Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
m (Bot: Removing from Primary care)
 
(46 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Lactose intolerance}}
{{Lactose intolerance}}
{{CMG}}


{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MA}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
An estimated 70%<ref name="Kretchmer1"> Kretchmer N. ''Lactose and lactase: a historical perspective''. Gastroenterology, 1971;61, 805–813</ref> of adult humans are considered lactose intolerant, it is uncommon in healthy northern westerners and a few others groups.
The prevalence of lactose intolerance is approximately 75,000 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. The prevalence of lactose intolerance is low in children younger than six years. Europeans and European Americans individuals are less likely to develop lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance affects men and women equally. The majority of lactose intolerance cases are reported in the Far East.


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Incidence and Prevalence===
===Prevalence===
{| class="wikitable"
*The prevalence of lactose intolerance is up to 75000 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.<ref name="pmid26404364">{{cite journal |vauthors=Silanikove N, Leitner G, Merin U |title=The Interrelationships between Lactose Intolerance and the Modern Dairy Industry: Global Perspectives in Evolutional and Historical Backgrounds |journal=Nutrients |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=7312–31 |year=2015 |pmid=26404364 |pmc=4586535 |doi=10.3390/nu7095340 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3140651" />
| '''Human groups'''
*In North America, the prevalence of lactose intolerance:  
| '''Individuals Examined'''
**Native America: 79000 per 100,000 individuals
| '''Percent Intolerant'''
**Black: 75000 per 100,000 individuals
| '''[[Allele frequency]]'''
**Hispanics: 51000 per 100,000 individuals
|-
**Caucasians: 21000 per 100,000 individuals
|Dutch || N/A || 1%<ref name=AdvHG>''Genetics of lactose digestion in humans.'', Flatz, G. , Advances in Human Genetics, 1987</ref> || N/A
*The prevalence of lactose intolerance in Latin America, Africa, and Asia is 15000-100000 per 100,000 individuals.
|-
|Swedes || N/A || 2%<ref name=SA>''Lactose and Lactase'', Norman Kretchmer, Scientific American, October, 1972</ref> || 0.14
|-
||Europeans in Australia ||160 || 4%<ref name=SA/> || 0.20
|-
|White people of Northern European and Scandinavian descent||N/A||5%<ref name=variant/><ref name=UCD/>||N/A
|-
|Danes || N/A || 5%<ref>[[Anne Charlotte Jäger]], [http://www.dskb.dk/index.jsp?id=7353&gr=7446 "Laktose-intolerans: Gentest for laktose-intolerans - hurtig og billig diagnostik"], [[DSKB-NYT]], no. 1, February 2006.</ref> || N/A
|-
|Demographics of the United Kingdom|British||5–15%<ref name=probiotic>[[Michael de Vrese]], Anna Stegelmann, Bernd Richter, Susanne Fenselau, Christiane Laue and Jürgen Schrezenmeir,[http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/2/421S "Probiotics—compensation for lactase insufficiency"], ''[[American Journal of Clinical Nutrition]]'', Vol. 73, No. 2, 421S-429s, February 2001.</ref> ||N/A
|-
|Swiss || N/A || 10%<ref name=SA/> || 0.316
|-
|White Americans || 245 || 12%<ref name=SA/> || 0.346
|-
|Tuareg || N/A || 13%<ref name=probiotic/> || N/A
|-
| Germans || N/A || 15%<ref name=probiotic/>  || N/A
|-
| Austrians || N/A || 15–20%<ref name=probiotic/>  || N/A
|-
|Eastern Slavs (Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians) || N/A || 15%<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15991859&dopt=Abstract Prevalence of the lactase deficiency among the population of the northwestern region of Russia]</ref> || N/A
|-
|Northern French||N/A||17%<ref name=probiotic/> ||N/A
|-
|Finns || 134 || 18%<ref name=SA/> || 0.424
|-
|Central Italians||  65  || 19%<ref name=Italian/> ||N/A
|-
|Indian Children||N/A||20%<ref name=variant>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11788828&query_hl=14&itool=pubmed_docsum ''Identification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia'', Enattah NS, Sahi T, Savilahti E, Terwilliger JD, Peltonen L, Jarvela I, Nat Genet. 2002 Feb;30(2):233–7]</ref><ref name=UCD>[http://nutrigenomics.ucdavis.edu/nutrigenomics/index.cfm?objectid=968814F6-65B3-C1E7-0C7007B71CC9959A ''Lactose Intolerance: The Molecular Explanation'', UC Davis Nutritional Genomics website]</ref>
