Echinococcosis laboratory findings: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Echinococcosis}} | {{Echinococcosis}} | ||
{{CMG}} '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}; {{KD}}; {{ADG}} | {{CMG}} '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{MIR}} ; {{CZ}}; {{KD}}; {{ADG}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
In the patients suspected of echinococcosis enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the indirect hemagglutination test are highly sensitive procedures for the initial screening of serum for cystic echinococcosis. In case of alveolar echinococcosis serologic test results are usually positive at high titers. Comparing a patient’s titers with both purified-specific and shared antigens permits the serologic discrimination between patients infected with E. multilocularis and those infected with E. granulosus. | In the [[patients]] suspected of [[echinococcosis|echinococcosis,]] [[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay]] ([[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|ELISA]]) and the indirect [[Hemagglutination assay|hemagglutination test]] are highly sensitive procedures for the initial [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] of [[serum]] for [[cystic echinococcosis]]. In case of [[alveolar echinococcosis]], [[Serological testing|serologic test]] results are usually positive at high [[Titer|titers]]. Comparing a patient’s [[Titer|titers]] with both purified-specific and shared [[antigens]] permits the [[Serology|serologic]] discrimination between [[patients]] infected with [[E. multilocularis|''E. multilocularis'']] and those infected with [[E. granulosus|''E. granulosus'']]. | ||
==Laboratory Findings== | ==Laboratory Findings== | ||
In the patients suspected of echinococcosis enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the indirect hemagglutination test are highly sensitive procedures for the initial screening | In the [[patients]] suspected of [[echinococcosis|echinococcosis,]] [[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay]] ([[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|ELISA]]) and the indirect [[Hemagglutination assay|hemagglutination test]] are highly sensitive procedures for the initial [[Screening (medicine)|screening]]. <ref name="pmid19888428">{{cite journal |vauthors=Siracusano A, Teggi A, Ortona E |title=Human cystic echinococcosis: old problems and new perspectives |journal=Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis |volume=2009 |issue= |pages=474368 |year=2009 |pmid=19888428 |pmc=2771156 |doi=10.1155/2009/474368 |url=}}</ref> | ||
===Serologic Tests=== | ===Serologic Tests=== | ||
====Cystic Echinococcosis==== | ====[[Cystic]] [[Echinococcosis]]==== | ||
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the indirect hemagglutination test are highly sensitive procedures for the initial screening of serum. Specific confirmation of reactivity can be obtained by demonstrating echinococcal antigens by immunodiffusion (arc 5) procedures or immunoblot assays (8-, | [[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay]] ([[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|ELISA]]) and the indirect [[Hemagglutination assay|hemagglutination test]] are highly sensitive procedures for the initial screening of serum. Specific confirmation of reactivity can be obtained by demonstrating echinococcal [[antigens]] by [[immunodiffusion]] (arc 5) procedures or [[immunoblot]] assays (8-, 21– kD bands). | ||
====Alveolar Echinococcosis==== | ====[[Alveolar]] [[Echinococcosis]]==== | ||
Serologic test results are usually positive at high titers. Comparing a patient’s titers with both purified-specific and shared antigens permits the serologic discrimination between patients infected with E. multilocularis and those infected with E. granulosus. | [[Serological testing|Serologic test]] results are usually positive at high [[Titer|titers]]. Comparing a patient’s titers with both purified-specific and shared [[antigens]] permits the [[Serological|serologic]] discrimination between [[patients]] infected with [[E. multilocularis|''E. multilocularis'']] and those infected with [[E. granulosus|''E. granulosus'']]. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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!Findings | !Findings | ||
|- | |- | ||
|CBC | |[[Complete blood count|CBC]] | ||
| | | | ||
* Lymphopenia | * [[Lymphopenia]] | ||
* Eosinophilia is rare | * [[Eosinophilia]] is rare | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Antibody testing | |[[Antibody]] testing | ||
