Disseminated intravascular coagulation differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 21:25, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: M. Khurram Afzal, MD [2], Sogand Goudarzi, MD [3], Omer Kamal, M.D.[4]

Overview

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) must be differentiated from other diseases that cause symptoms of DVTand pulmonary embolismsuch as: factor V Leiden mutation, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, prothrombin gene mutation, antithrombin III deficiency, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.

Differential Diagnosis

Differentiating different thrombophilias on the basis of symptoms, physical examination, and laboratory findings

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) must be differentiated from other diseases that cause symptoms of DVT and pulmonary embolism such as:

	Symptoms			Physical examination			Lab Findings		Imaging
Diseases	Clinical manifestations						Para-clinical findings				Gold standard	Additional findings
	Symptoms			Physical examination			Para-clinical findings
	Symptoms of DVT	Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism	Symptoms of Myocardial Infarction	Tenderness in extremities	Edema in extremities	Warmth in extremities	PT	aPTT	Doppler ultrasound	Chest CT scan
Antithrombin III deficiency^[1]^[2]^[3]	+	+	-	+	+	+	Normal	Normal Reduces the Increase in PTT after administration of heparin	Evidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) Should be used for diagnosis and follow up	Occlusion of brachiocephalic vein Large thrombus in superior vena cava	Decreased plasma antithrombin (AT III) activity	Nephrotic syndrome Decreased inhibition of factor II and Xa Antithrombin is a natural anticoagulant that is lost in the urine
Factor V Leiden mutation^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]	+	+	+	+	+	+	N/A	↑	Recommended to do weekly Proximal DVT is more commonly observed as compared to distal DVT	Pulmonary embolism	N/A	Inactivates factor Va and factor VIIIa
Protein C deficiency^[9]^[10]^[11]	+	+	-	+	+	+	Normal	Normal / ↑	Hypercoagulation Recurrent venous thromboembolism	Venous thromboembolism Pulmonary embolism	Protein C functional assay ELISA assay: may produce false positive result in cross reaction with rheumatoid factor	Factor VIII elevation in acute phase Functional assay should not be performed if patient is on warfarin Purpura fulminans (skin necrosis) could be a form of presentation Risk of thrombotic skin necrosis following warfarin administration
Protein S deficiency^[11]^[12]^[13]	+	+	-	+	+	+	Normal	Normal / ↑	Hypercoagulation Recurrent venous thromboembolism	Pulmonary embolism Thrombosis of superior mesenteric vein	Protein S free antigen assay	When performing the gold standard test, beware of interference from samples positive for Factor V mutation, protein C deficiency and oral anticoagulants (rivaroxaban) Risk of thrombotic skin necrosis following warfarin administration Suspected in patients with a strong family history of VTE Post phlebitic syndrome Fetal loss
Prothrombin gene mutation^[14]^[15]^[16]	+	+	-	+	+	+	↑	N/A	Proximal DVT is more commonly observed as compared to distal DVT	Pulmonary embolism	Detection of mutation using restriction enzyme and PCR DNA testing for prothrombin G20210A mutation	Mutation causes increased production of prothrombin Increased blood levels of prothrombin lead to venous clots in the circulatory system Hormonal oral contraceptive pills can increase the risk of VTE
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)^[17]^[18]^[19]	+	+	+/-	+	+	+	↑	↑	Portal vein thrombosis is observed in patients with coexistent hepatitis B	Pulmonary embolism	N/A	Elevated fibrin degradation products (D-dimers) Decreased fibrinogen Decreased factor V and VIII Shistocytes (helmet cells) on peripheral blood smear Portal vein thrombosis
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]	+	+	+/-	+	+	+	N/A	↑	Increased impedance of flow in uterine arteries at 12-20 weeks of gestation	Pulmonary embolism	Antiphospholipid antibody Anticardiolipin antibody Lupus anticoagulant Anti-β2GPI antibody	Both, arterial and venous thrombosis can occur History of spontaneous abortions False positive VDRL Stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) are most common forms of presentation of arterial thrombosis