||N/A
|-
|African Tutsi || N/A || 20%<ref name=SA/> || 0.447
|-
|African Fulani || N/A || 23%<ref name=SA/> || 0.48
|-
|Bedouins || N/A||25%<ref name=probiotic/> ||N/A
|-
|Northern Indians ||N/A||27%<ref name=Indian>''Lactose intolerance in North and South Indians'', Tandon RK, Joshi YK, Singh DS, Narendranathan M, Balakrishnan V, Lal K., Am J Clin Nutr 1981;35:943–6, 1981.</ref>||N/A
|-
|African American Children||N/A||45%<ref name=variant/>||N/A
|-
|Indian Adults||150||50%<ref name=variant/><ref name=UCD/><ref>[http://www.indianjgastro.com/article.asp?issn=0254-8860;year=2004;volume=23;issue=2;spage=78;epage=78;aulast=Rana ''Lactose malabsorption in apparently healthy adults in northern India, assessed using lactose hydrogen breath test'', Rana SV, Bhasin DK, Naik N, Indian Journal of Gastroenterology, Volume 23, Issue 2, p. 78, 2004]</ref>||N/A
|-
|Southern Italians|| 51  || 41%<ref name=Italian/> || N/A
|-
|Saami (in Russia and Finland) || N/A || 25–60%<ref>A. Kozlov, D. Lisitsyn, "Hypolactasia in Saami subpopulations of Russia and Finland", ''[[Anthropologischer Anzeiger]]'', 55(3-4):281–287, 1997.</ref> || N/A
|-
|Northern Italians|| 89  || 52%<ref name=Italian>[http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/45/4/748''Primary adult lactose malabsorption in Italy: regional differences in prevalence and relationship to lactose intolerance and milk consumption'', LT Cavalli-Sforza, A Strata, A Barone and L Cucurachi, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 45, 748–754, 1987]</ref> || N/A
|-
|North American Hispanics ||N/A||53%<ref name=probiotic/>  ||N/A
|-
|Balkans|| N/A||55%<ref name=probiotic/> ||N/A
|-
|Mexican American Males||N/A||55%<ref name=variant/><ref name=UCD/>||N/A
|-
|Cretans||N/A||56%<ref name=variant/>||N/A
|-
|African Maasai || 21 || 62%<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=581925&dopt=Abstract    ''Lactose malabsorption among Masai children of East Africa'', RT Jackson, MC Latham, Am J Clin Nutr. 1979 Apr;32(4):779–82.]</ref>
|| N/A
|-
| Southern French||N/A||65%<ref name=probiotic/> ||N/A
|-
|Greek Cypriots||N/A||66%<ref name=variant/><ref name=UCD/>||N/A
|-
|North American Jews||N/A||68.8%<ref name=variant/><ref name=UCD/>||N/A
|-
|Southern Indians ||N/A||70%<ref name=Indian/>||N/A
|-
|Sicilians ||100||71%<ref name=Burgio>[http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/39/1/100.pdf ''Prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption and awareness of milk intolerance in Italy'', G Roberto Burgio, Gebhard Flatz, Cristiana Barbera, Rosario Patan, Attilio Boner, Cinzia Cajozzo, and Sibylle D Flaiz, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 39: pp 100–104, January 1984.]</ref><ref>[http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/19/suppl_2/165S ''Lactose Intolerance'', Tuula H. Vesa, Philippe Marteau, and Riitta Korpela, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 19, No. 90002, 165S-175S (2000)]</ref>||N/A
|-
|South Americans||N/A||65–75%<ref name=probiotic/> ||N/A
|-
|Rural Mexicans||N/A||73.8%<ref name=variant/><ref name=UCD/>||N/A
|-
|African Americans || 20 || 75%<ref name=SA/> || 0.87
|-
|Kazakhs from northwest Xinjiang || 195 || 76.4% <ref name=China/>||
|-
|Lebanese||75||78%<ref>[http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/32/10/1994.pdf ''Lactose intolerance in the Lebanese population and in “Mediterranean lymphoma”'', Salah M. Nasrallah, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 32 , pp. 1994–1996, October, 1979.]</ref>||N/A
|-
|Central Asians||N/A||80%<ref name=probiotic/>  ||N/A
|-
|Alaskan Eskimo||N/A||80%<ref name=variant/><ref name=UCD/>||N/A
|-
|Australian Aborigines || 44 || 85%<ref name=SA/> || 0.922
|-
|Inner Mongolians||198||87.9%<ref name=China>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6235167&dopt=Abstract''Prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption in three populations of northern China''], Wang YG, Yan YS, Xu JJ, Du RF, Flatz SD, Kühnau W, Flatz G., Hum Genet. 1984;67(1):103-6.</ref>||
|-
|African Bantu || 59 || 89%<ref name=SA/> || 0.943
|-
|Asian Americans||N/A||90%<ref name=variant/><ref name=UCD/>||N/A
|-
|Northeastern Han Chinese || 248 || 92.3%<ref name=China/>||
|-
|Chinese || 71 || 93%<ref name=SA/> || 0.964
|-
|Southeast Asians||N/A||98%<ref name=variant/><ref name=UCD/>||N/A
|-
|Thais || 134 || 98%<ref name=SA/> || 0.99
|-
|Native Americans || 24 || 100%<ref name=SA/> || 1.00
|}


