Cystitis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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Latest revision as of 21:12, 29 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D. Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maliha Shakil, M.D. [2], Usama Talib, BSc, MD [3]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of cystitis include female gender, sexual intercourse, diabetes, pregnancy, catheterization, fecal incontinence, old age, and immobility. Some foods are thought to have a role in increasing the risk of cystitis such as vitamin C, coffee or tea, carbonated and alcoholic drinks, citrus fruit, or spicy foods.
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of cystitis include:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
General Risk Factors
- Female gender
- History of urinary tract infections
- Recent sexual intercourse (introduction of bacteria in the urethra)
- Use of a diaphragm with spermicide
- Post menopausal status (low oestrogen so loss of protective vaginal flora)
- Homosexual men
- Genetic predisposition or family history
- Lack of circumcision
- Old age
- Immobility
Conditions
- Any blockage of the bladder or urethra
- Diabetes Mellitus (hyperglycemia inhibits neutrophil migration and phagocytosis)
- Benign prostatic hypertrophy
- Fecal incontinence
- Pregnancy
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Urinary retention
- HIV
- Toxoplasmosis
Medications and Procedures
- Antimicrobial drugs
- Estrogen use
- Catheterization
- Procedures that involve the urinary tract
Foods Increasing Risk of Cystitis
The following foods are thought to have a role in increasing the risk of cystitis:[11]
References
- ↑ Platt R, Polk BF, Murdock B, Rosner B (1986). "Risk factors for nosocomial urinary tract infection". Am J Epidemiol. 124 (6): 977–85. PMID 3776980.
- ↑ Cystitis-acute. MedlinePlus.https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000526.htm Accessed on February 9, 2016
- ↑ Hooton TM (2000). "Pathogenesis of urinary tract infections: an update". J Antimicrob Chemother. 46 Suppl A: 1–7. PMID 10969044.
- ↑ Nicolle LE (2008). "Uncomplicated urinary tract infection in adults including uncomplicated pyelonephritis". Urol Clin North Am. 35 (1): 1–12, v. doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.004. PMID 18061019.
- ↑ Zhong YH, Fang Y, Zhou JZ, Tang Y, Gong SM, Ding XQ (2011). "Effectiveness and safety of patient initiated single-dose versus continuous low-dose antibiotic prophylaxis for recurrent urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled study". J Int Med Res. 39 (6): 2335–43. PMID 22289552.
- ↑ Nicolle LE (2001). "A practical guide to antimicrobial management of complicated urinary tract infection". Drugs Aging. 18 (4): 243–54. PMID 11341472.
- ↑ Franco AV (2005). "Recurrent urinary tract infections". Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 19 (6): 861–73. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2005.08.003. PMID 16298166.
- ↑ Scholes D, Hawn TR, Roberts PL, Li SS, Stapleton AE, Zhao LP; et al. (2010). "Family history and risk of recurrent cystitis and pyelonephritis in women". J Urol. 184 (2): 564–9. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2010.03.139. PMC 3665335. PMID 20639019.
- ↑ Ples R, Méchaï F, Champiat B, Droupy S, Huerre M, Guettier C; et al. (2011). "[Pseudotumoral toxoplasmic cystitis revealing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]". Ann Pathol. 31 (1): 46–9. doi:10.1016/j.annpat.2010.11.001. PMID 21349389.
- ↑ Teles F, Santos LG, Tenório CE, Marinho MR, Moraes SR, Câmara DB; et al. (2016). "Lupus cystitis presenting with hidronephrosis and gastrointestinal involvement". J Bras Nefrol. 38 (4): 478–482. doi:10.5935/0101-2800.20160077. PMID 28001179.
- ↑ Friedlander JI, Shorter B, Moldwin RM (2012). "Diet and its role in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) and comorbid conditions". BJU Int. 109 (11): 1584–91. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10860.x. PMID 22233286.