Cholangitis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{FH}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{ADS}}, {{FH}} | ||
{{Cholangitis}} | {{Cholangitis}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The common risk factors in the development of cholangitis are [[gallstones]], [[sclerosing cholangitis]], and [[HIV]]. | The common [[risk factors]] in the development of cholangitis are dilatation of [[Common bile duct|common bile duct,]] [[CBD]] stones, [[gallstones]], [[sclerosing cholangitis]], and [[HIV]]. | ||
==Risk factors== | |||
===Common | ===Common risk factors=== | ||
Common risk factors in the development of cholangitis include:<ref name="pmid2294844">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lai EC, Tam PC, Paterson IA, Ng MM, Fan ST, Choi TK, Wong J |title=Emergency surgery for severe acute cholangitis. The high-risk patients |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=211 |issue=1 |pages=55–9 |year=1990 |pmid=2294844 |pmc=1357893 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2930289">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gigot JF, Leese T, Dereme T, Coutinho J, Castaing D, Bismuth H |title=Acute cholangitis. Multivariate analysis of risk factors |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=209 |issue=4 |pages=435–8 |year=1989 |pmid=2930289 |pmc=1493983 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="CatalanoSahani2009">{{cite journal|last1=Catalano|first1=Onofrio A.|last2=Sahani|first2=Dushyant V.|last3=Forcione|first3=David G.|last4=Czermak|first4=Benedikt|last5=Liu|first5=Chang-Hsien|last6=Soricelli|first6=Andrea|last7=Arellano|first7=Ronald S.|last8=Muller|first8=Peter R.|last9=Hahn|first9=Peter F.|title=Biliary Infections: Spectrum of Imaging Findings and Management|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=29|issue=7|year=2009|pages=2059–2080|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.297095051}}</ref><ref name="YamamotoIshida2013">{{cite journal|last1=Yamamoto|first1=Ryuichi|last2=Ishida|first2=Shuko|last3=Osafune|first3=Yasuyo|last4=Takahashi|first4=Masatomo|last5=Harada|first5=Maiko|last6=Kato|first6=Shingo|last7=Nagoshi|first7=Sumiko|last8=Nishikawa|first8=Ko|last9=Yakabi|first9=Koji|title=Su1416 Risk Factors for Acute Cholangitis Caused by Common Bile Duct Stone: a Single-Center Study|journal=Gastrointestinal Endoscopy|volume=77|issue=5|year=2013|pages=AB316–AB317|issn=00165107|doi=10.1016/j.gie.2013.03.1069}}</ref> | Common [[risk factors]] in the development of cholangitis include:<ref name="pmid2294844">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lai EC, Tam PC, Paterson IA, Ng MM, Fan ST, Choi TK, Wong J |title=Emergency surgery for severe acute cholangitis. The high-risk patients |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=211 |issue=1 |pages=55–9 |year=1990 |pmid=2294844 |pmc=1357893 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2930289">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gigot JF, Leese T, Dereme T, Coutinho J, Castaing D, Bismuth H |title=Acute cholangitis. Multivariate analysis of risk factors |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=209 |issue=4 |pages=435–8 |year=1989 |pmid=2930289 |pmc=1493983 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="CatalanoSahani2009">{{cite journal|last1=Catalano|first1=Onofrio A.|last2=Sahani|first2=Dushyant V.|last3=Forcione|first3=David G.|last4=Czermak|first4=Benedikt|last5=Liu|first5=Chang-Hsien|last6=Soricelli|first6=Andrea|last7=Arellano|first7=Ronald S.|last8=Muller|first8=Peter R.|last9=Hahn|first9=Peter F.|title=Biliary Infections: Spectrum of Imaging Findings and Management|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=29|issue=7|year=2009|pages=2059–2080|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.297095051}}</ref><ref name="YamamotoIshida2013">{{cite journal|last1=Yamamoto|first1=Ryuichi|last2=Ishida|first2=Shuko|last3=Osafune|first3=Yasuyo|last4=Takahashi|first4=Masatomo|last5=Harada|first5=Maiko|last6=Kato|first6=Shingo|last7=Nagoshi|first7=Sumiko|last8=Nishikawa|first8=Ko|last9=Yakabi|first9=Koji|title=Su1416 Risk Factors for Acute Cholangitis Caused by Common Bile Duct Stone: a Single-Center Study|journal=Gastrointestinal Endoscopy|volume=77|issue=5|year=2013|pages=AB316–AB317|issn=00165107|doi=10.1016/j.gie.2013.03.1069}}</ref> | ||
*Surgery of the [[biliary tract]]<ref name="pmid7716962">{{cite journal| author=Cybulski Z, Solarski J, Majewski W| title=[Infection as a risk factor in biliary system surgery]. | journal=Wiad Lek | year= 1994 | volume= 47 | issue= 15-16 | pages= 619-24 | pmid=7716962 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7716962 }} </ref> | |||
*Dilatation of [[common bile duct]] (CBD) | *Dilatation of [[common bile duct]] (CBD) | ||
*Previous history of [[gallstones]] | *Previous history of [[gallstones]] | ||
| Line 13: | Line 14: | ||