The [[statistical significance]] varies greatly depending on number of people sampled.
===Age===
* The prevalence of lactose intoleance is low in children younger than six years. <ref name="pmid8026265">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rao DR, Bello H, Warren AP, Brown GE |title=Prevalence of lactose maldigestion. Influence and interaction of age, race, and sex |journal=Dig. Dis. Sci. |volume=39 |issue=7 |pages=1519–24 |year=1994 |pmid=8026265 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11761016">{{cite journal |vauthors=Di Stefano M, Veneto G, Malservisi S, Strocchi A, Corazza GR |title=Lactose malabsorption and intolerance in the elderly |journal=Scand. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=36 |issue=12 |pages=1274–8 |year=2001 |pmid=11761016 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* The prevalence of lactose intoleance incereses with age.
 
===Race===
* Lactose intolerance usually affects the following populations:<ref name="pmid3140651">{{cite journal |vauthors=Scrimshaw NS, Murray EB |title=The acceptability of milk and milk products in populations with a high prevalence of lactose intolerance |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=48 |issue=4 Suppl |pages=1079–159 |year=1988 |pmid=3140651 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid201442082">{{cite journal |vauthors=Itan Y, Jones BL, Ingram CJ, Swallow DM, Thomas MG |title=A worldwide correlation of lactase persistence phenotype and genotypes |journal=BMC Evol. Biol. |volume=10 |issue= |pages=36 |year=2010 |pmid=20144208 |pmc=2834688 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-36 |url=}}</ref>
** African Americans
** Hispanics
**Asians
**Asian Americans
**Native Americans


[[Image:LacIntol-World2.png|center|thumb|300px|Lactose Intolerance by Region (African countries are only a rough guess)]]
*Europeans and European Americans are less likely to develop lactose intolerance.
===Gender===
*Lactose intolerance affects men and women equally.
===Region===
*The majority of lactose intolerance cases are reported in the Far East.<ref name="pmid8042019">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sahi T |title=Genetics and epidemiology of adult-type hypolactasia |journal=Scand. J. Gastroenterol. Suppl. |volume=202 |issue= |pages=7–20 |year=1994 |pmid=8042019 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Northwestern Europe has the lowest prevalence of lactose intolerance.
*The following countries have the highest rates of lactose intolerance in Africa:<ref name="pmid22826639">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mattar R, de Campos Mazo DF, Carrilho FJ |title=Lactose intolerance: diagnosis, genetic, and clinical factors |journal=Clin Exp Gastroenterol |volume=5 |issue= |pages=113–21 |year=2012 |pmid=22826639 |pmc=3401057 |doi=10.2147/CEG.S32368 |url=}}</ref>
**Nigeria
**Malawi
**Sudan
**Ethiopia
**Uganda


