chiara|last23=Scartozzi|first23=Mario|last24=Cascinu|first24=Stefano|last25=Hendy|first25=Geoffrey N.|last26=Schwarz|first26=Johannes|last27=Storch|first27=Alexander|last28=Schnog|first28=John-John B.|last29=Gerdes|first29=Victor E. A.|last30=Schneider|first30=Susanne A.|last31=Bhatia|first31=Kailash P.|last32=Gittenberger-de Groot|first32=Adriana C.|last33=Bökenkamp|first33=Regina|last34=DeRuiter|first34=Marco C.|last35=Leung|first35=Alexander K. C.|last36=Wong|first36=Andrew L.|last37=Lang|first37=Undine E.|last38=Leung|first38=Alexander K. C.|last39=Leung|first39=Alexander K. C.|last40=Seyhan|first40=Muammer|last41=Hofmann|first41=Silke|last42=Bruckner-Tuderman|first42=Leena|last43=Hofmann|first43=Silke|last44=Bruckner-Tuderman|first44=Leena|last45=Hofmann|first45=Silke|last46=Bruckner-Tuderman|first46=Leena|last47=Kopp|first47=Peter|last48=Forrest|first48=Douglas|last49=Misirlioğlu|first49=Emine Dibek|last50=Alpan|first50=Nursel|last51=Oette|first51=Mark|last52=Imazio|first52=Massimo|last53=Chinnaiyan|first53=Kavitha M.|last54=Mehta|first54=Laxmi S.|last55=Bhat|first55=Mushtaq A.|last56=Bhat|first56=Javeed I.|last57=Stöber|first57=Gerald|last58=Reis|first58=André|last59=Rémi|first59=Jan|last60=Noachtar|first60=Soheyl|last61=Jurkat-Rott|first61=Karin|last62=Lehmann-Horn|first62=Frank|last63=Holzhausen|first63=Marinella|last64=Vergnolle|first64=Nathalie|last65=Schillinger|first65=Martin|last66=Gdynia|first66=Hans-Jürgen|last67=Ludolph|first67=Albert C.|last68=Namdar|first68=Thomas|last69=Eisenberger|first69=Claus Ferdinand|last70=Knoefel|first70=Wolfram Trudo|last71=Ginés|first71=Pere|last72=Guevara|first72=Mónica|last73=Cuesta-Muñoz|first73=Antonio L.|last74=Eijer|first74=Henk|last75=Böhm|first75=Markus|last76=Luger|first76=Thomas A.|last77=Güttler|first77=Flemming|last78=Guldberg|first78=Per|last79=Koch|first79=Richard|last80=Moseley|first80=Kathryn|last81=Eisenhofer|first81=Graeme|last82=Pacak|first82=Karel|last83=Leonard|first83=James V.|last84=Jaeken|first84=Jaak|last85=Becker|first85=Michael A.|last86=Stephani|first86=Ulrich|last87=Frazier|first87=Kendall S.|last88=Böhm|first88=Markus|last89=Luger|first89=Thomas A.|last90=Leung|first90=Alexander K. C.|last91=Sauve|first91=Reginald S.|last92=Matejas|first92=Verena|last93=Zenker|first93=Martin|last94=Leung|first94=Alexander K. C.|last95=Leung|first95=Alexander K. C.|last96=Robson|first96=William Lane M.|last97=Beissert|first97=Stefan|last98=Leung|first98=Alexander K. C.|last99=Robson|first99=William Lane M.|last100=Woo|first100=Tom Y.|last101=Leung|first101=Alexander K. C.|last102=Cate|first102=Hugo Ten|last103=Light|first103=Richard W.|last104=Bozza|first104=Patricia T.|last105=Salluh|first105=Jorge I.|last106=Jantz|first106=Michael A.|last107=Vargas|first107=Sergio L.|last108=Tomic|first108=Rade|last109=Roman|first109=Jesse|last110=Mobeireek|first110=Abdullah F.|last111=Khalid|first111=Mohammad|last112=Torres|first112=Harrys A.|last113=Chemaly|first113=Roy F.|last114=Tomic|first114=Rade|last115=Roman|first115=Jesse|last116=Light|first116=Richard W.|last117=Dispenzieri|first117=Angela|last118=Krause|first118=Sabine|last119=Lochmüller|first119=Hanns|last120=Weihrauch|first120=Julia|last121=Krieg|first121=Thomas|last122=Kühn|first122=Wolfgang|last123=Walz|first123=Gerd|last124=Merker|first124=Georg H.|last125=Kubitz|first125=Ralf|last126=Häussinger|first126=Dieter|last127=Schnog|first127=John-John B.|last128=Gerdes|first128=Victor E. A.|last129=Musco|first129=Giovanna|last130=Stoll|first130=Guido|last131=Toyka|first131=Klaus V.|last132=Leung|first132=Alexander K. C.|last133=Leung|first133=Alexander K. C.|last134=Robson|first134=William Lane M.|last135=Böhm|first135=Markus|last136=Luger|first136=Thomas A.|last137=Pischik|first137=Elena|last138=Kauppinen|first138=Raili|last139=Frank|first139=Jorge|last140=Schwarz|first140=Thomas|last141=Thapar|first141=Manish|last142=Bonkovsky|first142=Herbert. L.|last143=Wagner|first143=Jeffrey C.|last144=Smith|first144=A. Gordon|last145=Mela|first145=Maria|last146=Thalheimer|first146=Ulrich|last147=Samonakis|first147=Dimitrios|last148=Burroughs|first148=Andrew K.|last149=Mela|first149=Maria|last150=Thalheimer|first150=Ulrich|last151=Samonakis|first151=Dimitrios|last152=Burroughs|first152=Andrew K.|last153=Shastri|first153=Yogesh M.|last154=Stein|first154=Jürgen M.|last155=Segman|first155=Ronnen H.|last156=Shalev|first156=Arieh Y.|last157=Jacob|first157=Giris|last158=Robertson|first158=David|last159=Leung|first159=Alexander K. C.|last160=Robson|first160=William Lane M.|last161=Leung|first161=Alexander K. C.|last162=Lampinen|first162=Katja|last163=Kublickiene|first163=Karolina|last164=Kaaja|first164=Risto|last165=Lenarczyk|first165=Radosław|last166=Kowalski|first166=Oskar|last167=Kalarus|first167=Zbigniew|last168=Wichterle|first168=Dan|last169=Leung|first169=Alexander K. C.|last170=Maguire|first170=Jamie|last171=Mody|first171=Istvan|last172=Janssens|first172=Katrien|last173=Vanhoenacker|first173=Filip|last174=Van Hul|first174=Wim|last175=Gdynia|first175=Hans-Jürgen|last176=Ludolph|first176=Albert C.|last177=Leonard|first177=James V.|last178=Cate|first178=Hugo Ten|last179=Geboes|first179=Karel|last180=Van Assche|first180=Gert|last181=Cate|first181=Hugo Ten|last182=Berden|first182=Jo H. M.|last183=Van Kuppevelt|first183=Toin H.|last184=Rops|first184=Angelique L.|last185=Cate|first185=Hugo Ten|last186=Cate|first186=Hugo Ten|last187=Frank|first187=Jorge|last188=Schwarz|first188=Thomas|last189=Ambros-Rudolph|first189=Christina M.|last190=Lamounier-Zepter|first190=Valéria|last191=Thomas|first191=Christie P.|last192=Thomas|first192=Christie P.|last193=Thomas|first193=Christie P.|last194=Koch|first194=Christian A.|last195=Weinstein|first195=Lee S.|last196=Silve|first196=Caroline|last197=Leung|first197=Alexander K. C.|last198=Uitto|first198=Jouni|last199=Jiang|first199=Qiujie|last200=Leung|first200=Alexander K. C.|last201=Robson|first201=William Lane M.|last202=Leung|first202=Alexander K. C.|last203=Yildiz|first203=Orhan|last204=Kayabas|first204=Uner|last205=Hegele|first205=Richard G.|last206=Tournier|first206=Jean-Nicolas|last207=Halefoğlu|first207=Ahmet Mesrur|last208=Hutson|first208=Mary Redmond|last209=Kirby|first209=Margaret L.|last210=Okada|first210=Fumito|last211=Ando|first211=Yumiko|last212=Ono|first212=Asami|last213=Mori|first213=Hiromu|last214=Moore|first214=Timothy M.|last215=Townsley|first215=Mary I.|last216=Krauth|first216=Maria-T.|last217=Pabinger|first217=Ingrid|last218=Ballmann|first218=Manfred|last219=Hegele|first219=Richard G.|last220=Trow|first220=Terence K.|last221=McLaughlin|first221=Vallerie V.|last222=Hegele|first222=Richard G.|last223=Fetouh Yassin|first223=Atteyet-Alla|last224=Uebing|first224=Anselm|last225=Gatzoulis|first225=Michael A.|last226=Gardiner|first226=Helena M.|last227=Ma|first227=Lucia K.|last228=Ma|first228=Patrick T. S.|last229=Leung|first229=Alexander K. C.|last230=Prieto|first230=Lourdes|last231=Latson|first231=Larry|last232=Keller|first232=Nancy R.|last233=Robertson|first233=David|last234=Fairbanks|first234=Lynette D.|last235=Simmonds|first235=H. Anne|last236=Brunner|first236=Martina|last237=Zouboulis|first237=Christos C.|last238=Everts|first238=Vincent|last239=Helfrich|first239=Miep|last240=Leung|first240=Alexander K. C.|last241=Wong|first241=Andrew L.|last242=Von Den Driesch|first242=Peter|last243=Bitsch|first243=Roland|last244=Bitsch|first244=Roland|last245=Bitsch|first245=Roland|last246=García-Cazorla|first246=Angels|last247=Saudubray|first247=Jean Marie|title=Pentalogy of Fallot|year=2009|pages=1602–1605|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_1393}}</ref>
OR
[[File: Right_ventrriular_hypertophy.png|200p|thumb|right|Echocardiography Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3874376/]]
 