References

↑ Patnaik MM, Moll S (November 2008). "Inherited antithrombin deficiency: a review". Haemophilia. 14 (6): 1229–39. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2516.2008.01830.x. PMID 19141163.
↑ Al Hadidi, Samer; Wu, Kristi; Aburahma, Ahmed; Alamarat, Zain (2017). "Family with clots: antithrombin deficiency". BMJ Case Reports: bcr-2017–221556. doi:10.1136/bcr-2017-221556. ISSN 1757-790X.
↑ Konecny F (January 2009). "Inherited trombophilic states and pulmonary embolism". J Res Med Sci. 14 (1): 43–56. PMC 3129068. PMID 21772860.
↑ Mannucci PM, Asselta R, Duga S, Guella I, Spreafico M, Lotta L, Merlini PA, Peyvandi F, Kathiresan S, Ardissino D (October 2010). "The association of factor V Leiden with myocardial infarction is replicated in 1880 patients with premature disease". J. Thromb. Haemost. 8 (10): 2116–21. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03982.x. PMID 20626623.
↑ Campello E, Spiezia L, Simioni P (December 2016). "Diagnosis and management of factor V Leiden". Expert Rev Hematol. 9 (12): 1139–1149. doi:10.1080/17474086.2016.1249364. PMID 27797270.
↑ Van Rooden CJ, Rosendaal FR, Meinders AE, Van Oostayen JA, Van Der Meer FJ, Huisman MV (February 2004). "The contribution of factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutation to the risk of central venous catheter-related thrombosis". Haematologica. 89 (2): 201–6. PMID 15003896.
↑ Dentali F, Pomero F, Borretta V, Gianni M, Squizzato A, Fenoglio L; et al. (2013). "Location of venous thrombosis in patients with FVL or prothrombin G20210A mutations: systematic review and meta-analysis". Thromb Haemost. 110 (1): 191–4. doi:10.1160/TH13-02-0163. PMID 23615845.
↑ Press RD, Bauer KA, Kujovich JL, Heit JA (November 2002). "Clinical utility of factor V leiden (R506Q) testing for the diagnosis and management of thromboembolic disorders". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 126 (11): 1304–18. doi:10.1043/0003-9985(2002)126<1304:CUOFVL>2.0.CO;2. PMID 12421138.
↑ Bernard Khor & Elizabeth M. Van Cott (2010). "Laboratory tests for protein C deficiency". American journal of hematology. 85 (6): 440–442. doi:10.1002/ajh.21679. PMID 20309856. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Pescatore SL (March 2001). "Clinical management of protein C deficiency". Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2 (3): 431–9. doi:10.1517/14656566.2.3.431. PMID 11336597.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Gustavo A. Rodriguez-Leal, Segundo Moran, Roberto Corona-Cedillo & Rocio Brom-Valladares (2014). "Portal vein thrombosis with protein C-S deficiency in a non-cirrhotic patient". World journal of hepatology. 6 (7): 532–537. doi:10.4254/wjh.v6.i7.532. PMID 25068006. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Kristi J. Smock, Elizabeth A. Plumhoff, Piet Meijer, Peihong Hsu, Nicole D. Zantek, Nahla M. Heikal & Elizabeth M. Van Cott (2016). "Protein S testing in patients with protein S deficiency, factor V Leiden, and rivaroxaban by North American Specialized Coagulation Laboratories". Thrombosis and haemostasis. 116 (1): 50–57. doi:10.1160/TH15-12-0918. PMID 27075008. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Ji M, Yoon SN, Lee W, Jang S, Park SH, Kim DY, Chun S, Min WK (October 2011). "Protein S deficiency with a PROS1 gene mutation in a patient presenting with mesenteric venous thrombosis following total colectomy". Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis. 22 (7): 619–21. doi:10.1097/MBC.0b013e32834a0421. PMID 21799399.
↑ Cooper PC, Rezende SM (2007). "An overview of methods for detection of factor V Leiden and the prothrombin G20210A mutations". Int J Lab Hematol. 29 (3): 153–62. doi:10.1111/j.1751-553X.2007.00892.x. PMID 17474891.
↑ McGlennen RC, Key NS (2002). "Clinical and laboratory management of the prothrombin G20210A mutation". Arch Pathol Lab Med. 126 (11): 1319–25. doi:10.1043/0003-9985(2002)126<1319:CALMOT>2.0.CO;2. PMID 12421139.
↑ Dentali F, Pomero F, Borretta V, Gianni M, Squizzato A, Fenoglio L; et al. (2013). "Location of venous thrombosis in patients with FVL or prothrombin G20210A mutations: systematic review and meta-analysis". Thromb Haemost. 110 (1): 191–4. doi:10.1160/TH13-02-0163. PMID 23615845.
↑ Venugopal A (September 2014). "Disseminated intravascular coagulation". Indian J Anaesth. 58 (5): 603–8. doi:10.4103/0019-5049.144666. PMC 4260307. PMID 25535423.
↑ Makruasi N (November 2015). "Treatment of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation". J Med Assoc Thai. 98 Suppl 10: S45–51. PMID 27276832.
↑ Cui S, Fu Z, Feng Y, Xie X, Ma X, Liu T; et al. (2018). "The disseminated intravascular coagulation score is a novel predictor for portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with hepatitis B." Thromb Res. 161: 7–11. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2017.11.010. PMID 29178991.
↑ Lim W (2013). "Antiphospholipid syndrome". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2013: 675–80. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2013.1.675. PMID 24319251.
↑ Pengo V, Tripodi A, Reber G, Rand JH, Ortel TL, Galli M, De Groot PG (October 2009). "Update of the guidelines for lupus anticoagulant detection. Subcommittee on Lupus Anticoagulant/Antiphospholipid Antibody of the Scientific and Standardisation Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis". J. Thromb. Haemost. 7 (10): 1737–40. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03555.x. PMID 19624461.
↑ Lim W (2013). "Antiphospholipid syndrome". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2013: 675–80. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2013.1.675. PMID 24319251.
↑ Garcia D, Erkan D (2018). "Diagnosis and Management of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome". N Engl J Med. 378 (21): 2010–2021. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1705454. PMID 29791828.
↑ Kornacki J, Wirstlein P, Skrzypczak J (2012). "[Assessment of uterine arteries Doppler in the first half of pregnancy in women with thrombophilia]". Ginekol Pol. 83 (12): 916–21. PMID 23488294.

