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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Celiac disease}}
{{Celiac disease}}
{{CMG}};{{AE}}{{MehdiP}}
{{CMG}};{{AE}}{{MMF}}{{MehdiP}}
==Overview==
Positive family history and presence of [[autoimmune diseases]] are the most potent risk factors for celiac disease.
==Risk Factors==
The most potent risk factors for development of celiac disease is positive family history. It can increase the prevalence of celiac disease up to 20% especially in first degree relatives.<ref name="pmid12578508">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fasano A, Berti I, Gerarduzzi T, Not T, Colletti RB, Drago S, Elitsur Y, Green PH, Guandalini S, Hill ID, Pietzak M, Ventura A, Thorpe M, Kryszak D, Fornaroli F, Wasserman SS, Murray JA, Horvath K |title=Prevalence of celiac disease in at-risk and not-at-risk groups in the United States: a large multicenter study |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=163 |issue=3 |pages=286–92 |year=2003 |pmid=12578508 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Other important risk factor is presence of autoimmune diseases which include:<ref name="pmid15825127">{{cite journal |vauthors=Murray JA |title=Celiac disease in patients with an affected member, type 1 diabetes, iron-deficiency, or osteoporosis? |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=128 |issue=4 Suppl 1 |pages=S52–6 |year=2005 |pmid=15825127 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Diabetes mellitus type 1|Type 1 diabetes mellitus]]
*Inflammatory luminal gastrointestinal disorders
*[[Down syndrome]]
*[[Turner syndrome]]
*[[IgA deficiency]]
*[[IgA nephropathy]]
 


==Overview==
==Overview==
There are no established risk factors for [disease name].
OR
The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
OR


Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
Common risk factors in the development of celiac disease include a positive family history, [[HLA DQ|HLA genes]], other [[autoimmune diseases]], [[infections]], and certain drugs.


OR
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.
==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
*There are no established risk factors for [disease name].
Common risk factors in the development of celiac disease may be environmental, [[HLA DQ|genetic]], [[infections]] and [[Interferon alpha|certain drugs]].<ref name="pmid19394538">{{cite journal |vauthors=Di Sabatino A, Corazza GR |title=Coeliac disease |journal=Lancet |volume=373 |issue=9673 |pages=1480–93 |year=2009 |pmid=19394538 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60254-3 |url=}}</ref>
OR
===Common Risk Factors===
*The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].


*Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
*Common risk factors in the development of celiac disease include:<ref name="pmid15128357">{{cite journal |vauthors=Forsberg G, Fahlgren A, Hörstedt P, Hammarström S, Hernell O, Hammarström ML |title=Presence of bacteria and innate immunity of intestinal epithelium in childhood celiac disease |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=99 |issue=5 |pages=894–904 |year=2004 |pmid=15128357 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.04157.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12578508">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fasano A, Berti I, Gerarduzzi T, Not T, Colletti RB, Drago S, Elitsur Y, Green PH, Guandalini S, Hill ID, Pietzak M, Ventura A, Thorpe M, Kryszak D, Fornaroli F, Wasserman SS, Murray JA, Horvath K |title=Prevalence of celiac disease in at-risk and not-at-risk groups in the United States: a large multicenter study |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=163 |issue=3 |pages=286–92 |year=2003 |pmid=12578508 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15825127">{{cite journal |vauthors=Murray JA |title=Celiac disease in patients with an affected member, type 1 diabetes, iron-deficiency, or osteoporosis? |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=128 |issue=4 Suppl 1 |pages=S52–6 |year=2005 |pmid=15825127 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlGliadin immune reactivity is associated with overt and latent enteropathy in relatives of celiac patients - ScienceDirect">{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001650859291172Z |title=Gliadin immune reactivity is associated with overt and latent enteropathy in relatives of celiac patients - ScienceDirect |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16354797">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nisticò L, Fagnani C, Coto I, Percopo S, Cotichini R, Limongelli MG, Paparo F, D'Alfonso S, Giordano M, Sferlazzas C, Magazzù G, Momigliano-Richiardi P, Greco L, Stazi MA |title=Concordance, disease progression, and heritability of coeliac disease in Italian twins |journal=Gut |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=803–8 |year=2006 |pmid=16354797 |pmc=1856233 |doi=10.1136/gut.2005.083964 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2909659">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sollid LM, Markussen G, Ek J, Gjerde H, Vartdal F, Thorsby E |title=Evidence for a primary association of celiac disease to a particular HLA-DQ alpha/beta heterodimer |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=169 |issue=1 |pages=345–50 |year=1989 |pmid=2909659 |pmc=2189170 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlCo-occurrence of celiac disease and other autoimmune diseases in celiacs and their first-degree relatives - ScienceDirect">{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896841108000759 |title=Co-occurrence of celiac disease and other autoimmune diseases in celiacs and their first-degree relatives - ScienceDirect |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9290622">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cataldo F, Marino V, Bottaro G, Greco P, Ventura A |title=Celiac disease and selective immunoglobulin A deficiency |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=131 |issue=2 |pages=306–8 |year=1997 |pmid=9290622 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlwww.omicsonline.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/gluten-transglutaminase-celiac-disease-and-iga-nephropathy-2155-9899-1000499.php?aid=88489 |title=www.omicsonline.org |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11081540">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cammarota G, Cuoco L, Cianci R, Pandolfi F, Gasbarrini G |title=Onset of coeliac disease during treatment with interferon for chronic hepatitis C |journal=Lancet |volume=356 |issue=9240 |pages=1494–5 |year=2000 |pmid=11081540 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02880-4 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17032199">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stene LC, Honeyman MC, Hoffenberg EJ, Haas JE, Sokol RJ, Emery L, Taki I, Norris JM, Erlich HA, Eisenbarth GS, Rewers M |title=Rotavirus infection frequency and risk of celiac disease autoimmunity in early childhood: a longitudinal study |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=101 |issue=10 |pages=2333–40 |year=2006 |pmid=17032199 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00741.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16984219">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zanoni G, Navone R, Lunardi C, Tridente G, Bason C, Sivori S, Beri R, Dolcino M, Valletta E, Corrocher R, Puccetti A |title=In celiac disease, a subset of autoantibodies against transglutaminase binds toll-like receptor 4 and induces activation of monocytes |journal=PLoS Med. |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=e358 |year=2006 |pmid=16984219 |pmc=1569884 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030358 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12891534">{{cite journal |vauthors=Molberg Ø, Solheim Flaete N, Jensen T, Lundin KE, Arentz-Hansen H, Anderson OD, Kjersti Uhlen A, Sollid LM |title=Intestinal T-cell responses to high-molecular-weight glutenins in celiac disease |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=337–44 |year=2003 |pmid=12891534 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlwww.omicsonline.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/gluten-transglutaminase-celiac-disease-and-iga-nephropathy-2155-9899-1000499.php?aid=88489 |title=www.omicsonline.org |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26303674">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lundin KE, Wijmenga C |title=Coeliac disease and autoimmune disease-genetic overlap and screening |journal=Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=507–15 |year=2015 |pmid=26303674 |doi=10.1038/nrgastro.2015.136 |url=}}</ref>
===Common Risk Factors===
*Common risk factors in the development of Celiac disease may be environmental, genetic, infections and certain drugs.<ref name="pmid15128357">{{cite journal |vauthors=Forsberg G, Fahlgren A, Hörstedt P, Hammarström S, Hernell O, Hammarström ML |title=Presence of bacteria and innate immunity of intestinal epithelium in childhood celiac disease |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=99 |issue=5 |pages=894–904 |year=2004 |pmid=15128357 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.04157.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlGliadin immune reactivity is associated with overt and latent enteropathy in relatives of celiac patients - ScienceDirect">{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001650859291172Z |title=Gliadin immune reactivity is associated with overt and latent enteropathy in relatives of celiac patients - ScienceDirect |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16354797">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nisticò L, Fagnani C, Coto I, Percopo S, Cotichini R, Limongelli MG, Paparo F, D'Alfonso S, Giordano M, Sferlazzas C, Magazzù G, Momigliano-Richiardi P, Greco L, Stazi MA |title=Concordance, disease progression, and heritability of coeliac disease in Italian twins |journal=Gut |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=803–8 |year=2006 |pmid=16354797 |pmc=1856233 |doi=10.1136/gut.2005.083964 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2909659">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sollid LM, Markussen G, Ek J, Gjerde H, Vartdal F, Thorsby E |title=Evidence for a primary association of celiac disease to a particular HLA-DQ alpha/beta heterodimer |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=169 |issue=1 |pages=345–50 |year=1989 |pmid=2909659 |pmc=2189170 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11081540">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cammarota G, Cuoco L, Cianci R, Pandolfi F, Gasbarrini G |title=Onset of coeliac disease during treatment with interferon for chronic hepatitis C |journal=Lancet |volume=356 |issue=9240 |pages=1494–5 |year=2000 |pmid=11081540 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02880-4 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17032199">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stene LC, Honeyman MC, Hoffenberg EJ, Haas JE, Sokol RJ, Emery L, Taki I, Norris JM, Erlich HA, Eisenbarth GS, Rewers M |title=Rotavirus infection frequency and risk of celiac disease autoimmunity in early childhood: a longitudinal study |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=101 |issue=10 |pages=2333–40 |year=2006 |pmid=17032199 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00741.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16984219">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zanoni G, Navone R, Lunardi C, Tridente G, Bason C, Sivori S, Beri R, Dolcino M, Valletta E, Corrocher R, Puccetti A |title=In celiac disease, a subset of autoantibodies against transglutaminase binds toll-like receptor 4 and induces activation of monocytes |journal=PLoS Med. |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=e358 |year=2006 |pmid=16984219 |pmc=1569884 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030358 |url=}}</ref>
*Common risk factors in the development of Celiac disease include:
**Family history
**Family history
**HLA DQ2 and DQ8 genes
**[[HLA DQ|HLA DQ2]] and [[HLA DQ|DQ8]] genes
**Interferon-alpha
**Other autoimmune diseases
**Rotavirus
***[[Diabetes mellitus type 1|Type 1 diabetes mellitus]]
**Rod shaped bacteria
***[[IgA deficiency]]
***[[IgA nephropathy]]
*** [[Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus|Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)]]
*** [[Sjogren’s syndrome]]
***[[Juvenile idiopathic arthritis]]
***[[Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis]]
***[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]]
***[[Graves' disease|Graves Disease]]
***[[Dermatitis herpetiformis]]
***[[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]]
***[[Autoimmune hepatitis]]
***[[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
***[[Down's syndrome]]
***[[Turner syndrome]]
**[[Interferon-alpha]]
**[[Rotavirus]]
**Rod shaped bacteria<ref name="pmid15128357">{{cite journal |vauthors=Forsberg G, Fahlgren A, Hörstedt P, Hammarström S, Hernell O, Hammarström ML |title=Presence of bacteria and innate immunity of intestinal epithelium in childhood celiac disease |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=99 |issue=5 |pages=894–904 |year=2004 |pmid=15128357 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.04157.x |url=}}</ref>