===Age===
* The following countries have the lowest rates of lactose intolerance in Africa:
Lactose intolerance levels also increase with age. At ages 2 - 3 yrs., 6 yrs., and 9 - 10 yrs., the amount of lactose intolerance is, respectively:  
** Cameroon 
** Mali 
** South Africa
** Morocco


* 6% to 15% in white Americans and northern Europeans
*Congenital lactase deficiency is a rare disease that tends to affect Finnish population.<ref name="pmid9758622">{{cite journal |vauthors=Järvelä I, Enattah NS, Kokkonen J, Varilo T, Savilahti E, Peltonen L |title=Assignment of the locus for congenital lactase deficiency to 2q21, in the vicinity of but separate from the lactase-phlorizin hydrolase gene |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=1078–85 |year=1998 |pmid=9758622 |pmc=1377496 |doi= |url=}}</ref>  
* 18%, 30%, and 47% in Mexican Americans
* 25%, 45%, and 60% in black South Africans
* approximately 30%, 80%, and 85% in Chinese and Japanese
* 30–55%, 90%, and >90% in Mestizos of Peru<ref name=Sahi> ''Genetics and epidemiology of adult-type hypolactasia'', Sahi T., Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl ;29:202:7–20, 1994</ref><ref>[http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/29/1/19?ijkey=10c44e0ee3932cb3ee9d514dd65488c8284bc803&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha  ''Lactose malabsorption in Mexican-American children'', Woteki CE, Weser E, Young EA, Am J Clin Nutr;29:19–24, 1976]</ref>


Chinese and Japanese populations typically lose between 80 and 90 percent of their ability to digest lactose within three to four years of weaning.
===Developing Countries===
===Race===
* Secondary lactase deficiency is more common in children, particularly in the the developing countries due to high prevalence of infections. <ref name="pmid17599979">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bhatnagar S, Aggarwal R |title=Lactose intolerance |journal=BMJ |volume=334 |issue=7608 |pages=1331–2 |year=2007 |pmid=17599979 |pmc=1906652 |doi=10.1136/bmj.39252.524375.80 |url=}}</ref>
Ashkenazi Jews can keep 20 - 30 percent of their ability to digest lactose for many years.<ref name=Sahi/><ref>''Genetics of lactose digestion in humans'', Flatz G., Adv Hum Genet ;16:1 - 77, 1987</ref><ref>''Genetics of lactase persistence and lactose intolerance'', Swallow DM., Annu Rev Genet ;37:197 - 219, 2003.</ref> Of the 10% of the Northern European population that develops lactose intolerance, the development of lactose intolerance is a gradual process spread out over as many as 20 years.<ref>[http://pmj.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/81/953/167 ''Systemic lactose intolerance: a new perspective on an old problem'', S B Matthews, J P Waud, A G Roberts and A K Campbell, Postgraduate Medical Journal;81:167 - 173, 2005.]</ref>Most Japanese can consume 200 ml (8 fl oz) of milk without severe symptoms (McGee 2004; Swagerty et al, 2002).<ref name="Yoshida">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1234085&dopt=Abstract ''Studies on the etiology of milk intolerance in Japanese adults'', Yoshida Y, Sasaki G, Goto S, Yanagiya S, Takashina K, Gastroenterol Jpn.;10(1):29–34, 1975]</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
_


{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]

Latest revision as of 22:28, 29 July 2020

Lactose Intolerance Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Lactose Intolerance from Other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

Chest X Ray

CT

MRI

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics

CDC on Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics

Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics in the news

Blogs on Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics

Directions to Hospitals Treating Lactose intolerance

Risk calculators and risk factors for Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahda Alihashemi M.D. [2]

Overview

The prevalence of lactose intolerance is approximately 75,000 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. The prevalence of lactose intolerance is low in children younger than six years. Europeans and European Americans individuals are less likely to develop lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance affects men and women equally. The majority of lactose intolerance cases are reported in the Far East.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Prevalence

  • The prevalence of lactose intolerance is up to 75000 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.[1][2]
  • In North America, the prevalence of lactose intolerance:
    • Native America: 79000 per 100,000 individuals
    • Black: 75000 per 100,000 individuals
    • Hispanics: 51000 per 100,000 individuals
    • Caucasians: 21000 per 100,000 individuals
  • The prevalence of lactose intolerance in Latin America, Africa, and Asia is 15000-100000 per 100,000 individuals.

