Cryptorchidism overview: Difference between revisions
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{{Cryptorchidism}} | {{Cryptorchidism}} | ||
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Cryptorchidism is the absence of one or both [[testes]] from the [[scrotum]]. This usually represents failure of the testis to move, or descend, during fetal development from an [[abdomen|abdominal]] position, through the [[inguinal canal]], into the ipsilateral scrotum. About 3% of full-term and 30% of premature infant boys are born with at least one undescended testis, making cryptorchidism the most common [[birth defect]] of male [[genitalia]]. However, most testes descend by the first year of life (the majority within three months), making the true incidence of cryptorchidism around 1% overall. | Cryptorchidism is the absence of one or both [[testes]] from the [[scrotum]]. This usually represents failure of the testis to move, or descend, during fetal development from an [[abdomen|abdominal]] position, through the [[inguinal canal]], into the ipsilateral scrotum. About 3% of full-term and 30% of premature infant boys are born with at least one undescended testis, making cryptorchidism the most common [[birth defect]] of male [[genitalia]]. However, most testes descend by the first year of life (the majority within three months), making the true incidence of cryptorchidism around 1% overall. | ||
==Historical Perspective== | |||
Cryptorchidism is derived from the Greek words "crypto" (meaning "hidden") and "orchid" (meaning "testicle"). During the last century, cryptorchidism was sometimes restricted to the subset of undescended testes that were not palpable above the scrotum or in the inguinal canal — those that were truly hidden in the [[abdomen]] or completely absent. In recent decades the distinction is no longer made in most contexts, and the two terms are used interchangeably. ''Cryptorchism'' is an older variant of the same term. | |||
==Diagnosis== | |||
===History and Symptoms=== | |||
There are usually no symptoms, except that the testicle cannot be found in the scrotum (this may be described as an empty scrotum). | |||
===Physical Examination=== | |||
The most common diagnostic dilemma in otherwise normal boys is distinguishing a retractile testis from a [[testis]] that will not/cannot descend spontaneously into the [[scrotum]]. Retractile testes are more common than truly undescended testes and do not need to be operated on. In normal males, as the [[cremaster muscle]] relaxes or contracts, the testis moves lower or higher ("retracts") in the scrotum. This [[cremasteric reflex]] is much more active in infant boys than older men. A retractile testis high in the scrotum can be difficult to distinguish from a position in the lower inguinal canal. Though there are various maneuvers used to do so, such as using a crosslegged position, soaping the examiner's fingers, or examining in a warm bath, the benefit of surgery in these cases can be a matter of clinical judgement. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}} | |||
{{WikiDoc Sources}} | |||
[[Category:Mature chapter]] | [[Category:Mature chapter]] | ||
[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
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[[Category:Pediatrics]] | [[Category:Pediatrics]] | ||
[[Category:Gastroenterology]] | [[Category:Gastroenterology]] | ||
[[Category:Geriatrics]] | [[Category:Geriatrics]] | ||
Latest revision as of 21:11, 29 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Saumya Easaw, M.B.B.S.[2]
Overview
Cryptorchidism is the absence of one or both testes from the scrotum. This usually represents failure of the testis to move, or descend, during fetal development from an abdominal position, through the inguinal canal, into the ipsilateral scrotum. About 3% of full-term and 30% of premature infant boys are born with at least one undescended testis, making cryptorchidism the most common birth defect of male genitalia. However, most testes descend by the first year of life (the majority within three months), making the true incidence of cryptorchidism around 1% overall.
Historical Perspective
Cryptorchidism is derived from the Greek words "crypto" (meaning "hidden") and "orchid" (meaning "testicle"). During the last century, cryptorchidism was sometimes restricted to the subset of undescended testes that were not palpable above the scrotum or in the inguinal canal — those that were truly hidden in the abdomen or completely absent. In recent decades the distinction is no longer made in most contexts, and the two terms are used interchangeably. Cryptorchism is an older variant of the same term.
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
There are usually no symptoms, except that the testicle cannot be found in the scrotum (this may be described as an empty scrotum).
Physical Examination
The most common diagnostic dilemma in otherwise normal boys is distinguishing a retractile testis from a testis that will not/cannot descend spontaneously into the scrotum. Retractile testes are more common than truly undescended testes and do not need to be operated on. In normal males, as the cremaster muscle relaxes or contracts, the testis moves lower or higher ("retracts") in the scrotum. This cremasteric reflex is much more active in infant boys than older men. A retractile testis high in the scrotum can be difficult to distinguish from a position in the lower inguinal canal. Though there are various maneuvers used to do so, such as using a crosslegged position, soaping the examiner's fingers, or examining in a warm bath, the benefit of surgery in these cases can be a matter of clinical judgement.