Femoral hernia natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
*If left untreated, 44%-86% of patients with femoral hernia may progress to develop strangulation/incarceration.
If left untreated, 44%-86% of patients with femoral hernia may progress to develop [[strangulation]] or [[Incarcerated hernia|incarceration]].


==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==


===Natural History===
===Natural History===
*If left untreated, 44%-86% of patients with femoral hernia may progress to develop strangulation/incarceration.<ref name="pmid1670226">{{cite journal| author=Oishi SN, Page CP, Schwesinger WH| title=Complicated presentations of groin hernias. | journal=Am J Surg | year= 1991 | volume= 162 | issue= 6 | pages= 568-70; discussion 571 | pmid=1670226 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1670226  }} </ref><ref name="pmid14533910">{{cite journal| author=Hachisuka T| title=Femoral hernia repair. | journal=Surg Clin North Am | year= 2003 | volume= 83 | issue= 5 | pages= 1189-205 | pmid=14533910 | doi=10.1016/S0039-6109(03)00120-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14533910  }} </ref>
*Femoral hernias may be small and asymptomatic during early course of the disease.
*Some individuals may have the hernia for decades without seeking medical care because of [[asymptomatic]] initial disease course.
*If left untreated, 44%-86% of patients with femoral hernia may progress to develop [[strangulation]] or [[Incarcerated hernia|incarceration]].<ref name="pmid1670226">{{cite journal| author=Oishi SN, Page CP, Schwesinger WH| title=Complicated presentations of groin hernias. | journal=Am J Surg | year= 1991 | volume= 162 | issue= 6 | pages= 568-70; discussion 571 | pmid=1670226 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1670226  }} </ref><ref name="pmid14533910">{{cite journal| author=Hachisuka T| title=Femoral hernia repair. | journal=Surg Clin North Am | year= 2003 | volume= 83 | issue= 5 | pages= 1189-205 | pmid=14533910 | doi=10.1016/S0039-6109(03)00120-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14533910  }} </ref>
*[[Strangulation]] or [[Incarcerated hernia|incarceration]] may lead to [[bowel]] [[necrosis]], causing [[pain]], [[erythema]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]] and [[fever]].


===Complications===
===Complications===
*Common complications of femoral hernia include:<ref name="pmid19300219">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dahlstrand U, Wollert S, Nordin P, Sandblom G, Gunnarsson U |title=Emergency femoral hernia repair: a study based on a national register |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=249 |issue=4 |pages=672–6 |year=2009 |pmid=19300219 |doi=10.1097/SLA.0b013e31819ed943 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16187268">{{cite journal |vauthors=Koch A, Edwards A, Haapaniemi S, Nordin P, Kald A |title=Prospective evaluation of 6895 groin hernia repairs in women |journal=Br J Surg |volume=92 |issue=12 |pages=1553–8 |year=2005 |pmid=16187268 |doi=10.1002/bjs.5156 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17414617">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nilsson H, Stylianidis G, Haapamäki M, Nilsson E, Nordin P |title=Mortality after groin hernia surgery |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=245 |issue=4 |pages=656–60 |year=2007 |pmid=17414617 |pmc=1877035 |doi=10.1097/01.sla.0000251364.32698.4b |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16283073">{{cite journal| author=Alimoglu O, Kaya B, Okan I, Dasiran F, Guzey D, Bas G et al.| title=Femoral hernia: a review of 83 cases. | journal=Hernia | year= 2006 | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 70-3 | pmid=16283073 | doi=10.1007/s10029-005-0045-3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16283073  }} </ref>
*Common complications of femoral hernia include:<ref name="pmid19300219">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dahlstrand U, Wollert S, Nordin P, Sandblom G, Gunnarsson U |title=Emergency femoral hernia repair: a study based on a national register |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=249 |issue=4 |pages=672–6 |year=2009 |pmid=19300219 |doi=10.1097/SLA.0b013e31819ed943 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16187268">{{cite journal |vauthors=Koch A, Edwards A, Haapaniemi S, Nordin P, Kald A |title=Prospective evaluation of 6895 groin hernia repairs in women |journal=Br J Surg |volume=92 |issue=12 |pages=1553–8 |year=2005 |pmid=16187268 |doi=10.1002/bjs.5156 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17414617">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nilsson H, Stylianidis G, Haapamäki M, Nilsson E, Nordin P |title=Mortality after groin hernia surgery |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=245 |issue=4 |pages=656–60 |year=2007 |pmid=17414617 |pmc=1877035 |doi=10.1097/01.sla.0000251364.32698.4b |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16283073">{{cite journal| author=Alimoglu O, Kaya B, Okan I, Dasiran F, Guzey D, Bas G et al.| title=Femoral hernia: a review of 83 cases. | journal=Hernia | year= 2006 | volume= 10 | issue= 1 | pages= 70-3 | pmid=16283073 | doi=10.1007/s10029-005-0045-3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16283073  }} </ref>
**Strangulation or Incarceration
**[[Strangulation]] or incarceration
**Bowel obstruction
**[[Bowel obstruction]]
**Intestinal necrosis
**[[Intestinal]] [[necrosis]]