An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
 
===X-ray===
===X-ray===
There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].
An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of pentalogy of Fallot. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of pentalogy of fallot include boot shaped heart or coeur en sabot.<ref name="Braun-FalcoMankin2009">{{cite journal|last1=Braun-Falco|first1=Markus|last2=Mankin|first2=Henry J.|last3=Wenger|first3=Sharon L.|last4=Braun-Falco|first4=Markus|last5=Kendall|first5=Stephan DiSean|last6=Blobe|first6=Gerard C.|last7=Weber|first7=Christoph K.|last8=Lorenz|first8=Richard|last9=Adler|first9=Guido|last10=Whitcomb|first10=David C.|last11=Yadav|first11=Dhiraj|last12=Bode|first12=Johannes|last13=Wabitsch|first13=Martin|last14=Debatin|first14=Klaus-Michael|last15=Posovzsky|first15=Pamela Fischer|last16=Hassan|first16=Akmal|last17=Megahed|first17=Mosaad|last18=Lundgren|first18=Tord M.|last19=Pfister|first19=Markus|last20=Zenner|first20=Hans-Peter|last21=Berardi|first21=Rossana|last22=Pierantoni|first22=Chiara|last23=Scartozzi|first23=Mario|last24=Cascinu|first24=Stefano|last25=Hendy|first25=Geoffrey N.|last26=Schwarz|first26=Johannes|last27=Storch|first27=Alexander|last28=Schnog|first28=John-John B.|last29=Gerdes|first29=Victor E. A.|last30=Schneider|first30=Susanne A.|last31=Bhatia|first31=Kailash P.|last32=Gittenberger-de Groot|first32=Adriana C.|last33=Bökenkamp|first33=Regina|last34=DeRuiter|first34=Marco C.|last35=Leung|first35=Alexander K. C.|last36=Wong|first36=Andrew L.|last37=Lang|first37=Undine E.|last38=Leung|first38=Alexander K. C.|last39=Leung|first39=Alexander K. C.|last40=Seyhan|first40=Muammer|last41=Hofmann|first41=Silke|last42=Bruckner-Tuderman|first42=Leena|last43=Hofmann|first43=Silke|last44=Bruckner-Tuderman|first44=Leena|last45=Hofmann|first45=Silke|last46=Bruckner-Tuderman|first46=Leena|last47=Kopp|first47=Peter|last48=Forrest|first48=Douglas|last49=Misirlioğlu|first49=Emine Dibek|last50=Alpan|first50=Nursel|last51=Oette|first51=Mark|last52=Imazio|first52=Massimo|last53=Chinnaiyan|first53=Kavitha M.|last54=Mehta|first54=Laxmi S.|last55=Bhat|first55=Mushtaq A.|last56=Bhat|first56=Javeed I.|last57=Stöber|first57=Gerald|last58=Reis|first58=André|last59=Rémi|first59=Jan|last60=Noachtar|first60=Soheyl|last61=Jurkat-Rott|first61=Karin|last62=Lehmann-Horn|first62=Frank|last63=Holzhausen|first63=Marinella|last64=Vergnolle|first64=Nathalie|last65=Schillinger|first65=Martin|last66=Gdynia|first66=Hans-Jürgen|last67=Ludolph|first67=Albert C.|last68=Namdar|first68=Thomas|last69=Eisenberger|first69=Claus Ferdinand|last70=Knoefel|first70=Wolfram Trudo|last71=Ginés|first71=Pere|last72=Guevara|first72=Mónica|last73=Cuesta-Muñoz|first73=Antonio L.|last74=Eijer|first74=Henk|last75=Böhm|first75=Markus|last76=Luger|first76=Thomas A.|last77=Güttler|first77=Flemming|last78=Guldberg|first78=Per|last79=Koch|first79=Richard|last80=Moseley|first80=Kathryn|last81=Eisenhofer|first81=Graeme|last82=Pacak|first82=Karel|last83=Leonard|first83=James V.|last84=Jaeken|first84=Jaak|last85=Becker|first85=Michael A.|last86=Stephani|first86=Ulrich|last87=Frazier|first87=Kendall S.|last88=Böhm|first88=Markus|last89=Luger|first89=Thomas A.|last90=Leung|first90=Alexander K. C.|last91=Sauve|first91=Reginald S.|last92=Matejas|first92=Verena|last93=Zenker|first93=Martin|last94=Leung|first94=Alexander K. C.|last95=Leung|first95=Alexander K. C.|last96=Robson|first96=William Lane M.|last97=Beissert|first97=Stefan|last98=Leung|first98=Alexander K. C.|last99=Robson|first99=William Lane M.|last100=Woo|first100=Tom Y.|last101=Leung|first101=Alexander K. C.|last102=Cate|first102=Hugo Ten|last103=Light|first103=Richard W.|last104=Bozza|first104=Patricia T.|last105=Salluh|first105=Jorge I.|last106=Jantz|first106=Michael A.|last107=Vargas|first107=Sergio L.|last108=Tomic|first108=Rade|last109=Roman|first109=Jesse|last110=Mobeireek|first110=Abdullah F.|last111=Khalid|first111=Mohammad|last112=Torres|first112=Harrys A.|last113=Chemaly|first113=Roy F.|last114=Tomic|first114=Rade|last115=Roman|first115=Jesse|last116=Light|first116=Richard W.|last117=Dispenzieri|first117=Angela|last118=Krause|first118=Sabine|last119=Lochmüller|first119=Hanns|last120=Weihrauch|first120=Julia|last121=Krieg|first121=Thomas|last122=Kühn|first122=Wolfgang|last123=Walz|first123=Gerd|last124=Merker|first124=Georg H.|last125=Kubitz|first125=Ralf|last126=Häussinger|first126=Dieter|last127=Schnog|first127=John-John B.|last128=Gerdes|first128=Victor E. A.|last129=Musco|first129=Giovanna|last130=Stoll|first130=Guido|last131=Toyka|first131=Klaus V.|last132=Leung|first132=Alexander K. C.|last133=Leung|first133=Alexander K. C.|last134=Robson|first134=William Lane M.|last135=Böhm|first135=Markus|last136=Luger|first136=Thomas A.|last137=Pischik|first137=Elena|last138=Kauppinen|first138=Raili|last139=Frank|first139=Jorge|last140=Schwarz|first140=Thomas|last141=Thapar|first141=Manish|last142=Bonkovsky|first142=Herbert. L.|last143=Wagner|first143=Jeffrey C.|last144=Smith|first144=A. Gordon|last145=Mela|first145=Maria|last146=Thalheimer|first146=Ulrich|last147=Samonakis|first147=Dimitrios|last148=Burroughs|first148=Andrew K.|last149=Mela|first149=Maria|last150=Thalheimer|first150=Ulrich|last151=Samonakis|first151=Dimitrios|last152=Burroughs|first152=Andrew K.|last153=Shastri|first153=Yogesh M.|last154=Stein|first154=Jürgen M.|last155=Segman|first155=Ronnen H.|last156=Shalev|first156=Arieh Y.|last157=Jacob|first157=Giris|last158=Robertson|first158=David|last159=Leung|first159=Alexander K. C.|last160=Robson|first160=William Lane M.|last161=Leung|first161=Alexander K. C.|last162=Lampinen|first162=Katja|last163=Kublickiene|first163=Karolina|last164=Kaaja|first164=Risto|last165=Lenarczyk|first165=Radosław|last166=Kowalski|first166=Oskar|last167=Kalarus|first167=Zbigniew|last168=Wichterle|first168=Dan|last169=Leung|first169=Alexander K. C.|last170=Maguire|first170=Jamie|last171=Mody|first171=Istvan|last172=Janssens|first172=Katrien|last173=Vanhoenacker|first173=Filip|last174=Van Hul|first174=Wim|last175=Gdynia|first175=Hans-Jürgen|last176=Ludolph|first176=Albert C.|last177=Leonard|first177=James V.|last178=Cate|first178=Hugo Ten|last179=Geboes|first179=Karel|last180=Van Assche|first180=Gert|last181=Cate|first181=Hugo Ten|last182=Berden|first182=Jo H. M.|last183=Van Kuppevelt|first183=Toin H.|last184=Rops|first184=Angelique L.|last185=Cate|first185=Hugo Ten|last186=Cate|first186=Hugo Ten|last187=Frank|first187=Jorge|last188=Schwarz|first188=Thomas|last189=Ambros-Rudolph|first189=Christina M.|last190=Lamounier-Zepter|first190=Valéria|last191=Thomas|first191=Christie P.|last192=Thomas|first192=Christie P.|last193=Thomas|first193=Christie P.|last194=Koch|first194=Christian A.|last195=Weinstein|first195=Lee S.|last196=Silve|first196=Caroline|last197=Leung|first197=Alexander K. C.|last198=Uitto|first198=Jouni|last199=Jiang|first199=Qiujie|last200=Leung|first200=Alexander K. C.|last201=Robson|first201=William Lane M.|last202=Leung|first202=Alexander K. C.|last203=Yildiz|first203=Orhan|last204=Kayabas|first204=Uner|last205=Hegele|first205=Richard G.|last206=Tournier|first206=Jean-Nicolas|last207=Halefoğlu|first207=Ahmet Mesrur|last208=Hutson|first208=Mary Redmond|last209=Kirby|first209=Margaret L.|last210=Okada|first210=Fumito|last211=Ando|first211=Yumiko|last212=Ono|first212=Asami|last213=Mori|first213=Hiromu|last214=Moore|first214=Timothy M.|last215=Townsley|first215=Mary I.|last216=Krauth|first216=Maria-T.|last217=Pabinger|first217=Ingrid|last218=Ballmann|first218=Manfred|last219=Hegele|first219=Richard G.|last220=Trow|first220=Terence K.|last221=McLaughlin|first221=Vallerie V.|last222=Hegele|first222=Richard G.|last223=Fetouh Yassin|first223=Atteyet-Alla|last224=Uebing|first224=Anselm|last225=Gatzoulis|first225=Michael A.|last226=Gardiner|first226=Helena M.|last227=Ma|first227=Lucia K.|last228=Ma|first228=Patrick T. S.|last229=Leung|first229=Alexander K. C.|last230=Prieto|first230=Lourdes|last231=Latson|first231=Larry|last232=Keller|first232=Nancy R.|last233=Robertson|first233=David|last234=Fairbanks|first234=Lynette D.|last235=Simmonds|first235=H. Anne|last236=Brunner|first236=Martina|last237=Zouboulis|first237=Christos C.|last238=Everts|first238=Vincent|last239=Helfrich|first239=Miep|last240=Leung|first240=Alexander K. C.|last241=Wong|first241=Andrew L.|last242=Von Den Driesch|first242=Peter|last243=Bitsch|first243=Roland|last244=Bitsch|first244=Roland|last245=Bitsch|first245=Roland|last246=García-Cazorla|first246=Angels|last247=Saudubray|first247=Jean Marie|title=Pentalogy of Fallot|year=2009|pages=1602–1605|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_1393}}</ref> [[File:Boot_shaped_heart.png|200p|thumb|left| Typical preoperative chest X‐ray of a 16‐month‐old boy with tetralogy of Fallot.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5412831/]]
 
