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| '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
| | __NOTOC__ |
| {{DiseaseDisorder infobox | | | {{DiseaseDisorder infobox | |
| Name = Chickenpox | | | Name = Chickenpox | |
| Image = Child with chickenpox.jpg | | | Image = Child with chickenpox.jpg | |
| Caption = Child with varicella disease | | | Caption = Child with varicella disease | |
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|01| |b|00}} |
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| ICD9 = {{ICD9|052}} |
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| DiseasesDB = 29118 |
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| ICDO = |
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| OMIM = |
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| MedlinePlus = 001592 |
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| eMedicineSubj = |
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| eMedicineTopic = |
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| eMedicine_mult = |
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| MeshName = Chickenpox |
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| MeshNumber = C02.256.466.175 |
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| }} | | }} |
| {{Chickenpox}} | | {{Chickenpox}} |
| {{CMG}} | | |
| | '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]''' |
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| | {{CMG}} {{ARK}} |
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| | {{SK}} Varicella zoster; Chicken pox; VZV |
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| ==[[Chickenpox overview|Overview]]== | | ==[[Chickenpox overview|Overview]]== |
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| ==[[Chickenpox historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== | | ==[[Chickenpox historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
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| | ==[[Chickenpox classification|Classification]]== |
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| ==[[Chickenpox pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== | | ==[[Chickenpox pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
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| ==[[Chickenpox epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology & Demographics]]== | | ==[[Chickenpox causes|Causes]]== |
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| | ==[[Chickenpox differential diagnosis|Differentiating Chickenpox from other Diseases]]== |
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| | ==[[Chickenpox epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
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| ==[[Chickenpox risk factors|Risk Factors]]== | | ==[[Chickenpox risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
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| ==[[Chickenpox screening|Screening]]== | | ==[[Chickenpox screening|Screening]]== |
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| ==[[Chickenpox causes|Causes]]==
| | ==[[Chickenpox natural history|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
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| ==[[Chickenpox differential diagnosis|Differentiating Chickenpox]]==
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| ==[[Chickenpox natural history|Complications & Prognosis]]== | |
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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| [[Chickenpox history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Chickenpox physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Chickenpox staging|Staging]] | [[Chickenpox laboratory tests|Laboratory tests]] | [[Chickenpox electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Chickenpox x ray|X Rays]] | [[Chickenpox CT|CT]] | [[Chickenpox MRI|MRI]] [[Chickenpox echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Chickenpox other imaging findings|Other images]] | [[Chickenpox other diagnostic studies|Alternative diagnostics]] | | [[Chickenpox history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Chickenpox physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Chickenpox laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Chickenpox chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Chickenpox other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| [[Chickenpox medical therapy|Medical therapy]] | [[Chickenpox surgery|Surgical options]] | [[Chickenpox primary prevention|Primary prevention]] | [[Chickenpox secondary prevention|Secondary prevention]] | [[Chickenpox cost-effectiveness of therapy|Financial costs]] | [[Chickenpox future or investigational therapies|Future therapies]] | | [[Chickenpox medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Chickenpox primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Chickenpox secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Chickenpox cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Chickenpox future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
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| ==Prognosis== | | ==Case Studies== |
| | [[Chickenpox case study one|Case #1]] |
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| Chickenpox infection is milder in young children, and symptomatic treatment, with a [[sodium bicarbonate]] baths or [[antihistamine]] medication may ease itching.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Somekh E, Dalal I, Shohat T, Ginsberg''''' GM''''', Romano O |title=The burden of uncomplicated cases of chickenpox in Israel |journal=J. Infect. |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=54-7 |year=2002 |pmid=12217733 |doi=}}</ref> [[Paracetamol]] (acetaminophen) is widely used to reduce fever. [[Aspirin]], or products containing aspirin, must not be given to children with chickenpox (or any fever-causing illness), as this risks causing the serious and potentially fatal [[Reye's Syndrome]]. <ref>{{cite web | author=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | url=http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/varicella/dis-faqs-gen-treatment.htm | title=Varicella Treatment Questions & Answers | work=CDC Guidelines | publisher=CDC | accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref>
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| In adults, the disease can be more severe, though the incidence is much less common. Infection in adults is associated with greater morbidity and mortality due to [[pneumonia]], [[hepatitis]] and [[encephalitis]]. In particular, up to 10% of pregnant women with chickenpox develop pneumonia, the severity of which increases with onset later in gestation. In England and Wales, 75% of deaths due to chickenpox are in adults. <ref name=pregnancy/> Inflammation of the brain, or [[encephalitis]], can occur in immunocompromised individuals, although the risk is higher with [[herpes zoster]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Definition of Chickenpox | url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2702 | publisher=MedicineNet.com | accessdate=2006-08-18}}</ref>[[Necrotizing fasciitis]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Is Necrotizing Fasciitis a complication of Chickenpox or of Cutaneous Vasculitis?|url=http://www.atmedstu.com/exam%20plus/Is%20Necrotizing%20Fasciitis%20a%20complication%20of%20Chickenpox%20or%20of%20Cutaneous%20Vasculitis.php|publisher=atmedstu.com | accessdate=2008-01-18}}</ref> is also a rare complication.