Age

  • The prevalence of lactose intoleance is low in children younger than six years. [3][4]
  • The prevalence of lactose intoleance incereses with age.

Race

  • Lactose intolerance usually affects the following populations:[2][5]
    • African Americans
    • Hispanics
    • Asians
    • Asian Americans
    • Native Americans
  • Europeans and European Americans are less likely to develop lactose intolerance.

Gender

  • Lactose intolerance affects men and women equally.

Region

  • The majority of lactose intolerance cases are reported in the Far East.[6]
  • Northwestern Europe has the lowest prevalence of lactose intolerance.
  • The following countries have the highest rates of lactose intolerance in Africa:[7]
    • Nigeria
    • Malawi
    • Sudan
    • Ethiopia
    • Uganda
  • The following countries have the lowest rates of lactose intolerance in Africa:
    • Cameroon 
    • Mali 
    • South Africa
    • Morocco
  • Congenital lactase deficiency is a rare disease that tends to affect Finnish population.[8]

Developing Countries

  • Secondary lactase deficiency is more common in children, particularly in the the developing countries due to high prevalence of infections. [9]

References

  1. ↑ Silanikove N, Leitner G, Merin U (2015). "The Interrelationships between Lactose Intolerance and the Modern Dairy Industry: Global Perspectives in Evolutional and Historical Backgrounds". Nutrients. 7 (9): 7312–31. doi:10.3390/nu7095340. PMC 4586535. PMID 26404364.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Scrimshaw NS, Murray EB (1988). "The acceptability of milk and milk products in populations with a high prevalence of lactose intolerance". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 48 (4 Suppl): 1079–159. PMID 3140651.
  3. ↑ Rao DR, Bello H, Warren AP, Brown GE (1994). "Prevalence of lactose maldigestion. Influence and interaction of age, race, and sex". Dig. Dis. Sci. 39 (7): 1519–24. PMID 8026265.
  4. ↑ Di Stefano M, Veneto G, Malservisi S, Strocchi A, Corazza GR (2001). "Lactose malabsorption and intolerance in the elderly". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 36 (12): 1274–8. PMID 11761016.
  5. ↑ Itan Y, Jones BL, Ingram CJ, Swallow DM, Thomas MG (2010). "A worldwide correlation of lactase persistence phenotype and genotypes". BMC Evol. Biol. 10: 36. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-36. PMC 2834688. PMID 20144208.
  6. ↑ Sahi T (1994). "Genetics and epidemiology of adult-type hypolactasia". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. Suppl. 202: 7–20. PMID 8042019.
  7. ↑ Mattar R, de Campos Mazo DF, Carrilho FJ (2012). "Lactose intolerance: diagnosis, genetic, and clinical factors". Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 5: 113–21. doi:10.2147/CEG.S32368. PMC 3401057. PMID 22826639.
  8. ↑ Järvelä I, Enattah NS, Kokkonen J, Varilo T, Savilahti E, Peltonen L (1998). "Assignment of the locus for congenital lactase deficiency to 2q21, in the vicinity of but separate from the lactase-phlorizin hydrolase gene". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 63 (4): 1078–85. PMC 1377496. PMID 9758622.
  9. ↑ Bhatnagar S, Aggarwal R (2007). "Lactose intolerance". BMJ. 334 (7608): 1331–2. doi:10.1136/bmj.39252.524375.80. PMC 1906652. PMID 17599979.

Template:WH Template:WS _

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Lactose_intolerance_epidemiology_and_demographics&oldid=1640067"