OR
 
An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
 
OR
 
There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
 
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===
===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound  findings associated with [disease name].
Echocardiography  may be helpful in the diagnosis of pentalogy of fallot. Findings on an echocardiography diagnostic of pentalogy of fallot include.<ref name="Braun-FalcoMankin2009">{{cite journal|last1=Braun-Falco|first1=Markus|last2=Mankin|first2=Henry J.|last3=Wenger|first3=Sharon L.|last4=Braun-Falco|first4=Markus|last5=Kendall|first5=Stephan DiSean|last6=Blobe|first6=Gerard C.|last7=Weber|first7=Christoph K.|last8=Lorenz|first8=Richard|last9=Adler|first9=Guido|last10=Whitcomb|first10=David C.|last11=Yadav|first11=Dhiraj|last12=Bode|first12=Johannes|last13=Wabitsch|first13=Martin|last14=Debatin|first14=Klaus-Michael|last15=Posovzsky|first15=Pamela Fischer|last16=Hassan|first16=Akmal|last17=Megahed|first17=Mosaad|last18=Lundgren|first18=Tord M.|last19=Pfister|first19=Markus|last20=Zenner|first20=Hans-Peter|last21=Berardi|first21=Rossana|last22=Pierantoni|first22=Chiara|last23=Scartozzi|first23=Mario|last24=Cascinu|first24=Stefano|last25=Hendy|first25=Geoffrey N.|last26=Schwarz|first26=Johannes|last27=Storch|first27=Alexander|last28=Schnog|first28=John-John B.|last29=Gerdes|first29=Victor E. A.|last30=Schneider|first30=Susanne A.|last31=Bhatia|first31=Kailash P.|last32=Gittenberger-de Groot|first32=Adriana C.|last33=Bökenkamp|first33=Regina|last34=DeRuiter|first34=Marco C.|last35=Leung|first35=Alexander K. C.|last36=Wong|first36=Andrew L.|last37=Lang|first37=Undine E.|last38=Leung|first38=Alexander K. C.|last39=Leung|first39=Alexander K. C.|last40=Seyhan|first40=Muammer|last41=Hofmann|first41=Silke|last42=Bruckner-Tuderman|first42=Leena|last43=Hofmann|first43=Silke|last44=Bruckner-Tuderman|first44=Leena|last45=Hofmann|first45=Silke|last46=Bruckner-Tuderman|first46=Leena|last47=Kopp|first47=Peter|last48=Forrest|first48=Douglas|last49=Misirlioğlu|first49=Emine Dibek|last50=Alpan|first50=Nursel|last51=Oette|first51=Mark|last52=Imazio|first52=Massimo|last53=Chinnaiyan|first53=Kavitha M.|last54=Mehta|first54=Laxmi S.|last55=Bhat|first55=Mushtaq A.|last56=Bhat|first56=Javeed I.|last57=Stöber|first57=Gerald|last58=Reis|first58=André|last59=Rémi|first59=Jan|last60=Noachtar|first60=Soheyl|last61=Jurkat-Rott|first61=Karin|last62=Lehmann-Horn|first62=Frank|last63=Holzhausen|first63=Marinella|last64=Vergnolle|first64=Nathalie|last65=Schillinger|first65=Martin|last66=Gdynia|first66=Hans-Jürgen|last67=Ludolph|first67=Albert C.|last68=Namdar|first68=Thomas|last69=Eisenberger|first69=Claus Ferdinand|last70=Knoefel|first70=Wolfram Trudo|last71=Ginés|first71=Pere|last72=Guevara|first72=Mónica|last73=Cuesta-Muñoz|first73=Antonio L.|last74=Eijer|first74=Henk|last75=Böhm|first75=Markus|last76=Luger|first76=Thomas A.|last77=Güttler|first77=Flemming|last78=Guldberg|first78=Per|last79=Koch|first79=Richard|last80=Moseley|first80=Kathryn|last81=Eisenhofer|first81=Graeme|last82=Pacak|first82=Karel|last83=Leonard|first83=James V.|last84=Jaeken|first84=Jaak|last85=Becker|first85=Michael A.|last86=Stephani|first86=Ulrich|last87=Frazier|first87=Kendall S.|last88=Böhm|first88=Markus|last89=Luger|first89=Thomas A.|last90=Leung|first90=Alexander K. C.|last91=Sauve|first91=Reginald S.|last92=Matejas|first92=Verena|last93=Zenker|first93=Martin|last94=Leung|first94=Alexander K. C.|last95=Leung|first95=Alexander K. C.|last96=Robson|first96=William Lane M.|last97=Beissert|first97=Stefan|last98=Leung|first98=Alexander K. C.|last99=Robson|first99=William Lane M.|last100=Woo|first100=Tom Y.|last101=Leung|first101=Alexander K. C.|last102=Cate|first102=Hugo Ten|last103=Light|first103=Richard W.|last104=Bozza|first104=Patricia T.|last105=Salluh|first105=Jorge I.|last106=Jantz|first106=Michael A.|last107=Vargas|first107=Sergio L.|last108=Tomic|first108=Rade|last109=Roman|first109=Jesse|last110=Mobeireek|first110=Abdullah F.|last111=Khalid|first111=Mohammad|last112=Torres|first112=Harrys A.|last113=Chemaly|first113=Roy F.|last114=Tomic|first114=Rade|last115=Roman|first115=Jesse|last116=Light|first116=Richard W.|last117=Dispenzieri|first117=Angela|last118=Krause|first118=Sabine|last119=Lochmüller|first119=Hanns|last120=Weihrauch|first120=Julia|last121=Krieg|first121=Thomas|last122=Kühn|first122=Wolfgang|last123=Walz|first123=Gerd|last124=Merker|first124=Georg H.|last125=Kubitz|first125=Ralf|last126=Häussinger|first126=Dieter|last127=Schnog|first127=John-John B.|last128=Gerdes|first128=Victor E. A.|last129=Musco|first129=Giovanna|last130=Stoll|first130=Guido|last131=Toyka|first131=Klaus V.|last132=Leung|first132=Alexander K. C.|last133=Leung|first133=Alexander K. C.|last134=Robson|first134=William Lane M.|last135=Böhm|first135=Markus|last136=Luger|first136=Thomas A.|last137=Pischik|first137=Elena|last138=Kauppinen|first138=Raili|last139=Frank|first139=Jorge|last140=Schwarz|first140=Thomas|last141=Thapar|first141=Manish|last142=Bonkovsky|first142=Herbert. L.|last143=Wagner|first143=Jeffrey C.|last144=Smith|first144=A. Gordon|last145=Mela|first145=Maria|last146=Thalheimer|first146=Ulrich|last147=Samonakis|first147=Dimitrios|last148=Burroughs|first148=Andrew K.|last149=Mela|first149=Maria|last150=Thalheimer|first150=Ulrich|last151=Samonakis|first151=Dimitrios|last152=Burroughs|first152=Andrew K.|last153=Shastri|first153=Yogesh M.|last154=Stein|first154=Jürgen M.|last155=Segman|first155=Ronnen H.|last156=Shalev|first156=Arieh Y.|last157=Jacob|first157=Giris|last158=Robertson|first158=David|last159=Leung|first159=Alexander K. C.|last160=Robson|first160=William Lane M.|last161=Leung|first161=Alexander K. C.|last162=Lampinen|first162=Katja|last163=Kublickiene|first163=Karolina|last164=Kaaja|first164=Risto|last165=Lenarczyk|first165=Radosław|last166=Kowalski|first166=Oskar|last167=Kalarus|first167=Zbigniew|last168=Wichterle|first168=Dan|last169=Leung|first169=Alexander K. C.|last170=Maguire|first170=Jamie|last171=Mody|first171=Istvan|last172=Janssens|first172=Katrien|last173=Vanhoenacker|first173=Filip|last174=Van Hul|first174=Wim|last175=Gdynia|first175=Hans-Jürgen|last176=Ludolph|first176=Albert C.|last177=Leonard|first177=James V.|last178=Cate|first178=Hugo Ten|last179=Geboes|first179=Karel|last180=Van Assche|first180=Gert|last181=Cate|first181=Hugo Ten|last182=Berden|first182=Jo H. M.|last183=Van Kuppevelt|first183=Toin H.|last184=Rops|first184=Angelique L.|last185=Cate|first185=Hugo Ten|last186=Cate|first186=Hugo Ten|last187=Frank|first187=Jorge|last188=Schwarz|first188=Thomas|last189=Ambros-Rudolph|first189=Christina M.|last190=Lamounier-Zepter|first190=Valéria|last191=Thomas|first191=Christie P.|last192=Thomas|first192=Christie P.|last193=Thomas|first193=Christie P.|last194=Koch|first194=Christian A.|last195=Weinstein|first195=Lee S.|last196=Silve|first196=Caroline|last197=Leung|first197=Alexander K. C.|last198=Uitto|first198=Jouni|last199=Jiang|first199=Qiujie|last200=Leung|first200=Alexander K. C.|last201=Robson|first201=William Lane M.|last202=Leung|first202=Alexander K. C.|last203=Yildiz|first203=Orhan|last204=Kayabas|first204=Uner|last205=Hegele|first205=Richard G.|last206=Tournier|first206=Jean-Nicolas|last207=Halefoğlu|first207=Ahmet Mesrur|last208=Hutson|first208=Mary Redmond|last209=Kirby|first209=Margaret L.|last210=Okada|first210=Fumito|last211=Ando|first211=Yumiko|last212=Ono|first212=Asami|last213=Mori|first213=Hiromu|last214=Moore|first214=Timothy M.|last215=Townsley|first215=Mary I.|last216=Krauth|first216=Maria-T.|last217=Pabinger|first217=Ingrid|last218=Ballmann|first218=Manfred|last219=Hegele|first219=Richard G.|last220=Trow|first220=Terence K.|last221=McLaughlin|first221=Vallerie V.|last222=Hegele|first222=Richard G.|last223=Fetouh Yassin|first223=Atteyet-Alla|last224=Uebing|first224=Anselm|last225=Gatzoulis|first225=Michael A.|last226=Gardiner|first226=Helena M.|last227=Ma|first227=Lucia K.|last228=Ma|first228=Patrick T. S.|last229=Leung|first229=Alexander K. C.|last230=Prieto|first230=Lourdes|last231=Latson|first231=Larry|last232=Keller|first232=Nancy R.|last233=Robertson|first233=David|last234=Fairbanks|first234=Lynette D.|last235=Simmonds|first235=H. Anne|last236=Brunner|first236=Martina|last237=Zouboulis|first237=Christos C.|last238=Everts|first238=Vincent|last239=Helfrich|first239=Miep|last240=Leung|first240=Alexander K. C.|last241=Wong|first241=Andrew L.|last242=Von Den Driesch|first242=Peter|last243=Bitsch|first243=Roland|last244=Bitsch|first244=Roland|last245=Bitsch|first245=Roland|last246=García-Cazorla|first246=Angels|last247=Saudubray|first247=Jean Marie|title=Pentalogy of Fallot|year=2009|pages=1602–1605|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_1393}}</ref>
 
*[[Ventricular septal defect]].
OR
* Atrial septal defect.
 
*[[Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction]].
Echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
*[[overriding aorta]] [[File:Pentalogy_of_fallot_image_2.png|200p|thumb|left | Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3299189/]]
 
OR
 
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound  findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound  may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
 
===CT scan===
===CT scan===
There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].
Thoracic [[CT angiography]] may be helpful in the diagnosis of pentalogy of fallot. Findings on CT scan diagnostic of pentalogy of fallot include. <ref name="LapierreDubois2016">{{cite journal|last1=Lapierre|first1=C.|last2=Dubois|first2=J.|last3=Rypens|first3=F.|last4=Raboisson|first4=M.-J.|last5=Déry|first5=J.|title=Tetralogy of Fallot: Preoperative assessment with MR and CT imaging|journal=Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging|volume=97|issue=5|year=2016|pages=531–541|issn=22115684|doi=10.1016/j.diii.2016.01.009}}</ref>
 
*[[ventricular septal defect]].
OR
*[[right ventricular hypertrophy]],
 
*[[pulmonary atresia]]
[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
*[[Aortopulmonary Window|aortopulmonary]] collateral arteries.
 
OR
 
There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
 
===MRI===
===MRI===
There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].
[[Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR)|cardiac MRI]] may be helpful in the diagnosis of pentalogy of fallot. Findings on MRI diagnostic of pentalogy of fallot include RVOT stenosis, [[VSD,]] [[ASD,]][[Overriding aorta]], [[right ventricular hypertrophy]] and hypoplastic pulmonary arteries.<ref name="LapierreDubois2016">{{cite journal|last1=Lapierre|first1=C.|last2=Dubois|first2=J.|last3=Rypens|first3=F.|last4=Raboisson|first4=M.-J.|last5=Déry|first5=J.|title=Tetralogy of Fallot: Preoperative assessment with MR and CT imaging|journal=Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging|volume=97|issue=5|year=2016|pages=531–541|issn=22115684|doi=10.1016/j.diii.2016.01.009}}</ref>
 
OR
 
[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
 
OR


There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].