===Less Common Risk Factors===
===Less Common Risk Factors===
*Less common risk factors in the development of celiac disease include:<ref name="pmid11976167">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ivarsson A, Hernell O, Stenlund H, Persson LA |title=Breast-feeding protects against celiac disease |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=914–21 |year=2002 |pmid=11976167 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Less common risk factors in the development of celiac disease include:<ref name="pmid11976167">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ivarsson A, Hernell O, Stenlund H, Persson LA |title=Breast-feeding protects against celiac disease |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=914–21 |year=2002 |pmid=11976167 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**Infant feeding practices
**Non-recommended infant feeding practices:
***Introduction of large amounts of gluten diet
***Introduction of large amounts of [[gluten]] diet
***Exclusive gluten diet
***Exclusive [[gluten]] diet
***No breastfeeding
***No [[breastfeeding]]
***Exposure to wheat, barley, or rye before the [[Gut flora|gut barrier]] is fully developed (three months after birth)<ref name="Norris">{{cite journal|author= Norris JM, Barriga K, Hoffenberg EJ, Taki I, Miao D, Haas JE, Emery LM, Sokol RJ, Erlich HA, Eisenbarth GS, Rewers M.|title=Risk of celiac disease autoimmunity and timing of gluten introduction in the diet of infants at increased risk of disease | journal=JAMA | year=2005| volume=293 | issue=19| pages=2343–2351 | id=PMID 15900004}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
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[[Category:Dermatology]]
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Latest revision as of 20:51, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Furqan M M. M.B.B.S[2]Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [3]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of celiac disease include a positive family history, HLA genes, other autoimmune diseases, infections, and certain drugs.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of celiac disease may be environmental, genetic, infections and certain drugs.[1]

Common Risk Factors

Less Common Risk Factors

  • Less common risk factors in the development of celiac disease include:[16]
    • Non-recommended infant feeding practices:

References

  1. ↑ Di Sabatino A, Corazza GR (2009). "Coeliac disease". Lancet. 373 (9673): 1480–93. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60254-3. PMID 19394538.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Forsberg G, Fahlgren A, Hörstedt P, Hammarström S, Hernell O, Hammarström ML (2004). "Presence of bacteria and innate immunity of intestinal epithelium in childhood celiac disease". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 99 (5): 894–904. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.04157.x. PMID 15128357.
  3. ↑ Fasano A, Berti I, Gerarduzzi T, Not T, Colletti RB, Drago S, Elitsur Y, Green PH, Guandalini S, Hill ID, Pietzak M, Ventura A, Thorpe M, Kryszak D, Fornaroli F, Wasserman SS, Murray JA, Horvath K (2003). "Prevalence of celiac disease in at-risk and not-at-risk groups in the United States: a large multicenter study". Arch. Intern. Med. 163 (3): 286–92. PMID 12578508.
  4. ↑ Murray JA (2005). "Celiac disease in patients with an affected member, type 1 diabetes, iron-deficiency, or osteoporosis?". Gastroenterology. 128 (4 Suppl 1): S52–6. PMID 15825127.
  5. ↑ "Gliadin immune reactivity is associated with overt and latent enteropathy in relatives of celiac patients - ScienceDirect".
  6. ↑ Nisticò L, Fagnani C, Coto I, Percopo S, Cotichini R, Limongelli MG, Paparo F, D'Alfonso S, Giordano M, Sferlazzas C, Magazzù G, Momigliano-Richiardi P, Greco L, Stazi MA (2006). "Concordance, disease progression, and heritability of coeliac disease in Italian twins". Gut. 55 (6): 803–8. doi:10.1136/gut.2005.083964. PMC 1856233. PMID 16354797.
  7. ↑ Sollid LM, Markussen G, Ek J, Gjerde H, Vartdal F, Thorsby E (1989). "Evidence for a primary association of celiac disease to a particular HLA-DQ alpha/beta heterodimer". J. Exp. Med. 169 (1): 345–50. PMC 2189170. PMID 2909659.
  8. ↑ "Co-occurrence of celiac disease and other autoimmune diseases in celiacs and their first-degree relatives - ScienceDirect".
  9. ↑ Cataldo F, Marino V, Bottaro G, Greco P, Ventura A (1997). "Celiac disease and selective immunoglobulin A deficiency". J. Pediatr. 131 (2): 306–8. PMID 9290622.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "www.omicsonline.org".
  11. ↑ Cammarota G, Cuoco L, Cianci R, Pandolfi F, Gasbarrini G (2000). "Onset of coeliac disease during treatment with interferon for chronic hepatitis C". Lancet. 356 (9240): 1494–5. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02880-4. PMID 11081540.
  12. ↑ Stene LC, Honeyman MC, Hoffenberg EJ, Haas JE, Sokol RJ, Emery L, Taki I, Norris JM, Erlich HA, Eisenbarth GS, Rewers M (2006). "Rotavirus infection frequency and risk of celiac disease autoimmunity in early childhood: a longitudinal study". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 101 (10): 2333–40. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00741.x. PMID 17032199.
  13. ↑ Zanoni G, Navone R, Lunardi C, Tridente G, Bason C, Sivori S, Beri R, Dolcino M, Valletta E, Corrocher R, Puccetti A (2006). "In celiac disease, a subset of autoantibodies against transglutaminase binds toll-like receptor 4 and induces activation of monocytes". PLoS Med. 3 (9): e358. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030358. PMC 1569884. PMID 16984219.
  14. ↑ Molberg Ø, Solheim Flaete N, Jensen T, Lundin KE, Arentz-Hansen H, Anderson OD, Kjersti Uhlen A, Sollid LM (2003). "Intestinal T-cell responses to high-molecular-weight glutenins in celiac disease". Gastroenterology. 125 (2): 337–44. PMID 12891534.
  15. ↑ Lundin KE, Wijmenga C (2015). "Coeliac disease and autoimmune disease-genetic overlap and screening". Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 12 (9): 507–15. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2015.136. PMID 26303674.
  16. ↑ Ivarsson A, Hernell O, Stenlund H, Persson LA (2002). "Breast-feeding protects against celiac disease". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 75 (5): 914–21. PMID 11976167.
  17. ↑ Norris JM, Barriga K, Hoffenberg EJ, Taki I, Miao D, Haas JE, Emery LM, Sokol RJ, Erlich HA, Eisenbarth GS, Rewers M. (2005). "Risk of celiac disease autoimmunity and timing of gluten introduction in the diet of infants at increased risk of disease". JAMA. 293 (19): 2343–2351. PMID 15900004.

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