===Prognosis===
===Prognosis===
*Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.
*[[Prognosis]] is good, if [[surgery]] is performed in time (before the development of complications).<ref name="pmid1670226">{{cite journal| author=Oishi SN, Page CP, Schwesinger WH| title=Complicated presentations of groin hernias. | journal=Am J Surg | year= 1991 | volume= 162 | issue= 6 | pages= 568-70; discussion 571 | pmid=1670226 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1670226  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17414617">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nilsson H, Stylianidis G, Haapamäki M, Nilsson E, Nordin P |title=Mortality after groin hernia surgery |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=245 |issue=4 |pages=656–60 |year=2007 |pmid=17414617 |pmc=1877035 |doi=10.1097/01.sla.0000251364.32698.4b |url=}}</ref>
*Depending on the extent of the [tumor/disease progression/etc.] at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as poor/good/excellent.
*The presence of [[bowel obstruction]] is associated with a particularly poor [[prognosis]] among patients with femoral hernia.<ref name="pmid1670226">{{cite journal| author=Oishi SN, Page CP, Schwesinger WH| title=Complicated presentations of groin hernias. | journal=Am J Surg | year= 1991 | volume= 162 | issue= 6 | pages= 568-70; discussion 571 | pmid=1670226 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1670226  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17414617">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nilsson H, Stylianidis G, Haapamäki M, Nilsson E, Nordin P |title=Mortality after groin hernia surgery |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=245 |issue=4 |pages=656–60 |year=2007 |pmid=17414617 |pmc=1877035 |doi=10.1097/01.sla.0000251364.32698.4b |url=}}</ref>
*The presence of [characteristic of disease] is associated with a particularly [good/poor] prognosis among patients with [disease/malignancy].
*[Subtype of disease/malignancy] is associated with the most favorable prognosis.
*The prognosis varies with the [characteristic] of tumor; [subtype of disease/malignancy] have the most favorable prognosis.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


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Latest revision as of 21:44, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: M. Khurram Afzal, MD [2]

Overview

If left untreated, 44%-86% of patients with femoral hernia may progress to develop strangulation or incarceration.

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Natural History

Complications

Prognosis

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Oishi SN, Page CP, Schwesinger WH (1991). "Complicated presentations of groin hernias". Am J Surg. 162 (6): 568–70, discussion 571. PMID 1670226.
  2. Hachisuka T (2003). "Femoral hernia repair". Surg Clin North Am. 83 (5): 1189–205. doi:10.1016/S0039-6109(03)00120-8. PMID 14533910.
  3. Dahlstrand U, Wollert S, Nordin P, Sandblom G, Gunnarsson U (2009). "Emergency femoral hernia repair: a study based on a national register". Ann. Surg. 249 (4): 672–6. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e31819ed943. PMID 19300219.
  4. Koch A, Edwards A, Haapaniemi S, Nordin P, Kald A (2005). "Prospective evaluation of 6895 groin hernia repairs in women". Br J Surg. 92 (12): 1553–8. doi:10.1002/bjs.5156. PMID 16187268.
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 Nilsson H, Stylianidis G, Haapamäki M, Nilsson E, Nordin P (2007). "Mortality after groin hernia surgery". Ann. Surg. 245 (4): 656–60. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000251364.32698.4b. PMC 1877035. PMID 17414617.
  6. Alimoglu O, Kaya B, Okan I, Dasiran F, Guzey D, Bas G; et al. (2006). "Femoral hernia: a review of 83 cases". Hernia. 10 (1): 70–3. doi:10.1007/s10029-005-0045-3. PMID 16283073.

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