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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| | {| class="infobox" style="float:right;" |
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| | | [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=cholelithiasis resident survival guide]]|| <br> || <br> |
| | | [[Cholelithiasis resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']] |
| | |} |
| {{DiseaseDisorder infobox | | {{DiseaseDisorder infobox |
| | Name = Gallstone | | | Name = Gallstone |
| | ICD10 = {{ICD10|K|80||k|80}}
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| | ICD9 = {{ICD9|574}}
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| | ICDO =
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| | Image = Gallensteine 2006 03 28.JPG | | | Image = Gallensteine 2006 03 28.JPG |
| | Caption = gallstones | | | Caption = Gallstones <br> Source: commons.wikimedia.org by Stell98 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=666259 |
| | OMIM = 600803
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| | MedlinePlus = 000273
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| | DiseasesDB = 2533
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| }} | | }} |
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| {{Gallstone disease}} | | {{Gallstone disease}} |
| '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]''' | | '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]''' |
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| {{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}} [[User: Prashanthsaddala|Prashanth Saddala M.B.B.S]] | | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{HM}} |
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| '''''Synonyms and related keywords''''': Cholecystolithiasis; choleliths; cholelithiasis; biliary colic; gall stones; gallbladder calculus.
| | {{SK}} Cholecystolithiasis, choleliths, cholelithiasis, biliary colic, gall stones, gallbladder calculus. |
| == [[Gallstone disease overview|Overview]] == | | == [[Gallstone disease overview|Overview]] == |
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| == Diagnosis == | | == Diagnosis == |
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| [[Gallstone disease history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Gallstone disease physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Gallstone disease laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Gallstone disease x ray|X Ray]] | [[Gallstone disease CT|CT]] | [[Gallstone disease MRI|MRI]] | [[Gallstone disease echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Gallstone disease other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Gallstone disease other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] | | [[Gallstone disease diagnostic study of choice|Diagnostic Study of Choice]] | [[Gallstone disease history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Gallstone disease physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Gallstone disease laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Gallstone disease electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] |[[Gallstone disease x ray|X Ray]] | [[Gallstone disease CT|CT]] | [[Gallstone disease MRI|MRI]] | [[Gallstone disease ultrasound|Ultrasound]] | [[Gallstone disease other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Gallstone disease other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
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| == Treatment == | | == Treatment == |
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| [[Gallstone disease medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Gallstone disease surgery|Surgery]] | [[Gallstone disease primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Gallstone disease secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Gallstone disease cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Gallstone disease future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] | | [[Gallstone disease medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Gallstone disease lithotripsy|Lithotripsy]] | [[Gallstone disease surgery|Surgical Management]] | [[Gallstone disease primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Gallstone disease secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Gallstone disease cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Gallstone disease future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
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| == Case Studies == | | == Case Studies == |
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| [[Gallstone disease case study one|Case #1]] | | [[Gallstone disease case study one|Case #1]] |
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| === Other Imaging Findings ===
| | ==External Links== |
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| *Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): most sensitive/specific for common bile duct (CBD) stones
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| *Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP): diagnostic accuracy equivalent to ERCP, but not therapeutic
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| *Hepatobiliary Iminodiacetic Acid (HIDA) scan: highly sensitive for acute cholecytitis
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| '''Patient #1: Gallstone on MRI'''
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| <gallery>
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| Image:
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| Cholelithiasis MRI 001.jpg
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| Cholelithiasis MRI 002.jpg
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| Cholelithiasis MRI 003.jpg
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| </gallery>
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| '''Patient #2: A large gallstone in a patient with Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease'''
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| <gallery>
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| Large-gallstone-001.jpg
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| Large-gallstone-002.jpg
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| </gallery>
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| == Treatment ==
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| Nonoperative management is suboptimal (ursodiol, lithotripsy). Cholecystectomy is the therapy of choice.
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| ===Medical therapy===
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| Cholesterol gallstones can sometimes be dissolved by oral [[ursodeoxycholic acid]]. Gallstones may recur however, once the drug is stopped. Obstruction of the common bile duct with gallstones can sometimes be relieved by endoscopic retrograde sphinceterotomy (ERS) following [[endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography]] (ERCP). A common misconception is that the use of [[ultrasound]] ([[Lithotriptor|Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy]]) can be used to break up gallstones. Although this treatment is highly effective against [[kidney stone]]s, it can only rarely be used to break up the softer and less brittle gallstones.