===Other Imaging Findings===
===Other Imaging Findings===
There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].
Other imaging findings for pentalogy of fallot include [[Right ventricular angiopraphy]] which demonstrates infundibular and [[pulmonary artery]] anatomy.  left ventricular angiography, which demonstrates. <ref name="Braun-FalcoMankin2009">{{cite journal|last1=Braun-Falco|first1=Markus|last2=Mankin|first2=Henry J.|last3=Wenger|first3=Sharon L.|last4=Braun-Falco|first4=Markus|last5=Kendall|first5=Stephan DiSean|last6=Blobe|first6=Gerard C.|last7=Weber|first7=Christoph K.|last8=Lorenz|first8=Richard|last9=Adler|first9=Guido|last10=Whitcomb|first10=David C.|last11=Yadav|first11=Dhiraj|last12=Bode|first12=Johannes|last13=Wabitsch|first13=Martin|last14=Debatin|first14=Klaus-Michael|last15=Posovzsky|first15=Pamela Fischer|last16=Hassan|first16=Akmal|last17=Megahed|first17=Mosaad|last18=Lundgren|first18=Tord M.|last19=Pfister|first19=Markus|last20=Zenner|first20=Hans-Peter|last21=Berardi|first21=Rossana|last22=Pierantoni|first22=Chiara|last23=Scartozzi|first23=Mario|last24=Cascinu|first24=Stefano|last25=Hendy|first25=Geoffrey N.|last26=Schwarz|first26=Johannes|last27=Storch|first27=Alexander|last28=Schnog|first28=John-John B.|last29=Gerdes|first29=Victor E. A.|last30=Schneider|first30=Susanne A.|last31=Bhatia|first31=Kailash P.|last32=Gittenberger-de Groot|first32=Adriana C.|last33=Bökenkamp|first33=Regina|last34=DeRuiter|first34=Marco C.|last35=Leung|first35=Alexander K. C.|last36=Wong|first36=Andrew L.|last37=Lang|first37=Undine E.|last38=Leung|first38=Alexander K. C.|last39=Leung|first39=Alexander K. C.|last40=Seyhan|first40=Muammer|last41=Hofmann|first41=Silke|last42=Bruckner-Tuderman|first42=Leena|last43=Hofmann|first43=Silke|last44=Bruckner-Tuderman|first44=Leena|last45=Hofmann|first45=Silke|last46=Bruckner-Tuderman|first46=Leena|last47=Kopp|first47=Peter|last48=Forrest|first48=Douglas|last49=Misirlioğlu|first49=Emine Dibek|last50=Alpan|first50=Nursel|last51=Oette|first51=Mark|last52=Imazio|first52=Massimo|last53=Chinnaiyan|first53=Kavitha M.|last54=Mehta|first54=Laxmi S.|last55=Bhat|first55=Mushtaq A.|last56=Bhat|first56=Javeed I.|last57=Stöber|first57=Gerald|last58=Reis|first58=André|last59=Rémi|first59=Jan|last60=Noachtar|first60=Soheyl|last61=Jurkat-Rott|first61=Karin|last62=Lehmann-Horn|first62=Frank|last63=Holzhausen|first63=Marinella|last64=Vergnolle|first64=Nathalie|last65=Schillinger|first65=Martin|last66=Gdynia|first66=Hans-Jürgen|last67=Ludolph|first67=Albert C.|last68=Namdar|first68=Thomas|last69=Eisenberger|first69=Claus Ferdinand|last70=Knoefel|first70=Wolfram Trudo|last71=Ginés|first71=Pere|last72=Guevara|first72=Mónica|last73=Cuesta-Muñoz|first73=Antonio L.|last74=Eijer|first74=Henk|last75=Böhm|first75=Markus|last76=Luger|first76=Thomas A.|last77=Güttler|first77=Flemming|last78=Guldberg|first78=Per|last79=Koch|first79=Richard|last80=Moseley|first80=Kathryn|last81=Eisenhofer|first81=Graeme|last82=Pacak|first82=Karel|last83=Leonard|first83=James V.|last84=Jaeken|first84=Jaak|last85=Becker|first85=Michael A.|last86=Stephani|first86=Ulrich|last87=Frazier|first87=Kendall S.|last88=Böhm|first88=Markus|last89=Luger|first89=Thomas A.|last90=Leung|first90=Alexander K. C.|last91=Sauve|first91=Reginald S.|last92=Matejas|first92=Verena|last93=Zenker|first93=Martin|last94=Leung|first94=Alexander K. C.|last95=Leung|first95=Alexander K. C.|last96=Robson|first96=William Lane M.|last97=Beissert|first97=Stefan|last98=Leung|first98=Alexander K. C.|last99=Robson|first99=William Lane M.|last100=Woo|first100=Tom Y.|last101=Leung|first101=Alexander K. C.|last102=Cate|first102=Hugo Ten|last103=Light|first103=Richard W.|last104=Bozza|first104=Patricia T.|last105=Salluh|first105=Jorge I.|last106=Jantz|first106=Michael A.|last107=Vargas|first107=Sergio L.|last108=Tomic|first108=Rade|last109=Roman|first109=Jesse|last110=Mobeireek|first110=Abdullah F.|last111=Khalid|first111=Mohammad|last112=Torres|first112=Harrys A.|last113=Chemaly|first113=Roy F.|last114=Tomic|first114=Rade|last115=Roman|first115=Jesse|last116=Light|first116=Richard W.|last117=Dispenzieri|first117=Angela|last118=Krause|first118=Sabine|last119=Lochmüller|first119=Hanns|last120=Weihrauch|first120=Julia|last121=Krieg|first121=Thomas|last122=Kühn|first122=Wolfgang|last123=Walz|first123=Gerd|last124=Merker|first124=Georg H.|last125=Kubitz|first125=Ralf|last126=Häussinger|first126=Dieter|last127=Schnog|first127=John-John B.|last128=Gerdes|first128=Victor E. A.|last129=Musco|first129=Giovanna|last130=Stoll|first130=Guido|last131=Toyka|first131=Klaus V.|last132=Leung|first132=Alexander K. C.|last133=Leung|first133=Alexander K. C.|last134=Robson|first134=William Lane M.|last135=Böhm|first135=Markus|last136=Luger|first136=Thomas A.|last137=Pischik|first137=Elena|last138=Kauppinen|first138=Raili|last139=Frank|first139=Jorge|last140=Schwarz|first140=Thomas|last141=Thapar|first141=Manish|last142=Bonkovsky|first142=Herbert. L.|last143=Wagner|first143=Jeffrey C.|last144=Smith|first144=A. Gordon|last145=Mela|first145=Maria|last146=Thalheimer|first146=Ulrich|last147=Samonakis|first147=Dimitrios|last148=Burroughs|first148=Andrew K.|last149=Mela|first149=Maria|last150=Thalheimer|first150=Ulrich|last151=Samonakis|first151=Dimitrios|last152=Burroughs|first152=Andrew K.|last153=Shastri|first153=Yogesh M.|last154=Stein|first154=Jürgen M.|last155=Segman|first155=Ronnen H.|last156=Shalev|first156=Arieh Y.|last157=Jacob|first157=Giris|last158=Robertson|first158=David|last159=Leung|first159=Alexander K. C.|last160=Robson|first160=William Lane M.|last161=Leung|first161=Alexander K. C.|last162=Lampinen|first162=Katja|last163=Kublickiene|first163=Karolina|last164=Kaaja|first164=Risto|last165=Lenarczyk|first165=Radosław|last166=Kowalski|first166=Oskar|last167=Kalarus|first167=Zbigniew|last168=Wichterle|first168=Dan|last169=Leung|first169=Alexander K. C.|last170=Maguire|first170=Jamie|last171=Mody|first171=Istvan|last172=Janssens|first172=Katrien|last173=Vanhoenacker|first173=Filip|last174=Van Hul|first174=Wim|last175=Gdynia|first175=Hans-Jürgen|last176=Ludolph|first176=Albert C.|last177=Leonard|first177=James V.|last178=Cate|first178=Hugo Ten|last179=Geboes|first179=Karel|last180=Van Assche|first180=Gert|last181=Cate|first181=Hugo Ten|last182=Berden|first182=Jo H. M.|last183=Van Kuppevelt|first183=Toin H.|last184=Rops|first184=Angelique L.|last185=Cate|first185=Hugo Ten|last186=Cate|first186=Hugo Ten|last187=Frank|first187=Jorge|last188=Schwarz|first188=Thomas|last189=Ambros-Rudolph|first189=Christina M.|last190=Lamounier-Zepter|first190=Valéria|last191=Thomas|first191=Christie P.|last192=Thomas|first192=Christie P.|last193=Thomas|first193=Christie P.|last194=Koch|first194=Christian A.|last195=Weinstein|first195=Lee S.|last196=Silve|first196=Caroline|last197=Leung|first197=Alexander K. C.|last198=Uitto|first198=Jouni|last199=Jiang|first199=Qiujie|last200=Leung|first200=Alexander K. C.|last201=Robson|first201=William Lane M.|last202=Leung|first202=Alexander K. C.|last203=Yildiz|first203=Orhan|last204=Kayabas|first204=Uner|last205=Hegele|first205=Richard G.|last206=Tournier|first206=Jean-Nicolas|last207=Halefoğlu|first207=Ahmet Mesrur|last208=Hutson|first208=Mary Redmond|last209=Kirby|first209=Margaret L.|last210=Okada|first210=Fumito|last211=Ando|first211=Yumiko|last212=Ono|first212=Asami|last213=Mori|first213=Hiromu|last214=Moore|first214=Timothy M.|last215=Townsley|first215=Mary I.|last216=Krauth|first216=Maria-T.|last217=Pabinger|first217=Ingrid|last218=Ballmann|first218=Manfred|last219=Hegele|first219=Richard G.|last220=Trow|first220=Terence K.|last221=McLaughlin|first221=Vallerie V.|last222=Hegele|first222=Richard G.|last223=Fetouh Yassin|first223=Atteyet-Alla|last224=Uebing|first224=Anselm|last225=Gatzoulis|first225=Michael A.|last226=Gardiner|first226=Helena M.|last227=Ma|first227=Lucia K.|last228=Ma|first228=Patrick T. S.|last229=Leung|first229=Alexander K. C.|last230=Prieto|first230=Lourdes|last231=Latson|first231=Larry|last232=Keller|first232=Nancy R.|last233=Robertson|first233=David|last234=Fairbanks|first234=Lynette D.|last235=Simmonds|first235=H. Anne|last236=Brunner|first236=Martina|last237=Zouboulis|first237=Christos C.|last238=Everts|first238=Vincent|last239=Helfrich|first239=Miep|last240=Leung|first240=Alexander K. C.|last241=Wong|first241=Andrew L.|last242=Von Den Driesch|first242=Peter|last243=Bitsch|first243=Roland|last244=Bitsch|first244=Roland|last245=Bitsch|first245=Roland|last246=García-Cazorla|first246=Angels|last247=Saudubray|first247=Jean Marie|title=Pentalogy of Fallot|year=2009|pages=1602–1605|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_1393}}</ref>
 
*[[Ventricular septal defect|VSD]]
OR
*[[Atrial septal defect|ASD]],
 
*[[Overiding aorta]]
[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
 
===Other Diagnostic Studies===
===Other Diagnostic Studies===
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with pentalogy of Fallot
 
OR
 
[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
 
OR
 
Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].