Template:WS Template:WH

[pmid19141163-1] Patnaik MM, Moll S (November 2008). "Inherited antithrombin deficiency: a review". Haemophilia. 14 (6): 1229–39. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2516.2008.01830.x. PMID 19141163.

[Al_HadidiWu2017-2] Al Hadidi, Samer; Wu, Kristi; Aburahma, Ahmed; Alamarat, Zain (2017). "Family with clots: antithrombin deficiency". BMJ Case Reports: bcr-2017–221556. doi:10.1136/bcr-2017-221556. ISSN 1757-790X.

[pmid21772860-3] Konecny F (January 2009). "Inherited trombophilic states and pulmonary embolism". J Res Med Sci. 14 (1): 43–56. PMC 3129068. PMID 21772860.

[pmid20626623-4] Mannucci PM, Asselta R, Duga S, Guella I, Spreafico M, Lotta L, Merlini PA, Peyvandi F, Kathiresan S, Ardissino D (October 2010). "The association of factor V Leiden with myocardial infarction is replicated in 1880 patients with premature disease". J. Thromb. Haemost. 8 (10): 2116–21. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03982.x. PMID 20626623.

[pmid27797270-5] Campello E, Spiezia L, Simioni P (December 2016). "Diagnosis and management of factor V Leiden". Expert Rev Hematol. 9 (12): 1139–1149. doi:10.1080/17474086.2016.1249364. PMID 27797270.

[pmid15003896-6] Van Rooden CJ, Rosendaal FR, Meinders AE, Van Oostayen JA, Van Der Meer FJ, Huisman MV (February 2004). "The contribution of factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutation to the risk of central venous catheter-related thrombosis". Haematologica. 89 (2): 201–6. PMID 15003896.

[pmid23615845-7] Dentali F, Pomero F, Borretta V, Gianni M, Squizzato A, Fenoglio L; et al. (2013). "Location of venous thrombosis in patients with FVL or prothrombin G20210A mutations: systematic review and meta-analysis". Thromb Haemost. 110 (1): 191–4. doi:10.1160/TH13-02-0163. PMID 23615845.

