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__NOTOC__
==History and Symptoms==
{{Hepatitis A}}
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) can produce either asymptomatic or symptomatic infection in humans after an average incubation period of 28 days (range: 15--50 days)<ref name="pmid4191502">{{cite journal |author=Krugman S, Giles JP |title=Viral hepatitis. New light on an old disease |journal=[[JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association]] |volume=212 |issue=6 |pages=1019–29 |year=1970 |month=May |pmid=4191502 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-02-28}}</ref>. Peak infectivity occurs during the 2-week period before onset of jaundice or elevation of liver enzymes, when concentration of virus in stool is highest<ref name="pmid3014009">{{cite journal |author=Tassopoulos NC, Papaevangelou GJ, Ticehurst JR, Purcell RH |title=Fecal excretion of Greek strains of hepatitis A virus in patients with hepatitis A and in experimentally infected chimpanzees |journal=[[The Journal of Infectious Diseases]] |volume=154 |issue=2 |pages=231–7 |year=1986 |month=August |pmid=3014009 |doi= |url=http://www.jid.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3014009 |accessdate=2012-02-28}}</ref>. Illness caused by HAV typically has an abrupt onset that can include [[fever]], [[malaise]], [[anorexia]], [[nausea]], abdominal discomfort, dark urine, and [[jaundice]]. The likelihood of having symptoms with HAV infection increases with age. Fewer than 10% of infections among children aged 0-4 years result in jaundice; this percentage increases to 30%-40% among children aged 5-9 years, 60%-80% among youths aged 10-17 years, and 80%-90% among adults aged ≥18 years<ref name="pmid11986444">{{cite journal |author=Armstrong GL, Bell BP |title=Hepatitis A virus infections in the United States: model-based estimates and implications for childhood immunization |journal=[[Pediatrics]] |volume=109 |issue=5 |pages=839–45 |year=2002 |month=May |pmid=11986444 |doi= |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11986444 |accessdate=2012-02-28}}</ref>. When signs and symptoms occur, typically they last <2 months, although 10%-15% of symptomatic persons have prolonged or relapsing disease lasting up to 6 months<ref name="pmid1312659">{{cite journal |author=Glikson M, Galun E, Oren R, Tur-Kaspa R, Shouval D |title=Relapsing hepatitis A. Review of 14 cases and literature survey |journal=[[Medicine]] |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=14–23 |year=1992 |month=January |pmid=1312659 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-02-28}}</ref>. The case-fatality rate for HAV infection increases with age: 1.8% for persons adults aged >50 years compared with 0.6% for persons aged <50 years. The case-fatality rate is also increased among persons with chronic liver disease, who are at increased risk for acute liver failure<ref>Williams I, Bell B, Kaluba J, Shapiro C. Association between chronic liver disease and death from hepatitis A, United States, 1989--92 [abstract no. A39]. IX Triennial International Symposium on Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease. Rome, Italy, April 21--25, 1996.</ref>.
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{JS}}


HAV has an incubation period of about 28 days (anywhere from 15 to 50 is usual).
==Overview==
Some patients, often young children, have no symptoms. 70% of children younger than 6 who have HAV have no symptoms. Old patients are usually symptomatic. The symptoms of HAV are:
[[Hepatitis A virus]] ([[HAV]]) infection can be either [[asymptomatic]] or [[symptomatic]].<ref name="pmid4191502">{{cite journal |author=Krugman S, Giles JP |title=Viral hepatitis. New light on an old disease |journal=[[JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association]] |volume=212 |issue=6 |pages=1019–29 |year=1970 |month=May |pmid=4191502 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-02-28}}</ref>  [[Symptoms]] of [[hepatitis A]] include [[fever]], [[fatigue]], [[loss of appetite]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[abdominal pain]], and [[jaundice]].
*[[Fever]]
 
*[[Fatigue]]
==Symptoms==
*[[Loss of appetite]]
Young children who are [[infected]] with [[hepatitis A]] typically have a milder form of the disease, usually lasting from 1-3 weeks, whereas adults tend to experience a much more severe form of the disease. Some patients, particularly young children, are [[asymptomatic]]. When [[symptoms]] are present, they usually occur abruptly. [[Symptomatic]] adult patients may have a range of symptoms that can vary in severity from a mild [[flu]]-like illness to fulminant hepatitis.Symptoms of hepatitis A infection include the following:
*[[Nausea]]
 
*[[Vomiting]]
* [[Fever]]
*[[Abdominal pain]]
* [[Fatigue]]
*[[Dark urine]]
* [[Loss of appetite]]
*Clay-colored bowel movements
* [[Nausea]]
*[[Joint pain]]
* [[Vomiting]]
*[[Jaundice|Jaundice]]. Younger children (<6 yrs) typically do not get Jaundiced, while older patients often (>70%) do.
* [[Abdominal pain]]
Symptoms typically last less than 2 months, but 10%-15% of patients still have symptoms or have relapses up to 6 months after the onset of symptoms. Unlike other instances of Hepatitis (such as [[Hepatitis C|Hepatitis C]]), HAV is always acute.
* [[Dark urine]]
* Clay-colored [[stool]]
* [[Joint pain]]
* [[Jaundice]] (children younger than 6 years of age typically do not show [[jaundice]], while more that 70% of older patients do.)
* [[Pruritus]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
 
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
 
[[Category:Foodborne illnesses]]
[[Category:Hepatitis|A]]
[[Category:Picornaviruses]]
[[Category:Viral diseases]]
[[Category:Mature chapter]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Hepatology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]

Latest revision as of 22:04, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]

Overview

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection can be either asymptomatic or symptomatic.[1] Symptoms of hepatitis A include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and jaundice.

Symptoms

Young children who are infected with hepatitis A typically have a milder form of the disease, usually lasting from 1-3 weeks, whereas adults tend to experience a much more severe form of the disease. Some patients, particularly young children, are asymptomatic. When symptoms are present, they usually occur abruptly. Symptomatic adult patients may have a range of symptoms that can vary in severity from a mild flu-like illness to fulminant hepatitis.Symptoms of hepatitis A infection include the following:

References

  1. ↑ Krugman S, Giles JP (1970). "Viral hepatitis. New light on an old disease". JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 212 (6): 1019–29. PMID 4191502. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)

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