(Immunoglobulin concentrations) | (Immunoglobulin concentrations) | ||
| | | | ||
* Increase in levels of gammaglobulins | * Increase in levels of gammaglobulins | ||
* Increase in immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels | * Increase in [[immunoglobulin G]] ([[IgG]]) levels | ||
* Mild elevation of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) | * Mild elevation of [[immunoglobulin A]] ([[IgA]]) and [[immunoglobulin M]] ([[IgM]]) | ||
* CRP levels might be elevated | * [[C-reactive protein|CRP]] levels might be elevated | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Liver function tests | |[[Liver function tests]] | ||
| | | | ||
* GGT is elevated | * [[Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase|GGT]] is elevated | ||
* Alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels increases | * [[Alkaline phosphatase]] and [[Aspartate transaminase|aspartate aminotransferase]] ([[Aspartate transaminase|AST]]) levels increases | ||
* | * [[Aminotransferases]] increase only when associated with [[necrosis]] | ||
* Prothrombin time decreases | * [[Prothrombin time (PT)|Prothrombin time]] decreases | ||
* Factor V | * [[Factor V]] level decreases | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Serology tests | |[[Serology]] tests | ||
| | | | ||
* Antibody detection is more sensitive than antigen detection | * [[Antibody]] detection is more sensitive than [[antigen]] detection | ||
* ELISA and IHA are the methods most frequently employed for screening | * [[ELISA test|ELISA]] and [[Hemagglutination assay|IHA]] are the methods most frequently employed for [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] | ||
* Crude antigens such as hydatid fluid or protoscolex extracts are used | * Crude [[antigens]] such as hydatid fluid or protoscolex extracts are used | ||
* Immunoelectrophoresis and immunoblotting are used for confirmation | * [[Immunoelectrophoresis]] and [[immunoblotting]] are used for confirmation | ||
|} | |} | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
{{WH}} | |||
{{WS}} | |||
[[Category:Parasitic diseases]] | [[Category:Parasitic diseases]] | ||
[[Category:Needs content]] | [[Category:Needs content]] | ||
[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Infectious disease]] | |||
[[Category:Hepatology]] | |||
[[Category:Gastroenterology]] | |||
[[Category:Surgery]] | |||
Latest revision as of 21:32, 29 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor-In-Chief: Mahshid Mir, M.D. [2] ; Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3]; Kalsang Dolma, M.B.B.S.[4]; Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [5]
Overview
In the patients suspected of echinococcosis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the indirect hemagglutination test are highly sensitive procedures for the initial screening of serum for cystic echinococcosis. In case of alveolar echinococcosis, serologic test results are usually positive at high titers. Comparing a patient’s titers with both purified-specific and shared antigens permits the serologic discrimination between patients infected with E. multilocularis and those infected with E. granulosus.
Laboratory Findings
In the patients suspected of echinococcosis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the indirect hemagglutination test are highly sensitive procedures for the initial screening. [1]
Serologic Tests
Cystic Echinococcosis
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the indirect hemagglutination test are highly sensitive procedures for the initial screening of serum. Specific confirmation of reactivity can be obtained by demonstrating echinococcal antigens by immunodiffusion (arc 5) procedures or immunoblot assays (8-, 21– kD bands).
Alveolar Echinococcosis
Serologic test results are usually positive at high titers. Comparing a patient’s titers with both purified-specific and shared antigens permits the serologic discrimination between patients infected with E. multilocularis and those infected with E. granulosus.
| Laboratory Tets | Findings |
|---|---|
| CBC |
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| Antibody testing
(Immunoglobulin concentrations) |
|
| Liver function tests |
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| Serology tests |
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References
- ↑ Siracusano A, Teggi A, Ortona E (2009). "Human cystic echinococcosis: old problems and new perspectives". Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2009: 474368. doi:10.1155/2009/474368. PMC 2771156. PMID 19888428.