[pmid12421138-8] Press RD, Bauer KA, Kujovich JL, Heit JA (November 2002). "Clinical utility of factor V leiden (R506Q) testing for the diagnosis and management of thromboembolic disorders". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 126 (11): 1304–18. doi:10.1043/0003-9985(2002)126<1304:CUOFVL>2.0.CO;2. PMID 12421138.

[9] Bernard Khor & Elizabeth M. Van Cott (2010). "Laboratory tests for protein C deficiency". American journal of hematology. 85 (6): 440–442. doi:10.1002/ajh.21679. PMID 20309856. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid11336597-10] Pescatore SL (March 2001). "Clinical management of protein C deficiency". Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2 (3): 431–9. doi:10.1517/14656566.2.3.431. PMID 11336597.

[:0-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Gustavo A. Rodriguez-Leal, Segundo Moran, Roberto Corona-Cedillo & Rocio Brom-Valladares (2014). "Portal vein thrombosis with protein C-S deficiency in a non-cirrhotic patient". World journal of hepatology. 6 (7): 532–537. doi:10.4254/wjh.v6.i7.532. PMID 25068006. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[12] Kristi J. Smock, Elizabeth A. Plumhoff, Piet Meijer, Peihong Hsu, Nicole D. Zantek, Nahla M. Heikal & Elizabeth M. Van Cott (2016). "Protein S testing in patients with protein S deficiency, factor V Leiden, and rivaroxaban by North American Specialized Coagulation Laboratories". Thrombosis and haemostasis. 116 (1): 50–57. doi:10.1160/TH15-12-0918. PMID 27075008. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid21799399-13] Ji M, Yoon SN, Lee W, Jang S, Park SH, Kim DY, Chun S, Min WK (October 2011). "Protein S deficiency with a PROS1 gene mutation in a patient presenting with mesenteric venous thrombosis following total colectomy". Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis. 22 (7): 619–21. doi:10.1097/MBC.0b013e32834a0421. PMID 21799399.

[pmid17474891-14] Cooper PC, Rezende SM (2007). "An overview of methods for detection of factor V Leiden and the prothrombin G20210A mutations". Int J Lab Hematol. 29 (3): 153–62. doi:10.1111/j.1751-553X.2007.00892.x. PMID 17474891.

[pmid12421139-15] McGlennen RC, Key NS (2002). "Clinical and laboratory management of the prothrombin G20210A mutation". Arch Pathol Lab Med. 126 (11): 1319–25. doi:10.1043/0003-9985(2002)126<1319:CALMOT>2.0.CO;2. PMID 12421139.

[pmid236158452-16] Dentali F, Pomero F, Borretta V, Gianni M, Squizzato A, Fenoglio L; et al. (2013). "Location of venous thrombosis in patients with FVL or prothrombin G20210A mutations: systematic review and meta-analysis". Thromb Haemost. 110 (1): 191–4. doi:10.1160/TH13-02-0163. PMID 23615845.

[pmid25535423-17] Venugopal A (September 2014). "Disseminated intravascular coagulation". Indian J Anaesth. 58 (5): 603–8. doi:10.4103/0019-5049.144666. PMC 4260307. PMID 25535423.

[pmid27276832-18] Makruasi N (November 2015). "Treatment of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation". J Med Assoc Thai. 98 Suppl 10: S45–51. PMID 27276832.

[pmid29178991-19] Cui S, Fu Z, Feng Y, Xie X, Ma X, Liu T; et al. (2018). "The disseminated intravascular coagulation score is a novel predictor for portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with hepatitis B." Thromb Res. 161: 7–11. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2017.11.010. PMID 29178991.

[pmid24319251-20] Lim W (2013). "Antiphospholipid syndrome". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2013: 675–80. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2013.1.675. PMID 24319251.

[pmid19624461-21] Pengo V, Tripodi A, Reber G, Rand JH, Ortel TL, Galli M, De Groot PG (October 2009). "Update of the guidelines for lupus anticoagulant detection. Subcommittee on Lupus Anticoagulant/Antiphospholipid Antibody of the Scientific and Standardisation Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis". J. Thromb. Haemost. 7 (10): 1737–40. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03555.x. PMID 19624461.

[pmid243192512-22] Lim W (2013). "Antiphospholipid syndrome". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2013: 675–80. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2013.1.675. PMID 24319251.