==Treatment==
==Treatment==
===Medical Therapy===
===Medical Therapy===
There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
The mainstay of treatment for pentalogy of fallot  is Surgery.<ref name="Braun-FalcoMankin2009">{{cite journal|last1=Braun-Falco|first1=Markus|last2=Mankin|first2=Henry J.|last3=Wenger|first3=Sharon L.|last4=Braun-Falco|first4=Markus|last5=Kendall|first5=Stephan DiSean|last6=Blobe|first6=Gerard C.|last7=Weber|first7=Christoph K.|last8=Lorenz|first8=Richard|last9=Adler|first9=Guido|last10=Whitcomb|first10=David C.|last11=Yadav|first11=Dhiraj|last12=Bode|first12=Johannes|last13=Wabitsch|first13=Martin|last14=Debatin|first14=Klaus-Michael|last15=Posovzsky|first15=Pamela Fischer|last16=Hassan|first16=Akmal|last17=Megahed|first17=Mosaad|last18=Lundgren|first18=Tord M.|last19=Pfister|first19=Markus|last20=Zenner|first20=Hans-Peter|last21=Berardi|first21=Rossana|last22=Pierantoni|first22=Chiara|last23=Scartozzi|first23=Mario|last24=Cascinu|first24=Stefano|last25=Hendy|first25=Geoffrey N.|last26=Schwarz|first26=Johannes|last27=Storch|first27=Alexander|last28=Schnog|first28=John-John B.|last29=Gerdes|first29=Victor E. A.|last30=Schneider|first30=Susanne A.|last31=Bhatia|first31=Kailash P.|last32=Gittenberger-de Groot|first32=Adriana C.|last33=Bökenkamp|first33=Regina|last34=DeRuiter|first34=Marco C.|last35=Leung|first35=Alexander K. C.|last36=Wong|first36=Andrew L.|last37=Lang|first37=Undine E.|last38=Leung|first38=Alexander K. C.|last39=Leung|first39=Alexander K. C.|last40=Seyhan|first40=Muammer|last41=Hofmann|first41=Silke|last42=Bruckner-Tuderman|first42=Leena|last43=Hofmann|first43=Silke|last44=Bruckner-Tuderman|first44=Leena|last45=Hofmann|first45=Silke|last46=Bruckner-Tuderman|first46=Leena|last47=Kopp|first47=Peter|last48=Forrest|first48=Douglas|last49=Misirlioğlu|first49=Emine Dibek|last50=Alpan|first50=Nursel|last51=Oette|first51=Mark|last52=Imazio|first52=Massimo|last53=Chinnaiyan|first53=Kavitha M.|last54=Mehta|first54=Laxmi S.|last55=Bhat|first55=Mushtaq A.|last56=Bhat|first56=Javeed I.|last57=Stöber|first57=Gerald|last58=Reis|first58=André|last59=Rémi|first59=Jan|last60=Noachtar|first60=Soheyl|last61=Jurkat-Rott|first61=Karin|last62=Lehmann-Horn|first62=Frank|last63=Holzhausen|first63=Marinella|last64=Vergnolle|first64=Nathalie|last65=Schillinger|first65=Martin|last66=Gdynia|first66=Hans-Jürgen|last67=Ludolph|first67=Albert C.|last68=Namdar|first68=Thomas|last69=Eisenberger|first69=Claus Ferdinand|last70=Knoefel|first70=Wolfram Trudo|last71=Ginés|first71=Pere|last72=Guevara|first72=Mónica|last73=Cuesta-Muñoz|first73=Antonio L.|last74=Eijer|first74=Henk|last75=Böhm|first75=Markus|last76=Luger|first76=Thomas A.|last77=Güttler|first77=Flemming|last78=Guldberg|first78=Per|last79=Koch|first79=Richard|last80=Moseley|first80=Kathryn|last81=Eisenhofer|first81=Graeme|last82=Pacak|first82=Karel|last83=Leonard|first83=James V.|last84=Jaeken|first84=Jaak|last85=Becker|first85=Michael A.|last86=Stephani|first86=Ulrich|last87=Frazier|first87=Kendall S.|last88=Böhm|first88=Markus|last89=Luger|first89=Thomas A.|last90=Leung|first90=Alexander K. C.|last91=Sauve|first91=Reginald S.|last92=Matejas|first92=Verena|last93=Zenker|first93=Martin|last94=Leung|first94=Alexander K. C.|last95=Leung|first95=Alexander K. C.|last96=Robson|first96=William Lane M.|last97=Beissert|first97=Stefan|last98=Leung|first98=Alexander K. C.|last99=Robson|first99=William Lane M.|last100=Woo|first100=Tom Y.|last101=Leung|first101=Alexander K. C.|last102=Cate|first102=Hugo Ten|last103=Light|first103=Richard W.|last104=Bozza|first104=Patricia T.|last105=Salluh|first105=Jorge I.|last106=Jantz|first106=Michael A.|last107=Vargas|first107=Sergio L.|last108=Tomic|first108=Rade|last109=Roman|first109=Jesse|last110=Mobeireek|first110=Abdullah F.|last111=Khalid|first111=Mohammad|last112=Torres|first112=Harrys A.|last113=Chemaly|first113=Roy F.|last114=Tomic|first114=Rade|last115=Roman|first115=Jesse|last116=Light|first116=Richard W.|last117=Dispenzieri|first117=Angela|last118=Krause|first118=Sabine|last119=Lochmüller|first119=Hanns|last120=Weihrauch|first120=Julia|last121=Krieg|first121=Thomas|last122=Kühn|first122=Wolfgang|last123=Walz|first123=Gerd|last124=Merker|first124=Georg H.|last125=Kubitz|first125=Ralf|last126=Häussinger|first126=Dieter|last127=Schnog|first127=John-John B.|last128=Gerdes|first128=Victor E. A.|last129=Musco|first129=Giovanna|last130=Stoll|first130=Guido|last131=Toyka|first131=Klaus V.|last132=Leung|first132=Alexander K. C.|last133=Leung|first133=Alexander K. C.|last134=Robson|first134=William Lane M.|last135=Böhm|first135=Markus|last136=Luger|first136=Thomas A.|last137=Pischik|first137=Elena|last138=Kauppinen|first138=Raili|last139=Frank|first139=Jorge|last140=Schwarz|first140=Thomas|last141=Thapar|first141=Manish|last142=Bonkovsky|first142=Herbert. L.|last143=Wagner|first143=Jeffrey C.|last144=Smith|first144=A. Gordon|last145=Mela|first145=Maria|last146=Thalheimer|first146=Ulrich|last147=Samonakis|first147=Dimitrios|last148=Burroughs|first148=Andrew K.|last149=Mela|first149=Maria|last150=Thalheimer|first150=Ulrich|last151=Samonakis|first151=Dimitrios|last152=Burroughs|first152=Andrew K.|last153=Shastri|first153=Yogesh M.|last154=Stein|first154=Jürgen M.|last155=Segman|first155=Ronnen H.|last156=Shalev|first156=Arieh Y.|last157=Jacob|first157=Giris|last158=Robertson|first158=David|last159=Leung|first159=Alexander K. C.|last160=Robson|first160=William Lane M.|last161=Leung|first161=Alexander K. C.|last162=Lampinen|first162=Katja|last163=Kublickiene|first163=Karolina|last164=Kaaja|first164=Risto|last165=Lenarczyk|first165=Radosław|last166=Kowalski|first166=Oskar|last167=Kalarus|first167=Zbigniew|last168=Wichterle|first168=Dan|last169=Leung|first169=Alexander K. C.|last170=Maguire|first170=Jamie|last171=Mody|first171=Istvan|last172=Janssens|first172=Katrien|last173=Vanhoenacker|first173=Filip|last174=Van Hul|first174=Wim|last175=Gdynia|first175=Hans-Jürgen|last176=Ludolph|first176=Albert C.|last177=Leonard|first177=James V.|last178=Cate|first178=Hugo Ten|last179=Geboes|first179=Karel|last180=Van Assche|first180=Gert|last181=Cate|first181=Hugo Ten|last182=Berden|first182=Jo H. M.|last183=Van Kuppevelt|first183=Toin H.|last184=Rops|first184=Angelique L.|last185=Cate|first185=Hugo Ten|last186=Cate|first186=Hugo Ten|last187=Frank|first187=Jorge|last188=Schwarz|first188=Thomas|last189=Ambros-Rudolph|first189=Christina M.|last190=Lamounier-Zepter|first190=Valéria|last191=Thomas|first191=Christie P.|last192=Thomas|first192=Christie P.|last193=Thomas|first193=Christie P.|last194=Koch|first194=Christian A.|last195=Weinstein|first195=Lee S.|last196=Silve|first196=Caroline|last197=Leung|first197=Alexander K. C.|last198=Uitto|first198=Jouni|last199=Jiang|first199=Qiujie|last200=Leung|first200=Alexander K. C.|last201=Robson|first201=William Lane M.|last202=Leung|first202=Alexander K. C.|last203=Yildiz|first203=Orhan|last204=Kayabas|first204=Uner|last205=Hegele|first205=Richard G.|last206=Tournier|first206=Jean-Nicolas|last207=Halefoğlu|first207=Ahmet Mesrur|last208=Hutson|first208=Mary Redmond|last209=Kirby|first209=Margaret L.|last210=Okada|first210=Fumito|last211=Ando|first211=Yumiko|last212=Ono|first212=Asami|last213=Mori|first213=Hiromu|last214=Moore|first214=Timothy M.|last215=Townsley|first215=Mary I.|last216=Krauth|first216=Maria-T.|last217=Pabinger|first217=Ingrid|last218=Ballmann|first218=Manfred|last219=Hegele|first219=Richard G.|last220=Trow|first220=Terence K.|last221=McLaughlin|first221=Vallerie V.|last222=Hegele|first222=Richard G.|last223=Fetouh Yassin|first223=Atteyet-Alla|last224=Uebing|first224=Anselm|last225=Gatzoulis|first225=Michael A.|last226=Gardiner|first226=Helena M.|last227=Ma|first227=Lucia K.|last228=Ma|first228=Patrick T. S.|last229=Leung|first229=Alexander K. C.|last230=Prieto|first230=Lourdes|last231=Latson|first231=Larry|last232=Keller|first232=Nancy R.|last233=Robertson|first233=David|last234=Fairbanks|first234=Lynette D.|last235=Simmonds|first235=H. Anne|last236=Brunner|first236=Martina|last237=Zouboulis|first237=Christos C.|last238=Everts|first238=Vincent|last239=Helfrich|first239=Miep|last240=Leung|first240=Alexander K. C.|last241=Wong|first241=Andrew L.|last242=Von Den Driesch|first242=Peter|last243=Bitsch|first243=Roland|last244=Bitsch|first244=Roland|last245=Bitsch|first245=Roland|last246=García-Cazorla|first246=Angels|last247=Saudubray|first247=Jean Marie|title=Pentalogy of Fallot|year=2009|pages=1602–1605|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_1393}}</ref>
 
OR
 
Supportive therapy for [disease name] includes [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and [therapy 3].
 
OR
 
The majority of cases of [disease name] are self-limited and require only supportive care.
 
OR
 
[Disease name] is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment.
 
OR
 
The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is [therapy].
 
OR
 
The optimal therapy for [malignancy name] depends on the stage at diagnosis.
 
OR
 
[Therapy] is recommended among all patients who develop [disease name].
 
OR
 
Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with [disease subclass 1], [disease subclass 2], and [disease subclass 3].
 