*A history of [[sclerosing cholangitis]] | *A history of [[sclerosing cholangitis]] | ||
*Advanced age (>70 years of age) | *Advanced age (>70 years of age) | ||
* Procedure like [[ERCP]]<ref name="pmid1406012">{{cite journal| author=Sauter G, Ruckdeschel G, Sauerbruch T| title=[Antibiotic prevention and therapy of infectious complications in ERCP]. | journal=Leber Magen Darm | year= 1992 | volume= 22 | issue= 5 | pages= 173-6 | pmid=1406012 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1406012 }} </ref> | |||
===Less | ===Less common risk factors=== | ||
Less common risk factors in the development of cholangitis include:<ref name="YamamotoIshida2013" /> | Less common [[risk factors]] in the development of cholangitis include:<ref name="pmid2294844" /><ref name="pmid2930289" /><ref name="CatalanoSahani2009" /><ref name="YamamotoIshida2013" /> | ||
*[[HIV]] | *[[HIV]] | ||
*Neurologic disease | *[[Neurological|Neurologic]] disease | ||
*Narrowing of the [[common bile duct]] due to cancer | *Narrowing of the [[common bile duct]] due to cancer | ||
*Traveling to countries where you might catch a worm or parasite infection | *Traveling to countries where you might catch a worm or [[Parasites|parasite]] infection | ||
*Presence of [[liver abscess]] | *Presence of [[liver abscess]] | ||
*[[Acute renal failure]] | *[[Acute renal failure]] | ||
*Periampullary diverticula | *Periampullary [[Diverticular|diverticula]] | ||
The [[bile]] of healthy individuals is generally [[aseptic]].<ref name="pmid17252293">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kimura Y, Takada T, Kawarada Y, Nimura Y, Hirata K, Sekimoto M, Yoshida M, Mayumi T, Wada K, Miura F, Yasuda H, Yamashita Y, Nagino M, Hirota M, Tanaka A, Tsuyuguchi T, Strasberg SM, Gadacz TR |title=Definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines |journal=J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=15–26 |year=2007 |pmid=17252293 |pmc=2784509 |doi=10.1007/s00534-006-1152-y |url=}}</ref> | The [[bile]] of healthy individuals is generally [[aseptic]].<ref name="pmid17252293">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kimura Y, Takada T, Kawarada Y, Nimura Y, Hirata K, Sekimoto M, Yoshida M, Mayumi T, Wada K, Miura F, Yasuda H, Yamashita Y, Nagino M, Hirota M, Tanaka A, Tsuyuguchi T, Strasberg SM, Gadacz TR |title=Definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines |journal=J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=15–26 |year=2007 |pmid=17252293 |pmc=2784509 |doi=10.1007/s00534-006-1152-y |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Bile culture is positive for microorganisms in: | *[[Bile]] culture is positive for [[microorganisms]] in: | ||
**16% of patients undergoing a non-biliary operation | **16% of patients undergoing a non-biliary operation | ||
**72% of acute cholangitis patients | **72% of acute cholangitis patients | ||
| Line 31: | Line 33: | ||
**50% of patients with [[biliary obstruction]] | **50% of patients with [[biliary obstruction]] | ||
*The [[bacteria]] in bile are identified in 90% of patients with [[choledocholithiasis]], accompanied by [[jaundice]]. | *The [[bacteria]] in bile are identified in 90% of patients with [[choledocholithiasis]], accompanied by [[jaundice]]. | ||
*Patients with incomplete obstruction of the [[bile duct]] present with a higher positive bile culture rate than those with complete obstruction of the bile duct.<ref name="pmid17252293">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kimura Y, Takada T, Kawarada Y, Nimura Y, Hirata K, Sekimoto M, Yoshida M, Mayumi T, Wada K, Miura F, Yasuda H, Yamashita Y, Nagino M, Hirota M, Tanaka A, Tsuyuguchi T, Strasberg SM, Gadacz TR |title=Definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines |journal=J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=15–26 |year=2007 |pmid=17252293 |pmc=2784509 |doi=10.1007/s00534-006-1152-y |url=}}</ref> | *Patients with incomplete obstruction of the [[bile duct]] present with a higher positive [[bile]] culture rate than those with complete obstruction of the [[bile duct]].<ref name="pmid17252293">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kimura Y, Takada T, Kawarada Y, Nimura Y, Hirata K, Sekimoto M, Yoshida M, Mayumi T, Wada K, Miura F, Yasuda H, Yamashita Y, Nagino M, Hirota M, Tanaka A, Tsuyuguchi T, Strasberg SM, Gadacz TR |title=Definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines |journal=J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=15–26 |year=2007 |pmid=17252293 |pmc=2784509 |doi=10.1007/s00534-006-1152-y |url=}}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Latest revision as of 20:55, 29 July 2020
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Amandeep Singh M.D.[2], Farwa Haideri [3]
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Overview
The common risk factors in the development of cholangitis are dilatation of common bile duct, CBD stones, gallstones, sclerosing cholangitis, and HIV.