[pmid29791828-23] Garcia D, Erkan D (2018). "Diagnosis and Management of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome". N Engl J Med. 378 (21): 2010–2021. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1705454. PMID 29791828.

[pmid23488294-24] Kornacki J, Wirstlein P, Skrzypczak J (2012). "[Assessment of uterine arteries Doppler in the first half of pregnancy in women with thrombophilia]". Ginekol Pol. 83 (12): 916–21. PMID 23488294.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
-{{Template:DIC}}
+[[Image:Home_logo1.png|right|250px|link=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Disseminated_intravascular_coagulation]]
-{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{OK}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MKA}}, {{S.G.}}, {{OK}}
 ==Overview==
-[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
+Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) must be differentiated from other diseases that cause symptoms of [[DVT]]<nowiki/>and [[pulmonary embolism]]<nowiki/>such as: [[factor V Leiden mutation]], [[protein C deficiency]], [[protein S deficiency]], [[Prothrombin gene mutation G20210A|prothrombin gene mutation]], [[antithrombin III deficiency]], [[antiphospholipid antibody syndrome]].
-OR
+==Differential Diagnosis==
+'''Differentiating different thrombophilias on the basis of symptoms, physical examination, and laboratory findings'''
-[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
+Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) must be differentiated from other diseases that cause symptoms of [[DVT]] and [[pulmonary embolism]] such as:
+* [[Factor V Leiden mutation]]
-==Differentiating [Disease name] from other Diseases==
+* [[Protein C deficiency]]
-[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
+* [[Protein S deficiency]]
+* [[Prothrombin gene mutation G20210A|Prothrombin gene mutation]]
-OR
+* [[Antithrombin III deficiency]]
+* [[Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome]]
-[Disease name] must be differentiated from [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
-OR
-As [disease name] manifests in a variety of clinical forms, differentiation must be established in accordance with the particular subtype. [Subtype name 1] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], such as [differential dx1] and [differential dx2]. In contrast, [subtype name 2] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 2], such as [differential dx3] and [differential dx4].
-===Differentiating [disease name] from other diseases on the basis of [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]===
-On the basis [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3], [disease name] must be differentiated from [disease 1], [disease 2], [disease 3], [disease 4], [disease 5], and [disease 6].
 {|
 |- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
-! rowspan="4"  style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Diseases
+! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
-| colspan="6" rowspan="1"  style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|'''Clinical manifestations'''
+| colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Clinical manifestations'''
-! colspan="7" rowspan="2"  style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Para-clinical findings
+! colspan="4" rowspan="2" |Para-clinical findings
-| colspan="1" rowspan="4"  style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|'''Gold standard'''
+| colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Gold standard'''
-! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Additional findings
+! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Additional findings
 |-
-| colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|'''Symptoms'''
+| colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Symptoms'''
-! colspan="3" rowspan="2"  style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Physical examination
+| colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Physical examination'''
 |-
-! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Lab Findings
+! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Lab Findings'''
-! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Imaging
+! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Imaging'''
-! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Histopathology
 |-
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Symptom 1
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms of DVT
-! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Symptom 2
+! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Symptom 3
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms of Myocardial Infarction
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Physical exam 1
+! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Tenderness in extremities
-! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Physical exam 2
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Edema in extremities
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Physical exam 3
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Warmth in extremities
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Lab 1
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |PT
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Lab 2
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |aPTT
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Lab 3
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Doppler ultrasound
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Imaging 1
+! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Chest CT scan
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Imaging 2
-! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Imaging 3
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 1
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Antithrombin III deficiency]]<ref name="pmid19141163">{{cite journal |vauthors=Patnaik MM, Moll S |title=Inherited antithrombin deficiency: a review |journal=Haemophilia |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=1229–39 |date=November 2008 |pmid=19141163 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2516.2008.01830.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="Al HadidiWu2017">{{cite journal|last1=Al Hadidi|first1=Samer|last2=Wu|first2=Kristi|last3=Aburahma|first3=Ahmed|last4=Alamarat|first4=Zain|title=Family with clots: antithrombin deficiency|journal=BMJ Case Reports|year=2017|pages=bcr-2017-221556|issn=1757-790X|doi=10.1136/bcr-2017-221556}}</ref><ref name="pmid21772860">{{cite journal |vauthors=Konecny F |title=Inherited trombophilic states and pulmonary embolism |journal=J Res Med Sci |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=43–56 |date=January 2009 |pmid=21772860 |pmc=3129068 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | Normal
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Normal
+* Reduces the Increase in [[PTT]] after administration of [[heparin]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Evidence of [[deep vein thrombosis]] ([[DVT]])
+* Should be used for diagnosis and follow up
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Occlusion]] of  [[brachiocephalic]] [[vein]]
+* Large [[thrombus]] in [[superior vena cava]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Decreased [[plasma]] [[Antithrombin III|antithrombin]] ([[AT III]]) activity
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Nephrotic syndrome]]
+* Decreased inhibition of [[factor II]] and Xa
+* [[Antithrombin]] is a natural [[anticoagulant]] that is lost in the [[urine]]
+|-
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Factor V Leiden mutation]]<ref name="pmid20626623">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mannucci PM, Asselta R, Duga S, Guella I, Spreafico M, Lotta L, Merlini PA, Peyvandi F, Kathiresan S, Ardissino D |title=The association of factor V Leiden with myocardial infarction is replicated in 1880 patients with premature disease |journal=J. Thromb. Haemost. |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=2116–21 |date=October 2010 |pmid=20626623 |doi=10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03982.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27797270">{{cite journal |vauthors=Campello E, Spiezia L, Simioni P |title=Diagnosis and management of factor V Leiden |journal=Expert Rev Hematol |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1139–1149 |date=December 2016 |pmid=27797270 |doi=10.1080/17474086.2016.1249364 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15003896">{{cite journal |vauthors=Van Rooden CJ, Rosendaal FR, Meinders AE, Van Oostayen JA, Van Der Meer FJ, Huisman MV |title=The contribution of factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutation to the risk of central venous catheter-related thrombosis |journal=Haematologica |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=201–6 |date=February 2004 |pmid=15003896 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23615845">{{cite journal| author=Dentali F, Pomero F, Borretta V, Gianni M, Squizzato A, Fenoglio L et al.| title=Location of venous thrombosis in patients with FVL or prothrombin G20210A mutations: systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=Thromb Haemost | year= 2013 | volume= 110 | issue= 1 | pages= 191-4 | pmid=23615845 | doi=10.1160/TH13-02-0163 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23615845  }}</ref><ref name="pmid12421138">{{cite journal |vauthors=Press RD, Bauer KA, Kujovich JL, Heit JA |title=Clinical utility of factor V leiden (R506Q) testing for the diagnosis and management of thromboembolic disorders |journal=Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. |volume=126 |issue=11 |pages=1304–18 |date=November 2002 |pmid=12421138 |doi=10.1043/0003-9985(2002)126<1304:CUOFVL>2.0.CO;2 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Recommended to do weekly
+* [[Proximal]] [[DVT]] is more commonly observed as compared to [[distal]] [[DVT]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Pulmonary embolism]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* N/A
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Inactivates factor Va and factor VIIIa
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 2
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Protein C deficiency]]<ref>{{Cite journal
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+ | author = [[Bernard Khor]] & [[Elizabeth M. Van Cott]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+ | title = Laboratory tests for protein C deficiency
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+ | journal = [[American journal of hematology]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+ | volume = 85
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+ | issue = 6
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+ | pages = 440–442
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+ | year = 2010
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+ | month = June
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+ | doi = 10.1002/ajh.21679