OR


Pharmacologic medical therapies for [disease name] include (either) [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and/or [therapy 3].
Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with severe [[Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction|RVOTO]] and hypercyanotic spells.<ref name="Braun-FalcoMankin2009">{{cite journal|last1=Braun-Falco|first1=Markus|last2=Mankin|first2=Henry J.|last3=Wenger|first3=Sharon L.|last4=Braun-Falco|first4=Markus|last5=Kendall|first5=Stephan DiSean|last6=Blobe|first6=Gerard C.|last7=Weber|first7=Christoph K.|last8=Lorenz|first8=Richard|last9=Adler|first9=Guido|last10=Whitcomb|first10=David C.|last11=Yadav|first11=Dhiraj|last12=Bode|first12=Johannes|last13=Wabitsch|first13=Martin|last14=Debatin|first14=Klaus-Michael|last15=Posovzsky|first15=Pamela Fischer|last16=Hassan|first16=Akmal|last17=Megahed|first17=Mosaad|last18=Lundgren|first18=Tord M.|last19=Pfister|first19=Markus|last20=Zenner|first20=Hans-Peter|last21=Berardi|first21=Rossana|last22=Pierantoni|first22=Chiara|last23=Scartozzi|first23=Mario|last24=Cascinu|first24=Stefano|last25=Hendy|first25=Geoffrey N.|last26=Schwarz|first26=Johannes|last27=Storch|first27=Alexander|last28=Schnog|first28=John-John B.|last29=Gerdes|first29=Victor E. A.|last30=Schneider|first30=Susanne A.|last31=Bhatia|first31=Kailash P.|last32=Gittenberger-de Groot|first32=Adriana C.|last33=Bökenkamp|first33=Regina|last34=DeRuiter|first34=Marco C.|last35=Leung|first35=Alexander K. C.|last36=Wong|first36=Andrew L.|last37=Lang|first37=Undine E.|last38=Leung|first38=Alexander K. C.|last39=Leung|first39=Alexander K. C.|last40=Seyhan|first40=Muammer|last41=Hofmann|first41=Silke|last42=Bruckner-Tuderman|first42=Leena|last43=Hofmann|first43=Silke|last44=Bruckner-Tuderman|first44=Leena|last45=Hofmann|first45=Silke|last46=Bruckner-Tuderman|first46=Leena|last47=Kopp|first47=Peter|last48=Forrest|first48=Douglas|last49=Misirlioğlu|first49=Emine Dibek|last50=Alpan|first50=Nursel|last51=Oette|first51=Mark|last52=Imazio|first52=Massimo|last53=Chinnaiyan|first53=Kavitha M.|last54=Mehta|first54=Laxmi S.|last55=Bhat|first55=Mushtaq A.|last56=Bhat|first56=Javeed I.|last57=Stöber|first57=Gerald|last58=Reis|first58=André|last59=Rémi|first59=Jan|last60=Noachtar|first60=Soheyl|last61=Jurkat-Rott|first61=Karin|last62=Lehmann-Horn|first62=Frank|last63=Holzhausen|first63=Marinella|last64=Vergnolle|first64=Nathalie|last65=Schillinger|first65=Martin|last66=Gdynia|first66=Hans-Jürgen|last67=Ludolph|first67=Albert C.|last68=Namdar|first68=Thomas|last69=Eisenberger|first69=Claus Ferdinand|last70=Knoefel|first70=Wolfram Trudo|last71=Ginés|first71=Pere|last72=Guevara|first72=Mónica|last73=Cuesta-Muñoz|first73=Antonio L.|last74=Eijer|first74=Henk|last75=Böhm|first75=Markus|last76=Luger|first76=Thomas A.|last77=Güttler|first77=Flemming|last78=Guldberg|first78=Per|last79=Koch|first79=Richard|last80=Moseley|first80=Kathryn|last81=Eisenhofer|first81=Graeme|last82=Pacak|first82=Karel|last83=Leonard|first83=James V.|last84=Jaeken|first84=Jaak|last85=Becker|first85=Michael A.|last86=Stephani|first86=Ulrich|last87=Frazier|first87=Kendall S.|last88=Böhm|first88=Markus|last89=Luger|first89=Thomas A.|last90=Leung|first90=Alexander K. C.|last91=Sauve|first91=Reginald S.|last92=Matejas|first92=Verena|last93=Zenker|first93=Martin|last94=Leung|first94=Alexander K. C.|last95=Leung|first95=Alexander K. C.|last96=Robson|first96=William Lane M.|last97=Beissert|first97=Stefan|last98=Leung|first98=Alexander K. C.|last99=Robson|first99=William Lane M.|last100=Woo|first100=Tom Y.|last101=Leung|first101=Alexander K. C.|last102=Cate|first102=Hugo Ten|last103=Light|first103=Richard W.|last104=Bozza|first104=Patricia T.|last105=Salluh|first105=Jorge I.|last106=Jantz|first106=Michael A.|last107=Vargas|first107=Sergio L.|last108=Tomic|first108=Rade|last109=Roman|first109=Jesse|last110=Mobeireek|first110=Abdullah F.|last111=Khalid|first111=Mohammad|last112=Torres|first112=Harrys A.|last113=Chemaly|first113=Roy F.|last114=Tomic|first114=Rade|last115=Roman|first115=Jesse|last116=Light|first116=Richard W.|last117=Dispenzieri|first117=Angela|last118=Krause|first118=Sabine|last119=Lochmüller|first119=Hanns|last120=Weihrauch|first120=Julia|last121=Krieg|first121=Thomas|last122=Kühn|first122=Wolfgang|last123=Walz|first123=Gerd|last124=Merker|first124=Georg H.|last125=Kubitz|first125=Ralf|last126=Häussinger|first126=Dieter|last127=Schnog|first127=John-John B.|last128=Gerdes|first128=Victor E. A.|last129=Musco|first129=Giovanna|last130=Stoll|first130=Guido|last131=Toyka|first131=Klaus V.|last132=Leung|first132=Alexander K. C.|last133=Leung|first133=Alexander K. C.|last134=Robson|first134=William Lane M.|last135=Böhm|first135=Markus|last136=Luger|first136=Thomas A.|last137=Pischik|first137=Elena|last138=Kauppinen|first138=Raili|last139=Frank|first139=Jorge|last140=Schwarz|first140=Thomas|last141=Thapar|first141=Manish|last142=Bonkovsky|first142=Herbert. L.|last143=Wagner|first143=Jeffrey C.|last144=Smith|first144=A. Gordon|last145=Mela|first145=Maria|last146=Thalheimer|first146=Ulrich|last147=Samonakis|first147=Dimitrios|last148=Burroughs|first148=Andrew K.|last149=Mela|first149=Maria|last150=Thalheimer|first150=Ulrich|last151=Samonakis|first151=Dimitrios|last152=Burroughs|first152=Andrew K.|last153=Shastri|first153=Yogesh M.|last154=Stein|first154=Jürgen M.|last155=Segman|first155=Ronnen H.|last156=Shalev|first156=Arieh Y.|last157=Jacob|first157=Giris|last158=Robertson|first158=David|last159=Leung|first159=Alexander K. C.|last160=Robson|first160=William Lane M.|last161=Leung|first161=Alexander K. C.|last162=Lampinen|first162=Katja|last163=Kublickiene|first163=Karolina|last164=Kaaja|first164=Risto|last165=Lenarczyk|first165=Radosław|last166=Kowalski|first166=Oskar|last167=Kalarus|first167=Zbigniew|last168=Wichterle|first168=Dan|last169=Leung|first169=Alexander K. C.|last170=Maguire|first170=Jamie|last171=Mody|first171=Istvan|last172=Janssens|first172=Katrien|last173=Vanhoenacker|first173=Filip|last174=Van Hul|first174=Wim|last175=Gdynia|first175=Hans-Jürgen|last176=Ludolph|first176=Albert C.|last177=Leonard|first177=James V.|last178=Cate|first178=Hugo Ten|last179=Geboes|first179=Karel|last180=Van Assche|first180=Gert|last181=Cate|first181=Hugo Ten|last182=Berden|first182=Jo H. M.|last183=Van Kuppevelt|first183=Toin H.|last184=Rops|first184=Angelique L.|last185=Cate|first185=Hugo Ten|last186=Cate|first186=Hugo Ten|last187=Frank|first187=Jorge|last188=Schwarz|first188=Thomas|last189=Ambros-Rudolph|first189=Christina M.|last190=Lamounier-Zepter|first190=Valéria|last191=Thomas|first191=Christie P.|last192=Thomas|first192=Christie P.|last193=Thomas|first193=Christie P.|last194=Koch|first194=Christian A.|last195=Weinstein|first195=Lee S.|last196=Silve|first196=Caroline|last197=Leung|first197=Alexander K. C.|last198=Uitto|first198=Jouni|last199=Jiang|first199=Qiujie|last200=Leung|first200=Alexander K. C.|last201=Robson|first201=William Lane M.|last202=Leung|first202=Alexander K. C.|last203=Yildiz|first203=Orhan|last204=Kayabas|first204=Uner|last205=Hegele|first205=Richard G.|last206=Tournier|first206=Jean-Nicolas|last207=Halefoğlu|first207=Ahmet Mesrur|last208=Hutson|first208=Mary Redmond|last209=Kirby|first209=Margaret L.|last210=Okada|first210=Fumito|last211=Ando|first211=Yumiko|last212=Ono|first212=Asami|last213=Mori|first213=Hiromu|last214=Moore|first214=Timothy M.|last215=Townsley|first215=Mary I.|last216=Krauth|first216=Maria-T.|last217=Pabinger|first217=Ingrid|last218=Ballmann|first218=Manfred|last219=Hegele|first219=Richard G.|last220=Trow|first220=Terence K.|last221=McLaughlin|first221=Vallerie V.|last222=Hegele|first222=Richard G.|last223=Fetouh Yassin|first223=Atteyet-Alla|last224=Uebing|first224=Anselm|last225=Gatzoulis|first225=Michael A.|last226=Gardiner|first226=Helena M.|last227=Ma|first227=Lucia K.|last228=Ma|first228=Patrick T. S.|last229=Leung|first229=Alexander K. C.|last230=Prieto|first230=Lourdes|last231=Latson|first231=Larry|last232=Keller|first232=Nancy R.|last233=Robertson|first233=David|last234=Fairbanks|first234=Lynette D.|last235=Simmonds|first235=H. Anne|last236=Brunner|first236=Martina|last237=Zouboulis|first237=Christos C.|last238=Everts|first238=Vincent|last239=Helfrich|first239=Miep|last240=Leung|first240=Alexander K. C.|last241=Wong|first241=Andrew L.|last242=Von Den Driesch|first242=Peter|last243=Bitsch|first243=Roland|last244=Bitsch|first244=Roland|last245=Bitsch|first245=Roland|last246=García-Cazorla|first246=Angels|last247=Saudubray|first247=Jean Marie|title=Pentalogy of Fallot|year=2009|pages=1602–1605|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_1393}}</ref>


