Chlamydia infection natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Maliha}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Maliha}} | ||
{{Chlamydia infection}} | {{Chlamydia infection}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
If left untreated, chlamydia can cause [[pelvic inflammatory disease | If left untreated, chlamydia can cause [[pelvic inflammatory disease]] in women and [[epididymitis]] and [[orchitis]] in males.<ref name=abc> Chlamydia trachomatis. Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis. Accessed on December 22, 2015</ref><ref name="pmid23316985">{{cite journal| author=Mishori R, McClaskey EL, WinklerPrins VJ| title=Chlamydia trachomatis infections: screening, diagnosis, and management. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2012 | volume= 86 | issue= 12 | pages= 1127-32 | pmid=23316985 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23316985 }} </ref> Common complications of chlamydia among women include [[cervicitis]], [[infertility]], [[ectopic pregnancy]], and chronic pelvic pain. Complications of chlamydia in men include [[proctitis]], [[epididymitis]], and [[sterility]]. Other complications of chlamydia include an increased risk of acquiring [[HIV]] and [[reactive arthritis]].<ref name=ddd> Chlamydia - CDC Fact Sheet (Detailed). CDC.http://www.cdc.gov/std/chlamydia/stdfact-chlamydia-detailed.htm. Accessed on January 6th, 2016 </ref> The prognosis of chlamydia is generally good with adequate treatment. | ||
==Natural History== | ==Natural History== | ||
If left untreated, chlamydia can cause [[pelvic inflammatory disease]] and [[infertility]] in women and [[epididymitis]] and [[orchitis]] in males, which in rare cases | If left untreated, chlamydia can cause [[pelvic inflammatory disease]] and [[infertility]] in women and [[epididymitis]] and [[orchitis]] in males, which may, in rare cases, lead to [[sterility]].<ref name=abc> Chlamydia trachomatis. Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis. Accessed on December 22, 2015</ref><ref name="pmid23316985">{{cite journal| author=Mishori R, McClaskey EL, WinklerPrins VJ| title=Chlamydia trachomatis infections: screening, diagnosis, and management. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2012 | volume= 86 | issue= 12 | pages= 1127-32 | pmid=23316985 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23316985 }} </ref> | ||
==Complications== | ==Complications== | ||
The complications of chlamydia infection may be divided into genitourinary infections, pulmonary infections, ocular infections, and complications associated with pregnancy.<ref name="pmid23316985">{{cite journal| author=Mishori R, McClaskey EL, WinklerPrins VJ| title=Chlamydia trachomatis infections: screening, diagnosis, and management. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2012 | volume= 86 | issue= 12 | pages= 1127-32 | pmid=23316985 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23316985 }} </ref> | |||
Complications of chlamydia infection in '''women''' include:<ref name=abc> Chlamydia trachomatis. Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis. Accessed on December 22, 2015</ref><ref name=ddd> Chlamydia - CDC Fact Sheet (Detailed). CDC.http://www.cdc.gov/std/chlamydia/stdfact-chlamydia-detailed.htm. Accessed on January 6th, 2016 </ref><ref name="pmid23957327">{{cite journal| author=Hocking JS, Vodstrcil LA, Huston WM, Timms P, Chen MY, Worthington K et al.| title=A cohort study of Chlamydia trachomatis treatment failure in women: a study protocol. | journal=BMC Infect Dis | year= 2013 | volume= 13 | issue= | pages= 379 | pmid=23957327 | doi=10.1186/1471-2334-13-379 | pmc=PMC3751832 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23957327 }} </ref> | |||
*[[Pelvic inflammatory disease]] | *[[Pelvic inflammatory disease]] | ||
*[[Ectopic pregnancy]] | *[[Ectopic pregnancy]] | ||
*[[Infertility]] | *[[Infertility]] | ||
*Chronic pelvic pain | |||
*[[Reactive arthritis]] | |||
*Increased risk for acquiring [[HIV]] | |||
Complications of chlamydia in | Complications of chlamydia in '''pregnant patients''' include:<ref name="pmid23316985">{{cite journal| author=Mishori R, McClaskey EL, WinklerPrins VJ| title=Chlamydia trachomatis infections: screening, diagnosis, and management. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2012 | volume= 86 | issue= 12 | pages= 1127-32 | pmid=23316985 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23316985 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18476026">{{cite journal| author=Allaire A, Nathan L, Martens MG| title=Chlamydia trachomatis: management in pregnancy. | journal=Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol | year= 1995 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 82-8 | pmid=18476026 | doi=10.1155/S1064744995000378 | pmc=PMC2364418 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18476026 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Preterm labor|Pre-term labor]] | |||