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+ | pmid = 20309856
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+}}</ref><ref name="pmid11336597">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pescatore SL |title=Clinical management of protein C deficiency |journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=431–9 |date=March 2001 |pmid=11336597 |doi=10.1517/14656566.2.3.431 |url=}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Gustavo A. Rodriguez-Leal]], [[Segundo Moran]], [[Roberto Corona-Cedillo]] & [[Rocio Brom-Valladares]]
+ | title = Portal vein thrombosis with protein C-S deficiency in a non-cirrhotic patient
+ | journal = [[World journal of hepatology]]
+ | volume = 6
+ | issue = 7
+ | pages = 532–537
+ | year = 2014
+ | month = July
+ | doi = 10.4254/wjh.v6.i7.532
+ | pmid = 25068006
+}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal / ↑
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Hypercoagulation]]
+* Recurrent [[venous thromboembolism]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Venous thromboembolism]]
+* [[Pulmonary embolism]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Protein C]] functional [[assay]]
+* [[ELISA]] [[assay]]: may produce [[false positive]] result in cross reaction with [[rheumatoid factor]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Factor VIII]] elevation in acute phase
+* Functional [[assay]] should not be performed if patient is on [[warfarin]]
+* [[Purpura fulminans]] ([[skin]] [[necrosis]]) could be a form of presentation
+* Risk of [[thrombotic]] [[skin]] [[necrosis]] following [[warfarin]] administration
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 3
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Protein S deficiency]]<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal
+ | author = [[Kristi J. Smock]], [[Elizabeth A. Plumhoff]], [[Piet Meijer]], [[Peihong Hsu]], [[Nicole D. Zantek]], [[Nahla M. Heikal]] & [[Elizabeth M. Van Cott]]
+ | title = Protein S testing in patients with protein S deficiency, factor V Leiden, and rivaroxaban by North American Specialized Coagulation Laboratories
+ | journal = [[Thrombosis and haemostasis]]
+ | volume = 116
+ | issue = 1
+ | pages = 50–57
+ | year = 2016
+ | month = July
+ | doi = 10.1160/TH15-12-0918
+ | pmid = 27075008
+}}</ref><ref name="pmid21799399">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ji M, Yoon SN, Lee W, Jang S, Park SH, Kim DY, Chun S, Min WK |title=Protein S deficiency with a PROS1 gene mutation in a patient presenting with mesenteric venous thrombosis following total colectomy |journal=Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=619–21 |date=October 2011 |pmid=21799399 |doi=10.1097/MBC.0b013e32834a0421 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal / ↑
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Hypercoagulation]]
+* Recurrent [[venous thromboembolism]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Pulmonary embolism]]
+* [[Thrombosis]] of [[superior mesenteric vein]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Protein S]] free [[antigen]] [[assay]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* When performing the gold standard test, beware of interference from samples positive for [[Factor V]] [[mutation]], [[protein C deficiency]] and oral [[anticoagulants]] ([[rivaroxaban]])
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Risk of [[thrombotic]] [[skin]] [[necrosis]] following [[warfarin]] administration
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Suspected in patients with a strong family history of [[VTE]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Post phlebitic syndrome]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Fetal]] loss
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
-!Diseases
-!Symptom 1
-! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Symptom 2
-!Symptom 3
-!Physical exam 1
-! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Physical exam 2
-!Physical exam 3
-!Lab 1
-!Lab 2
-!Lab 3
-!Imaging 1
-!Imaging 2
-!Imaging 3
-!Histopathology
-|'''Gold standard'''
-!Additional findings
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 4
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Prothrombin gene mutation G20210A|Prothrombin gene mutation]]<ref name="pmid17474891">{{cite journal| author=Cooper PC, Rezende SM| title=An overview of methods for detection of factor V Leiden and the prothrombin G20210A mutations. | journal=Int J Lab Hematol | year= 2007 | volume= 29 | issue= 3 | pages= 153-62 | pmid=17474891 | doi=10.1111/j.1751-553X.2007.00892.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17474891  }}</ref><ref name="pmid12421139">{{cite journal| author=McGlennen RC, Key NS| title=Clinical and laboratory management of the prothrombin G20210A mutation. | journal=Arch Pathol Lab Med | year= 2002 | volume= 126 | issue= 11 | pages= 1319-25 | pmid=12421139 | doi=10.1043/0003-9985(2002)126<1319:CALMOT>2.0.CO;2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12421139  }}</ref><ref name="pmid236158452">{{cite journal| author=Dentali F, Pomero F, Borretta V, Gianni M, Squizzato A, Fenoglio L et al.| title=Location of venous thrombosis in patients with FVL or prothrombin G20210A mutations: systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=Thromb Haemost | year= 2013 | volume= 110 | issue= 1 | pages= 191-4 | pmid=23615845 | doi=10.1160/TH13-02-0163 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23615845  }}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Proximal]] [[DVT]] is more commonly observed as compared to [[distal]] [[DVT]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Pulmonary embolism]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Detection of [[mutation]] using [[restriction enzyme]] and [[PCR]]