OR
Pharmacologic medical therapies for pentalogy of fallot include.<ref name="Braun-FalcoMankin2009">{{cite journal|last1=Braun-Falco|first1=Markus|last2=Mankin|first2=Henry J.|last3=Wenger|first3=Sharon L.|last4=Braun-Falco|first4=Markus|last5=Kendall|first5=Stephan DiSean|last6=Blobe|first6=Gerard C.|last7=Weber|first7=Christoph K.|last8=Lorenz|first8=Richard|last9=Adler|first9=Guido|last10=Whitcomb|first10=David C.|last11=Yadav|first11=Dhiraj|last12=Bode|first12=Johannes|last13=Wabitsch|first13=Martin|last14=Debatin|first14=Klaus-Michael|last15=Posovzsky|first15=Pamela Fischer|last16=Hassan|first16=Akmal|last17=Megahed|first17=Mosaad|last18=Lundgren|first18=Tord M.|last19=Pfister|first19=Markus|last20=Zenner|first20=Hans-Peter|last21=Berardi|first21=Rossana|last22=Pierantoni|first22=Chiara|last23=Scartozzi|first23=Mario|last24=Cascinu|first24=Stefano|last25=Hendy|first25=Geoffrey N.|last26=Schwarz|first26=Johannes|last27=Storch|first27=Alexander|last28=Schnog|first28=John-John B.|last29=Gerdes|first29=Victor E. A.|last30=Schneider|first30=Susanne A.|last31=Bhatia|first31=Kailash P.|last32=Gittenberger-de Groot|first32=Adriana C.|last33=Bökenkamp|first33=Regina|last34=DeRuiter|first34=Marco C.|last35=Leung|first35=Alexander K. C.|last36=Wong|first36=Andrew L.|last37=Lang|first37=Undine E.|last38=Leung|first38=Alexander K. C.|last39=Leung|first39=Alexander K. C.|last40=Seyhan|first40=Muammer|last41=Hofmann|first41=Silke|last42=Bruckner-Tuderman|first42=Leena|last43=Hofmann|first43=Silke|last44=Bruckner-Tuderman|first44=Leena|last45=Hofmann|first45=Silke|last46=Bruckner-Tuderman|first46=Leena|last47=Kopp|first47=Peter|last48=Forrest|first48=Douglas|last49=Misirlioğlu|first49=Emine Dibek|last50=Alpan|first50=Nursel|last51=Oette|first51=Mark|last52=Imazio|first52=Massimo|last53=Chinnaiyan|first53=Kavitha M.|last54=Mehta|first54=Laxmi S.|last55=Bhat|first55=Mushtaq A.|last56=Bhat|first56=Javeed I.|last57=Stöber|first57=Gerald|last58=Reis|first58=André|last59=Rémi|first59=Jan|last60=Noachtar|first60=Soheyl|last61=Jurkat-Rott|first61=Karin|last62=Lehmann-Horn|first62=Frank|last63=Holzhausen|first63=Marinella|last64=Vergnolle|first64=Nathalie|last65=Schillinger|first65=Martin|last66=Gdynia|first66=Hans-Jürgen|last67=Ludolph|first67=Albert C.|last68=Namdar|first68=Thomas|last69=Eisenberger|first69=Claus Ferdinand|last70=Knoefel|first70=Wolfram Trudo|last71=Ginés|first71=Pere|last72=Guevara|first72=Mónica|last73=Cuesta-Muñoz|first73=Antonio L.|last74=Eijer|first74=Henk|last75=Böhm|first75=Markus|last76=Luger|first76=Thomas A.|last77=Güttler|first77=Flemming|last78=Guldberg|first78=Per|last79=Koch|first79=Richard|last80=Moseley|first80=Kathryn|last81=Eisenhofer|first81=Graeme|last82=Pacak|first82=Karel|last83=Leonard|first83=James V.|last84=Jaeken|first84=Jaak|last85=Becker|first85=Michael A.|last86=Stephani|first86=Ulrich|last87=Frazier|first87=Kendall S.|last88=Böhm|first88=Markus|last89=Luger|first89=Thomas A.|last90=Leung|first90=Alexander K. C.|last91=Sauve|first91=Reginald S.|last92=Matejas|first92=Verena|last93=Zenker|first93=Martin|last94=Leung|first94=Alexander K. C.|last95=Leung|first95=Alexander K. C.|last96=Robson|first96=William Lane M.|last97=Beissert|first97=Stefan|last98=Leung|first98=Alexander K. C.|last99=Robson|first99=William Lane M.|last100=Woo|first100=Tom Y.|last101=Leung|first101=Alexander K. C.|last102=Cate|first102=Hugo Ten|last103=Light|first103=Richard W.|last104=Bozza|first104=Patricia T.|last105=Salluh|first105=Jorge I.|last106=Jantz|first106=Michael A.|last107=Vargas|first107=Sergio L.|last108=Tomic|first108=Rade|last109=Roman|first109=Jesse|last110=Mobeireek|first110=Abdullah F.|last111=Khalid|first111=Mohammad|last112=Torres|first112=Harrys A.|last113=Chemaly|first113=Roy F.|last114=Tomic|first114=Rade|last115=Roman|first115=Jesse|last116=Light|first116=Richard W.|last117=Dispenzieri|first117=Angela|last118=Krause|first118=Sabine|last119=Lochmüller|first119=Hanns|last120=Weihrauch|first120=Julia|last121=Krieg|first121=Thomas|last122=Kühn|first122=Wolfgang|last123=Walz|first123=Gerd|last124=Merker|first124=Georg H.|last125=Kubitz|first125=Ralf|last126=Häussinger|first126=Dieter|last127=Schnog|first127=John-John B.|last128=Gerdes|first128=Victor E. A.|last129=Musco|first129=Giovanna|last130=Stoll|first130=Guido|last131=Toyka|first131=Klaus V.|last132=Leung|first132=Alexander K. C.|last133=Leung|first133=Alexander K. C.|last134=Robson|first134=William Lane M.|last135=Böhm|first135=Markus|last136=Luger|first136=Thomas A.|last137=Pischik|first137=Elena|last138=Kauppinen|first138=Raili|last139=Frank|first139=Jorge|last140=Schwarz|first140=Thomas|last141=Thapar|first141=Manish|last142=Bonkovsky|first142=Herbert. L.|last143=Wagner|first143=Jeffrey C.|last144=Smith|first144=A. Gordon|last145=Mela|first145=Maria|last146=Thalheimer|first146=Ulrich|last147=Samonakis|first147=Dimitrios|last148=Burroughs|first148=Andrew K.|last149=Mela|first149=Maria|last150=Thalheimer|first150=Ulrich|last151=Samonakis|first151=Dimitrios|last152=Burroughs|first152=Andrew K.|last153=Shastri|first153=Yogesh M.|last154=Stein|first154=Jürgen M.|last155=Segman|first155=Ronnen H.|last156=Shalev|first156=Arieh Y.|last157=Jacob|first157=Giris|last158=Robertson|first158=David|last159=Leung|first159=Alexander K. C.|last160=Robson|first160=William Lane M.|last161=Leung|first161=Alexander K. C.|last162=Lampinen|first162=Katja|last163=Kublickiene|first163=Karolina|last164=Kaaja|first164=Risto|last165=Lenarczyk|first165=Radosław|last166=Kowalski|first166=Oskar|last167=Kalarus|first167=Zbigniew|last168=Wichterle|first168=Dan|last169=Leung|first169=Alexander K. C.|last170=Maguire|first170=Jamie|last171=Mody|first171=Istvan|last172=Janssens|first172=Katrien|last173=Vanhoenacker|first173=Filip|last174=Van Hul|first174=Wim|last175=Gdynia|first175=Hans-Jürgen|last176=Ludolph|first176=Albert C.|last177=Leonard|first177=James V.|last178=Cate|first178=Hugo Ten|last179=Geboes|first179=Karel|last180=Van Assche|first180=Gert|last181=Cate|first181=Hugo Ten|last182=Berden|first182=Jo H. M.|last183=Van Kuppevelt|first183=Toin H.|last184=Rops|first184=Angelique L.|last185=Cate|first185=Hugo Ten|last186=Cate|first186=Hugo Ten|last187=Frank|first187=Jorge|last188=Schwarz|first188=Thomas|last189=Ambros-Rudolph|first189=Christina M.|last190=Lamounier-Zepter|first190=Valéria|last191=Thomas|first191=Christie P.|last192=Thomas|first192=Christie P.|last193=Thomas|first193=Christie P.|last194=Koch|first194=Christian A.|last195=Weinstein|first195=Lee S.|last196=Silve|first196=Caroline|last197=Leung|first197=Alexander K. C.|last198=Uitto|first198=Jouni|last199=Jiang|first199=Qiujie|last200=Leung|first200=Alexander K. C.|last201=Robson|first201=William Lane M.|last202=Leung|first202=Alexander K. C.|last203=Yildiz|first203=Orhan|last204=Kayabas|first204=Uner|last205=Hegele|first205=Richard G.|last206=Tournier|first206=Jean-Nicolas|last207=Halefoğlu|first207=Ahmet Mesrur|last208=Hutson|first208=Mary Redmond|last209=Kirby|first209=Margaret L.|last210=Okada|first210=Fumito|last211=Ando|first211=Yumiko|last212=Ono|first212=Asami|last213=Mori|first213=Hiromu|last214=Moore|first214=Timothy M.|last215=Townsley|first215=Mary I.|last216=Krauth|first216=Maria-T.|last217=Pabinger|first217=Ingrid|last218=Ballmann|first218=Manfred|last219=Hegele|first219=Richard G.|last220=Trow|first220=Terence K.|last221=McLaughlin|first221=Vallerie V.|last222=Hegele|first222=Richard G.|last223=Fetouh Yassin|first223=Atteyet-Alla|last224=Uebing|first224=Anselm|last225=Gatzoulis|first225=Michael A.|last226=Gardiner|first226=Helena M.|last227=Ma|first227=Lucia K.|last228=Ma|first228=Patrick T. S.|last229=Leung|first229=Alexander K. C.|last230=Prieto|first230=Lourdes|last231=Latson|first231=Larry|last232=Keller|first232=Nancy R.|last233=Robertson|first233=David|last234=Fairbanks|first234=Lynette D.|last235=Simmonds|first235=H. Anne|last236=Brunner|first236=Martina|last237=Zouboulis|first237=Christos C.|last238=Everts|first238=Vincent|last239=Helfrich|first239=Miep|last240=Leung|first240=Alexander K. C.|last241=Wong|first241=Andrew L.|last242=Von Den Driesch|first242=Peter|last243=Bitsch|first243=Roland|last244=Bitsch|first244=Roland|last245=Bitsch|first245=Roland|last246=García-Cazorla|first246=Angels|last247=Saudubray|first247=Jean Marie|title=Pentalogy of Fallot|year=2009|pages=1602–1605|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_1393}}</ref>


Empiric therapy for [disease name] depends on [disease factor 1] and [disease factor 2].


OR
*[[prostaglandin E1]] in neonates with ductal dependent pulmonary blood flow
*[[Morphine]] and [[ketamine]]  for sedation
*vasopressors like [[phenylephrine]]
*[[Propranolol|propanolol]] to decrease the need for palliative surgical intervention.
* iron treatment to decrease frequency of spells.


Patients with [disease subclass 1] are treated with [therapy 1], whereas patients with [disease subclass 2] are treated with [therapy 2].
Patients with hypercyanotic spells are treated with,
* oxygen
*volume expansion
* morphine sedation.


===Surgery===
===Surgery===
Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [disease name].
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for the pentalogy of Fallot. interventional procedures are used to relieve pulmonary obstructions and embolize collaterals.
 
different surgical procedures can be done to treat pentalogy of fallot and it includes.<ref name="Braun-FalcoMankin2009">{{cite journal|last1=Braun-Falco|first1=Markus|last2=Mankin|first2=Henry J.|last3=Wenger|first3=Sharon L.|last4=Braun-Falco|first4=Markus|last5=Kendall|first5=Stephan DiSean|last6=Blobe|first6=Gerard C.|last7=Weber|first7=Christoph K.|last8=Lorenz|first8=Richard|last9=Adler|first9=Guido|last10=Whitcomb|first10=David C.|last11=Yadav|first11=Dhiraj|last12=Bode|first12=Johannes|last13=Wabitsch|first13=Martin|last14=Debatin|first14=Klaus-Michael|last15=Posovzsky|first15=Pamela Fischer|last16=Hassan|first16=Akmal|last17=Megahed|first17=Mosaad|last18=Lundgren|first18=Tord M.|last19=Pfister|first19=Markus|last20=Zenner|first20=Hans-Peter|last21=Berardi|first21=Rossana|last22=Pierantoni|first22=Chiara|last23=Scartozzi|first23=Mario|last24=Cascinu|first24=Stefano|last25=Hendy|first25=Geoffrey N.|last26=Schwarz|first26=Johannes|last27=Storch|first27=Alexander|last28=Schnog|first28=John-John B.|last29=Gerdes|first29=Victor E. A.|last30=Schneider|first30=Susanne A.|last31=Bhatia|first31=Kailash P.|last32=Gittenberger-de Groot|first32=Adriana C.|last33=Bökenkamp|first33=Regina|last34=DeRuiter|first34=Marco C.|last35=Leung|first35=Alexander K. C.|last36=Wong|first36=Andrew L.|last37=Lang|first37=Undine E.|last38=Leung|first38=Alexander K. C.|last39=Leung|first39=Alexander K. 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OR
* Pulmonary valvotomy( for stenotic pulmonic valve)
 
* Pulmonary valvectomy( for small and thickened pulmonic valve)
Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and [indication 3]
* Closure of [[Atrial septal defect|ASD]]/[[Ventricular septal defect|VSD]]
 
* Shunt surgery for severe [[cyanosis]] or in patients with frequent spells in the first year of life
OR
* Blalock -Taussig Shunt- communication between the right or left [[pulmonary artery]] and the right or left [[subclavian artery]].
 
* Waterson-Cooley Shunt- communication between the [[ascending aorta]] with the right [[pulmonary artery]]
The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and/or [indication 3].
* Potts shunt-communication between the [[descending aorta]] and left [[pulmonary artery]]
 
* Central shunt- Communication between the main [[Pulmonary artery|pulmonary arter]]<nowiki/>y and [[ascending aorta.]]
OR
 
The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of [malignancy] at diagnosis.
 
OR
 
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [disease or malignancy].
 
===Primary Prevention===
===Primary Prevention===
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [disease name].
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of the pentalogy of Fallot.
 
OR
 
There are no available vaccines against [disease name].
 
OR
 
Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
 
OR
 
[Vaccine name] vaccine is recommended for [patient population] to prevent [disease name]. Other primary prevention strategies include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].
 
===Secondary Prevention===
===Secondary Prevention===
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name].
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of the pentalogy of Fallot.
 
OR
 
Effective measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name] include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].
 
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
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{{WikiDoc Sources}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
==Related Chapters==
*[[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
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Latest revision as of 04:22, 26 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Abdul-Kareem Lukan, M.D.

Overview

Pentalogy of Fallot is defined as the occurrence of Tetralogy of Fallot plus an atrial septal defect.

Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa. paolo.pazzi@up.ac.za.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3984729/

Historical Perspective

Classification

  • There is no established system for the classification of the pentalogy of Fallot.

Pathophysiology

It is thought that conotruncal diseases like tetralogy of fallot and pentalogy of Fallot occur as a result of:[3]

  • Neural crest migration defect.
  • Underdevelopment of right ventricular infundibulum

Causes

  • The cause of the pentalogy of Fallot has not been identified.
  • To review risk factors for the development of pentalogy of Fallot, click here.