*[[Premature rupture of membranes]] | |||
*[[Intrauterine growth retardation]] | |||
*Transmission of infection to newborn, [[Ophthalmia neonatorum|neonatal conjunctivitis,]] and pneumonia in the newborn | |||
*Postpartum [[endometritis]] | |||
Complications of chlamydia infection in '''men''' may include:<ref name="pmid23316985">{{cite journal| author=Mishori R, McClaskey EL, WinklerPrins VJ| title=Chlamydia trachomatis infections: screening, diagnosis, and management. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2012 | volume= 86 | issue= 12 | pages= 1127-32 | pmid=23316985 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23316985 }} </ref><ref name=ddd> Chlamydia - CDC Fact Sheet (Detailed). CDC.http://www.cdc.gov/std/chlamydia/stdfact-chlamydia-detailed.htm. Accessed on January 6th, 2016 </ref> | |||
*[[Epididymitis]] | *[[Epididymitis]] | ||
*[[Orchitis]] | *[[Orchitis]] | ||
*Sterility | *[[Sterility]] | ||
*Proctitis | *[[Proctitis]] | ||
*[[Reactive arthritis]] | |||
*Increased risk for acquiring or transmitting [[HIV]] | |||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
The prognosis of chlamydia is generally good with adequate treatment. | |||
==Reference== | ==Reference== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[Category:Gynecology]] | |||
[[Category:FinalQCRequired]] | |||
Latest revision as of 20:54, 29 July 2020
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maliha Shakil, M.D. [2]
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Overview
If left untreated, chlamydia can cause pelvic inflammatory disease in women and epididymitis and orchitis in males.[1][2] Common complications of chlamydia among women include cervicitis, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. Complications of chlamydia in men include proctitis, epididymitis, and sterility. Other complications of chlamydia include an increased risk of acquiring HIV and reactive arthritis.[3] The prognosis of chlamydia is generally good with adequate treatment.
Natural History
If left untreated, chlamydia can cause pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility in women and epididymitis and orchitis in males, which may, in rare cases, lead to sterility.[1][2]
Complications
The complications of chlamydia infection may be divided into genitourinary infections, pulmonary infections, ocular infections, and complications associated with pregnancy.[2]
Complications of chlamydia infection in women include:[1][3][4]
- Pelvic inflammatory disease
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Infertility
- Chronic pelvic pain
- Reactive arthritis
- Increased risk for acquiring HIV
Complications of chlamydia in pregnant patients include:[2][5]
- Pre-term labor
- Premature rupture of membranes
- Intrauterine growth retardation
- Transmission of infection to newborn, neonatal conjunctivitis, and pneumonia in the newborn
- Postpartum endometritis
Complications of chlamydia infection in men may include:[2][3]
- Epididymitis
- Orchitis
- Sterility
- Proctitis
- Reactive arthritis
- Increased risk for acquiring or transmitting HIV
Prognosis
The prognosis of chlamydia is generally good with adequate treatment.
Reference
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Chlamydia trachomatis. Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis. Accessed on December 22, 2015
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Mishori R, McClaskey EL, WinklerPrins VJ (2012). "Chlamydia trachomatis infections: screening, diagnosis, and management". Am Fam Physician. 86 (12): 1127–32. PMID 23316985.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Chlamydia - CDC Fact Sheet (Detailed). CDC.http://www.cdc.gov/std/chlamydia/stdfact-chlamydia-detailed.htm. Accessed on January 6th, 2016
- ↑ Hocking JS, Vodstrcil LA, Huston WM, Timms P, Chen MY, Worthington K; et al. (2013). "A cohort study of Chlamydia trachomatis treatment failure in women: a study protocol". BMC Infect Dis. 13: 379. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-379. PMC 3751832. PMID 23957327.
- ↑ Allaire A, Nathan L, Martens MG (1995). "Chlamydia trachomatis: management in pregnancy". Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 3 (2): 82–8. doi:10.1155/S1064744995000378. PMC 2364418. PMID 18476026.