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| ===Surgery===
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| [[Cholecystectomy]] (gallbladder removal) has a 99% chance of eliminating the recurrence of cholelithiasis. Only symptomatic patients must be indicated to surgery. The lack of a gall bladder does not seem to have any negative consequences in many people. However, there is a significant proportion of the population, between 5-40%, who develop a condition called [[postcholecystectomy syndrome]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/Postcholecystectomy-syndrome |title=Postcholecystectomy syndrome |accessdate=2007-08-25 |work=WebMD}}</ref> Symptoms include gastrointestinal distress and persistent pain in the upper right abdomen.
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| There are two surgery options: open procedure and laparoscopic: see the [[cholecystectomy]] article for more details.
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| *Open cholecystectomy procedure: This involves a large incision into the abdomen ([[laparotomy]]) below the right lower ribs. A week of hospitalization, normal diet a week after release and normal activity a month after release.
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| *[[Laparoscopy|Laparoscopic]] cholecystectomy: 3-4 small puncture holes for camera and instruments (available since the 1980s). Typically same-day release or one night hospital stay, followed by a week of home rest and pain medication. Can resume normal diet and light activity a week after release. (Decreased energy level and minor residual pain for a month or two.) Studies have shown that this procedure is as effective as the more invasive open cholecystectomy, provided the stones are accurately located by cholangiogram prior to the procedure so that they can all be removed. The procedure also has the benefit of reducing operative complications such as bowel perforation and vascular injury.
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| ===Alternative medicine===
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| A regimen called a "gallbladder flush" or "liver flush" is a popular remedy in alternative medicine. In this treatment, often self-administered, the patient drinks four glasses of apple cider and eats five apples per day for five days, then fasts briefly, takes magnesium, and then drinks large quantities of lemon or grapefruit juice mixed with olive oil or other oil before bed; the next morning, they painlessly pass a number of green and brown pebbles purported to be stones flushed from the biliary system. A New Zealand hospital analyzed stones from a typical gallbladder flush and found them to be composed of fatty acids similar to those in olive oil, with no detectable cholesterol or bile salts,<ref>{{cite web|author=Alan R. Gaby|url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0ISW/is_268/ai_n15795429|title=The gallstone cure that wasn't|publisher=Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients|accessdate = 2007-02-10}}</ref> demonstrating that they are little more than hardened olive oil. Despite the gallbladder flush, the patient still required surgical removal of multiple true gallstones. The note concluded: "The gallbladder flush may not be entirely worthless, however; there is one case report in which treatment with olive oil and lemon juice resulted in the passage of numerous gallstones, as demonstrated by ultrasound examination."<ref name="BrJS">{{cite journal |author= A. P. Savage |coauthors=T. O'Brien and P. M. Lamont |year=1992 |month=February |title=Case report. Adjuvant herbal treatment for gallstones |journal=British Journal of Surgery |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=168 |accessdate= 2007-08-25}}</ref>
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| In the case mentioned, ultrasound confirmed multiple gallstones, but after waiting months for a surgical option, the patient underwent a treatment with olive oil and lemon juice resulting in the passage of four 2.5 cm by 1.25 cm stones and twenty pea-sized stones. Two years later symptoms returned, and ultrasound showed a single large gallstone; the patient chose to have this removed surgically.<ref name="BrJS"/>
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| ==External links== | |
| *[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/presentations/100021_1.htm Gallbladder removal - series] from Nuggets Medical Encyclopedia | | *[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/presentations/100021_1.htm Gallbladder removal - series] from Nuggets Medical Encyclopedia |
| * [http://www.chem-tox.com/gallstones/index.htm "Gall Stones and Gall Bladder Surgery"] Information for this article was located from the University of Florida, Medical Library in Gainesville, Florida, and researched by Richard Pressinger (M.Ed.) and Jerry Abraham (M.B.A)
| | *[http://medinfo.ufl.edu/year1/bcs/slides/abdomen/slide9.html Diagram of pain radiation] |
| * [http://medinfo.ufl.edu/year1/bcs/slides/abdomen/slide9.html Diagram of pain radiation] | | {{WH}} |
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| [[Category:Gastroenterology]] | | [[Category:Gastroenterology]] |
| [[Category:Hepatology]] | | [[Category:Hepatology]] |
| [[Category:Surgery]] | | [[Category:Surgery]] |
| [[Category:Abdominal pain]]
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| [[Category:Disease]]
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