Differentiating pentalogy of Fallot from other Diseases

  • Pentalogy of Fallot must be differentiated from other diseases that cause:[1]

Right to left shunt

Bidirectional shunt diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

The epidemiology of the pentalogy of Fallot has not been well studied.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of pentalogy of fallot include:[4]

Screening

There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for the pentalogy of Fallot.

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

If left untreated, patients with pentalogy of fallot may progress to develop finger clubbing, stunted growth, cardiac arrhythmias, hypoplastic pulmonary artery, paradoxical emboli and polycythemia .[3] Prognosis is generally excellent provided the VSD has been closed and the right ventricular outflow tract has been relieved.[5]

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of pentalogy Fallot.

History and Symptoms

The hallmark of pentalogy of fallot is cyanosis. A positive history of cyanosis and easy fatigability leading to squatting during exercise is suggestive of cyanotic congenital heart defect.[5] . The most common symptoms of pentalogy of fallot include cyanosis, easy fatigabillity , and hypercyanotic spells with crying , feeding and defecating.[5]

Physical Examination

Patients with pentalogy of Fallot appear cyanotic.[3][6]

Laboratory Findings

Some patients with pentalogy of fallot may have polycythemia which is usually suggestive of worsening hypoxia and compensatory production of erythropoetin.[5]

Electrocardiogram

An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of pentalogy of Fallot, Findings on an ECG suggestive of pentalogy of fallot include right axis deviation and right ventricular hypertrophy.[5]

Echocardiography Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3874376/

X-ray

An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of pentalogy of Fallot. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of pentalogy of fallot include boot shaped heart or coeur en sabot.[5]

Typical preoperative chest X‐ray of a 16‐month‐old boy with tetralogy of Fallot.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5412831/

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

Echocardiography may be helpful in the diagnosis of pentalogy of fallot. Findings on an echocardiography diagnostic of pentalogy of fallot include.[5]

CT scan

Thoracic CT angiography may be helpful in the diagnosis of pentalogy of fallot. Findings on CT scan diagnostic of pentalogy of fallot include. [7]

MRI

cardiac MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of pentalogy of fallot. Findings on MRI diagnostic of pentalogy of fallot include RVOT stenosis, VSD, ASD,Overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy and hypoplastic pulmonary arteries.[7]


Other Imaging Findings

Other imaging findings for pentalogy of fallot include Right ventricular angiopraphy which demonstrates infundibular and pulmonary artery anatomy. left ventricular angiography, which demonstrates. [5]

Other Diagnostic Studies

There are no other diagnostic studies associated with pentalogy of Fallot

Treatment

Medical Therapy

The mainstay of treatment for pentalogy of fallot is Surgery.[5]

Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with severe RVOTO and hypercyanotic spells.[5]


Pharmacologic medical therapies for pentalogy of fallot include.[5]


Patients with hypercyanotic spells are treated with,

  • oxygen
  • volume expansion
  • morphine sedation.

Surgery

Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for the pentalogy of Fallot. interventional procedures are used to relieve pulmonary obstructions and embolize collaterals. different surgical procedures can be done to treat pentalogy of fallot and it includes.[5]

Primary Prevention

There are no established measures for the primary prevention of the pentalogy of Fallot.

Secondary Prevention

There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of the pentalogy of Fallot.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Diaz-Frias J, Guillaume M. PMID 30020660. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Apitz, Christian; Webb, Gary D; Redington, Andrew N (2009). "Tetralogy of Fallot". The Lancet. 374 (9699): 1462–1471. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60657-7. ISSN 0140-6736.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 OM, Akinlade; JA, Ogunmodede; OA, Adeyemi; WO, Yusuf; RO, Awodun; YA, Ayoola; IA, Yusuf; PM, Kolo (2020). "Adult Nigerian with Untreated Pentalogy of Fallot: A Case Report". Asploro Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Case Reports. 3 (1): 62–66. doi:10.36502/2020/ASJBCCR.6187. ISSN 2582-0370.
  4. ↑ Silva, Joana A.; Neves, Ana L.; Flor-de-Lima, Filipa; Soares, Paulo; Guimarães, Hercília (2019). "Risk Factors and Outcomes of Tetralogy of Fallot: From Fetal to Neonatal Life". Pediatric Cardiology. 41 (1): 155–164. doi:10.1007/s00246-019-02239-4. ISSN 0172-0643.
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 Braun-Falco, Markus; Mankin, Henry J.; Wenger, Sharon L.; Braun-Falco, Markus; Kendall, Stephan DiSean; Blobe, Gerard C.; Weber, Christoph K.; Lorenz, Richard; Adler, Guido; Whitcomb, David C.; Yadav, Dhiraj; Bode, Johannes; Wabitsch, Martin; Debatin, Klaus-Michael; Posovzsky, Pamela Fischer; Hassan, Akmal; Megahed, Mosaad; Lundgren, Tord M.; Pfister, Markus; Zenner, Hans-Peter; Berardi, Rossana; Pierantoni, Chiara; Scartozzi, Mario; Cascinu, Stefano; Hendy, Geoffrey N.; Schwarz, Johannes; Storch, Alexander; Schnog, John-John B.; Gerdes, Victor E. A.; Schneider, Susanne A.; Bhatia, Kailash P.; Gittenberger-de Groot, Adriana C.; Bökenkamp, Regina; DeRuiter, Marco C.; Leung, Alexander K. C.; Wong, Andrew L.; Lang, Undine E.; Leung, Alexander K. C.; Leung, Alexander K. C.; Seyhan, Muammer; Hofmann, Silke; Bruckner-Tuderman, Leena; Hofmann, Silke; Bruckner-Tuderman, Leena; Hofmann, Silke; Bruckner-Tuderman, Leena; Kopp, Peter; Forrest, Douglas; Misirlioğlu, Emine Dibek; Alpan, Nursel; Oette, Mark; Imazio, Massimo; Chinnaiyan, Kavitha M.; Mehta, Laxmi S.; Bhat, Mushtaq A.; Bhat, Javeed I.; Stöber, Gerald; Reis, André; Rémi, Jan; Noachtar, Soheyl; Jurkat-Rott, Karin; Lehmann-Horn, Frank; Holzhausen, Marinella; Vergnolle, Nathalie; Schillinger, Martin; Gdynia, Hans-Jürgen; Ludolph, Albert C.; Namdar, Thomas; Eisenberger, Claus Ferdinand; Knoefel, Wolfram Trudo; Ginés, Pere; Guevara, Mónica; Cuesta-Muñoz, Antonio L.; Eijer, Henk; Böhm, Markus; Luger, Thomas A.; Güttler, Flemming; Guldberg, Per; Koch, Richard; Moseley, Kathryn; Eisenhofer, Graeme; Pacak, Karel; Leonard, James V.; Jaeken, Jaak; Becker, Michael A.; Stephani, Ulrich; Frazier, Kendall S.; Böhm, Markus; Luger, Thomas A.; Leung, Alexander K. C.; Sauve, Reginald S.; Matejas, Verena; Zenker, Martin; Leung, Alexander K. C.; Leung, Alexander K. C.; Robson, William Lane M.; Beissert, Stefan; Leung, Alexander K. C.; Robson, William Lane M.; Woo, Tom Y.; Leung, Alexander K. C.; Cate, Hugo Ten; Light, Richard W.; Bozza, Patricia T.; Salluh, Jorge I.; Jantz, Michael A.; Vargas, Sergio L.; Tomic, Rade; Roman, Jesse; Mobeireek, Abdullah F.; Khalid, Mohammad; Torres, Harrys A.; Chemaly, Roy F.; Tomic, Rade; Roman, Jesse; Light, Richard W.; Dispenzieri, Angela; Krause, Sabine; Lochmüller, Hanns; Weihrauch, Julia; Krieg, Thomas; Kühn, Wolfgang; Walz, Gerd; Merker, Georg H.; Kubitz, Ralf; Häussinger, Dieter; Schnog, John-John B.; Gerdes, Victor E. A.; Musco, Giovanna; Stoll, Guido; Toyka, Klaus V.; Leung, Alexander K. C.; Leung, Alexander K. C.; Robson, William Lane M.; Böhm, Markus; Luger, Thomas A.; Pischik, Elena; Kauppinen, Raili; Frank, Jorge; Schwarz, Thomas; Thapar, Manish; Bonkovsky, Herbert. L.; Wagner, Jeffrey C.; Smith, A. Gordon; Mela, Maria; Thalheimer, Ulrich; Samonakis, Dimitrios; Burroughs, Andrew K.; Mela, Maria; Thalheimer, Ulrich; Samonakis, Dimitrios; Burroughs, Andrew K.; Shastri, Yogesh M.; Stein, Jürgen M.; Segman, Ronnen H.; Shalev, Arieh Y.; Jacob, Giris; Robertson, David; Leung, Alexander K. C.; Robson, William Lane M.; Leung, Alexander K. C.; Lampinen, Katja; Kublickiene, Karolina; Kaaja, Risto; Lenarczyk, Radosław; Kowalski, Oskar; Kalarus, Zbigniew; Wichterle, Dan; Leung, Alexander K. C.; Maguire, Jamie; Mody, Istvan; Janssens, Katrien; Vanhoenacker, Filip; Van Hul, Wim; Gdynia, Hans-Jürgen; Ludolph, Albert C.; Leonard, James V.; Cate, Hugo Ten; Geboes, Karel; Van Assche, Gert; Cate, Hugo Ten; Berden, Jo H. M.; Van Kuppevelt, Toin H.; Rops, Angelique L.; Cate, Hugo Ten; Cate, Hugo Ten; Frank, Jorge; Schwarz, Thomas; Ambros-Rudolph, Christina M.; Lamounier-Zepter, Valéria; Thomas, Christie P.; Thomas, Christie P.; Thomas, Christie P.; Koch, Christian A.; Weinstein, Lee S.; Silve, Caroline; Leung, Alexander K. C.; Uitto, Jouni; Jiang, Qiujie; Leung, Alexander K. C.; Robson, William Lane M.; Leung, Alexander K. C.; Yildiz, Orhan; Kayabas, Uner; Hegele, Richard G.; Tournier, Jean-Nicolas; Halefoğlu, Ahmet Mesrur; Hutson, Mary Redmond; Kirby, Margaret L.; Okada, Fumito; Ando, Yumiko; Ono, Asami; Mori, Hiromu; Moore, Timothy M.; Townsley, Mary I.; Krauth, Maria-T.; Pabinger, Ingrid; Ballmann, Manfred; Hegele, Richard G.; Trow, Terence K.; McLaughlin, Vallerie V.; Hegele, Richard G.; Fetouh Yassin, Atteyet-Alla; Uebing, Anselm; Gatzoulis, Michael A.; Gardiner, Helena M.; Ma, Lucia K.; Ma, Patrick T. S.; Leung, Alexander K. C.; Prieto, Lourdes; Latson, Larry; Keller, Nancy R.; Robertson, David; Fairbanks, Lynette D.; Simmonds, H. Anne; Brunner, Martina; Zouboulis, Christos C.; Everts, Vincent; Helfrich, Miep; Leung, Alexander K. C.; Wong, Andrew L.; Von Den Driesch, Peter; Bitsch, Roland; Bitsch, Roland; Bitsch, Roland; García-Cazorla, Angels; Saudubray, Jean Marie (2009). "Pentalogy of Fallot": 1602–1605. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_1393.
  6. ↑ Parwani, Purvi; Phillips, Sabrina (2016). "IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL EXAMINATION IN ADULT PATIENTS WITH TETRALOGY OF FALLOT". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 67 (13): 1101. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(16)31102-0. ISSN 0735-1097.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lapierre, C.; Dubois, J.; Rypens, F.; Raboisson, M.-J.; Déry, J. (2016). "Tetralogy of Fallot: Preoperative assessment with MR and CT imaging". Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging. 97 (5): 531–541. doi:10.1016/j.diii.2016.01.009. ISSN 2211-5684.

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