+* [[DNA testing]] for [[prothrombin G20210A mutation]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Mutation]] causes increased production of [[prothrombin]]
+* Increased [[blood]] levels of [[prothrombin]] lead to [[venous]] clots in the [[circulatory system]]
+* [[Hormonal]] [[oral contraceptive pills]] can increase the risk of [[VTE]]
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 5
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation|Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)]]<ref name="pmid25535423">{{cite journal |vauthors=Venugopal A |title=Disseminated intravascular coagulation |journal=Indian J Anaesth |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=603–8 |date=September 2014 |pmid=25535423 |pmc=4260307 |doi=10.4103/0019-5049.144666 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27276832">{{cite journal |vauthors=Makruasi N |title=Treatment of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation |journal=J Med Assoc Thai |volume=98 Suppl 10 |issue= |pages=S45–51 |date=November 2015 |pmid=27276832 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29178991">{{cite journal| author=Cui S, Fu Z, Feng Y, Xie X, Ma X, Liu T et al.| title=The disseminated intravascular coagulation score is a novel predictor for portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with hepatitis B. | journal=Thromb Res | year= 2018 | volume= 161 | issue=  | pages= 7-11 | pmid=29178991 | doi=10.1016/j.thromres.2017.11.010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29178991  }}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Portal vein thrombosis]] is observed in patients with coexistent [[hepatitis B]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Pulmonary embolism]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* N/A
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Elevated [[fibrin degradation products]] ([[D-dimers]])
+* Decreased [[fibrinogen]]
+* Decreased [[factor V]] and VIII
+* Shistocytes (helmet [[cells]]) on [[peripheral blood smear]]
+* [[Portal vein thrombosis]]
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 6
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Antiphospholipid  antibody syndrome]]<ref name="pmid24319251">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lim W |title=Antiphospholipid syndrome |journal=Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program |volume=2013 |issue= |pages=675–80 |date=2013 |pmid=24319251 |doi=10.1182/asheducation-2013.1.675 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19624461">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pengo V, Tripodi A, Reber G, Rand JH, Ortel TL, Galli M, De Groot PG |title=Update of the guidelines for lupus anticoagulant detection. Subcommittee on Lupus Anticoagulant/Antiphospholipid Antibody of the Scientific and Standardisation Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis |journal=J. Thromb. Haemost. |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=1737–40 |date=October 2009 |pmid=19624461 |doi=10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03555.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid243192512">{{cite journal| author=Lim W| title=Antiphospholipid syndrome. | journal=Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program | year= 2013 | volume= 2013 | issue=  | pages= 675-80 | pmid=24319251 | doi=10.1182/asheducation-2013.1.675 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24319251  }}</ref><ref name="pmid29791828">{{cite journal| author=Garcia D, Erkan D| title=Diagnosis and Management of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2018 | volume= 378 | issue= 21 | pages= 2010-2021 | pmid=29791828 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1705454 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29791828  }}</ref><ref name="pmid23488294">{{cite journal| author=Kornacki J, Wirstlein P, Skrzypczak J| title=[Assessment of uterine arteries Doppler in the first half of pregnancy in women with thrombophilia]. | journal=Ginekol Pol | year= 2012 | volume= 83 | issue= 12 | pages= 916-21 | pmid=23488294 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23488294  }}</ref>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Increased impedance of [[flow]] in [[uterine]] [[arteries]] at 12-20 weeks of [[gestation]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Pulmonary embolism]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* [[Antiphospholipid antibody]]
+* [[Anticardiolipin antibody]]
+* [[Lupus anticoagulant]]
+* Anti-β2GPI [[antibody]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
+* Both, [[arterial]] and [[venous]] [[thrombosis]] can occur
+* History of [[spontaneous abortions]]
+* [[False positive]] [[VDRL]]
+* [[Stroke]] and [[transient ischemic attack]] ([[TIA]]) are most common forms of presentation of [[arterial thrombosis]]
 |}
 ==References==
 {{reflist|2}}
+{{WS}}
+{{WH}}
+[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
+[[Category:Medicine]]
+[[Category:Disease]]
 [[Category:Hematology]]
 [[Category:Cardiology]]
+[[Category:Pediatrics]]
-{{WS}}
-{{WH}}

Disseminated intravascular coagulation differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 21:25, 29 July 2020

Overview

Differential Diagnosis

References

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