Risk factors
Common risk factors
Common risk factors in the development of cholangitis include:[1][2][3][4]
- Surgery of the biliary tract[5]
- Dilatation of common bile duct (CBD)
- Previous history of gallstones
- Large CBD stones
- A history of sclerosing cholangitis
- Advanced age (>70 years of age)
- Procedure like ERCP[6]
Less common risk factors
Less common risk factors in the development of cholangitis include:[1][2][3][4]
- HIV
- Neurologic disease
- Narrowing of the common bile duct due to cancer
- Traveling to countries where you might catch a worm or parasite infection
- Presence of liver abscess
- Acute renal failure
- Periampullary diverticula
The bile of healthy individuals is generally aseptic.[7]
- Bile culture is positive for microorganisms in:
- 16% of patients undergoing a non-biliary operation
- 72% of acute cholangitis patients
- 44% of chronic cholangitis patients
- 50% of patients with biliary obstruction
- The bacteria in bile are identified in 90% of patients with choledocholithiasis, accompanied by jaundice.
- Patients with incomplete obstruction of the bile duct present with a higher positive bile culture rate than those with complete obstruction of the bile duct.[7]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lai EC, Tam PC, Paterson IA, Ng MM, Fan ST, Choi TK, Wong J (1990). "Emergency surgery for severe acute cholangitis. The high-risk patients". Ann. Surg. 211 (1): 55–9. PMC 1357893. PMID 2294844.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Gigot JF, Leese T, Dereme T, Coutinho J, Castaing D, Bismuth H (1989). "Acute cholangitis. Multivariate analysis of risk factors". Ann. Surg. 209 (4): 435–8. PMC 1493983. PMID 2930289.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Catalano, Onofrio A.; Sahani, Dushyant V.; Forcione, David G.; Czermak, Benedikt; Liu, Chang-Hsien; Soricelli, Andrea; Arellano, Ronald S.; Muller, Peter R.; Hahn, Peter F. (2009). "Biliary Infections: Spectrum of Imaging Findings and Management". RadioGraphics. 29 (7): 2059–2080. doi:10.1148/rg.297095051. ISSN 0271-5333.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Yamamoto, Ryuichi; Ishida, Shuko; Osafune, Yasuyo; Takahashi, Masatomo; Harada, Maiko; Kato, Shingo; Nagoshi, Sumiko; Nishikawa, Ko; Yakabi, Koji (2013). "Su1416 Risk Factors for Acute Cholangitis Caused by Common Bile Duct Stone: a Single-Center Study". Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 77 (5): AB316–AB317. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2013.03.1069. ISSN 0016-5107.
- ↑ Cybulski Z, Solarski J, Majewski W (1994). "[Infection as a risk factor in biliary system surgery]". Wiad Lek. 47 (15–16): 619–24. PMID 7716962.
- ↑ Sauter G, Ruckdeschel G, Sauerbruch T (1992). "[Antibiotic prevention and therapy of infectious complications in ERCP]". Leber Magen Darm. 22 (5): 173–6. PMID 1406012.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kimura Y, Takada T, Kawarada Y, Nimura Y, Hirata K, Sekimoto M, Yoshida M, Mayumi T, Wada K, Miura F, Yasuda H, Yamashita Y, Nagino M, Hirota M, Tanaka A, Tsuyuguchi T, Strasberg SM, Gadacz TR (2007). "Definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines". J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 14 (1): 15–26. doi:10.1007/s00534-006-1152-y. PMC 2784509. PMID 17252293.