| | [[Category:Disease]] |
| | | [[Category:Up-To-Date]] |
| Secondary bacterial infection of skin lesions, manifesting as impetigo, cellulitis, and erysipelas, is the most common complication in healthy children. Disseminated primary varicella infection, usually seen in the immunocompromised or adult populations, may have high morbidity. Ninety percent of cases of varicella [[pneumonia]] occur in the adult population. Rarer complications of disseminated chickenpox also include [[myocarditis]], [[hepatitis]], and [[glomerulonephritis]].
| | [[Category:Dermatology]] |
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| Hemorrhagic complications are more common in the immunocompromised or immunosuppressed populations, although healthy children and adults have been affected. Five major clinical syndromes have been described: febrile purpura, malignant chickenpox with purpura, postinfectious purpura, purpura fulminans, and anaphylactoid purpura. These syndromes have variable courses, with febrile purpura being the most benign of the syndromes and having an uncomplicated outcome. In contrast, malignant chickenpox with purpura is a grave clinical condition that has a mortality rate of greater than 70%. The etiology of these hemorrhagic chickenpox syndromes is not known.
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| ==Vaccination==
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| {{main|Varicella vaccine}}
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| A [[varicella vaccine]] has been available since 1995 to inoculate against the disease. Some countries require the varicella vaccination or an exemption before entering elementary school. Protection is not lifelong and further vaccination is necessary five years after the initial immunization.<!--
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| --><ref>{{cite journal | author=Chaves SS, Gargiullo P, Zhang JX, ''et al.'' | title=Loss of vaccine-induced immunity to varicella over time | journal=N Engl J Med | year=2007 | volume=356 | issue=11 | pages=1121–9 | id=PMID 17360990}}</ref>
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| In the UK, varicella antibodies are measured as part of the routine of prenatal care, and by 2005 all NHS healthcare personnel had determined their immunity and been immunised if they were non-immune and have direct patient contact. Population-based immunization against varicella is not otherwise practiced in the UK, because of lack of evidence of lasting efficacy or public health benefit.
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| '''Normal Reactions to vaccine are'''
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| *Fever of 101.9 (38.9 C) up to 42 days after Injection
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| *Soreness, inching at the site of injection within 2 days
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| *Rash occurring at site of injection anywhere form 8 to 19 days after injection. If this happens you are considered contagious.
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| *Rash on other parts of body anywhere from 5 to 26 days after injection. If this happens you are considered contagious.
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| '''What to do should reaction occur'''
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| Control fever and lessen discomfort, take medication containing [[acetaminophen]], (AKA paracetamol) such as
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| *[[Panadol]],
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| *Tempra,
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| *[[Tylenol]].
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| ==Additional Reading==
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| * {{cite web | author=Bernstein, Henry | url=http://www.familyeducation.com/experts/advice/0,1183,25-26758,00.html | title=Who Discovered Chickenpox? | work=Pediatrics Questions and Answers | publisher=Family Education Network | accessdate=2005-10-16}}
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| * {{cite web | title=Chickenpox (Varicella) Vaccine | url=http://www.vaccineinformation.org/varicel/qandavax.asp | month=October | year=2005 | publisher=Immunization Action Coalition | accessdate=2006-06-12}}
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| * {{cite web | author= U.S. Census Bureau | authorlink=United States Census Bureau | title=Countries Ranked by Popn: 2006 | url=http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/ipc/idbrank.pl | work = International Data Base | accessdate=2005-10-16}}
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| * {{cite journal | author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | authorlink=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | title=Varicella-related deaths--United States, January 2003-June 2004. | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | volume=54 | issue=11 | pages=272-4 | year=2005 | id=PMID 15788992 | url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5411.pdf | format=PDF}}
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| * {{cite journal | author=Thomas S, Wheeler J, Hall A | title=Contacts with varicella or with children and protection against herpes zoster in adults: a case-control study. | journal=Lancet | volume=360 | issue=9334 | pages=678-82 | year=2002 | id=PMID 12241874 | url=http://image.thelancet.com/extras/01art6088web.pdf | format=PDF}}
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| * {{cite journal | author=Jeff Aronson | title=When I Use a Word...Chickenpox | journal=BMJ | volume=321 | issue=7262 | page=682 | year=2000 | url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/321/7262/682 | format=web}}
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| ==External links==
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| {{commonscat|Chickenpox}}
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| * {{cite web | title=Varicella Disease (Chickenpox): Varicella, although a common disease, can be dangerous and even deadly. | url=http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/varicella/default.htm | date=May 26, 2005 | publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]}}
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| {{Viral diseases}}
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| [[es:Varicela]]
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| [[fr:Varicelle]]
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| [[ja:水痘]]
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| [[pt:Varicela]]
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| [[ro:Varicelă]]
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| [[ru:Ветряная оспа]]
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| [[vi:Bệnh thủy đậu]]
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| [[zh:水痘]]
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| [[Category:Viral diseases]] | |
| [[Category:Pediatrics]] | | [[Category:Pediatrics]] |
| [[Category:Poxviruses]] | | [[Category:Emergency medicine]] |
| [[Category:Infectious disease]] | | [[Category:Infectious disease]] |
| [[Category:Overview complete]] | | [[Category:Pulmonology]] |
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| [[pl:Ospa wietrzna]]
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| {{WH}}
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| {{WS}}
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