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{{Leptospirosis}}
{{Leptospirosis}}


{{CMG}}
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'''For more information about ''Leptospira''''' '''[[Leptospira|click here]]'''
==Overview==
Leptospirosis is caused by [[Infection|an infection]] with ''[[Leptospira]]''. Several species of Leptospira have identified and have been classified, genotypically, which include both [[pathogenic]] and saprophytic species. Among the pathogenic species, over 300 serovars have been identified by serotyping methods.<ref name="pmid22843698">{{cite journal| author=Forbes AE, Zochowski WJ, Dubrey SW, Sivaprakasam V| title=Leptospirosis and Weil's disease in the UK. | journal=QJM | year= 2012 | volume= 105 | issue= 12 | pages= 1151-62 | pmid=22843698 | doi=10.1093/qjmed/hcs145 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22843698  }} </ref>


==Causes==
==Causes==
* [[Phylum]]: [[Spirochaetes]]
* Class: Spirochaetes
* Order: Spirochaetales
* Species: [[Leptospira]]
* Family: Leptospiraceae
Leptospirosis is caused by a [[spirochaete]] [[bacterium]] called ''[[Leptospira]]'' spp. that has at 5 different [[serovar]]s of importance in the United States causing disease (icterohaemorrhagiae, [[Canicola fever|canicola]], pomona, grippotyphosa and bratislava).<ref name=VCNA>{{cite journal|author=Heuter, Kerry J.,Langston, Cathy E.|title=Leptospirosis:  A re-emerging zoonotic disease|journal=The Veterinary Clinics of North America|year=2003|volume=33|pages=791-807}}</ref> There are other (less common) [[infectious]] [[strains]]. It should however be noted that genetically different [[leptospira]] [[organisms]] may be identical serologically and vice versa. Hence, an argument exists on the basis of [[Strains|strain]] identification. The traditional [[serologic]] system is seemingly more useful from [[diagnostic]] and [[epidemiologic]] standpoint at the moment (which may change with further development and spread of technologies like [[PCR]]).


[[Image:Leptospira scanning micrograph.jpg|300px|left|thumb|[[Scanning electron microscope]] of a number of Leptospira sp. bacteria atop a 0.1 µm [[polycarbonate]] filter]]
Leptospirosis is transmitted by the [[urine]] of an [[infected]] animal, and is [[contagious]] as long as it is still moist. Although rats, mice and voles are important primary hosts, a wide range of other [[mammals]] including dogs, deer, rabbits, hedgehogs, cows, sheep, raccoons, possums, skunks and even certain marine mammals are also able to carry and transmit the [[disease]] as secondary hosts. Dogs may lick the urine of an [[infected]] animal off the grass or soil, or drink from an infected puddle. There have been reports of "house dogs" contracting [[leptospirosis]] apparently from licking the urine of infected mice that entered the house.  The type of habitats most likely to carry infective [[bacteria]] are muddy riverbanks, ditches, gulleys and muddy livestock rearing areas where there is regular passage of either wild or farm mammals. There is a direct correlation between the amount of rainfall and the [[incidence]] of leptospirosis, making it seasonal in temperate climates and year-round in tropical climates.  
Leptospirosis is caused by a spirochaete bacterium called ''[[Leptospira]]'' spp. that has at 5 different [[serovar]]s of importance in the United States causing disease (icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, pomona, grippotyphosa, and bratislava).<ref name=VCNA>{{cite journal|author=Heuter, Kerry J.,Langston, Cathy E.|title=Leptospirosis: A re-emerging zoonotic disease|journal=The Veterinary Clinics of North America|year=2003|volume=33|pages=791-807}}</ref> There are other (less common) infectious strains. It should however be noted that genetically different leptospira organisms may be identical serologically and vice versa. Hence, an argument exists on the basis of strain identification. The traditional serologic system is seemingly more useful from diagnostic and epidemiologic standpoint at the moment (which may change with further development and spread of technologies like [[PCR]]).


Leptospirosis is transmitted by the urine of an infected animal, and is contagious as long as it is still moist. Although rats, mice and voles are important primary hosts, a wide range of other mammals including dogs, deer, rabbits, hedgehogs, cows, sheep, raccoons, possums, skunks, and even certain marine mammals are also able to carry and transmit the disease as secondary hosts.  Dogs may lick the urine of an infected animal off the grass or soil, or drink from an infected puddle. There have been reports of "house dogs" contracting leptospirosis apparently from licking the urine of infected mice that entered the house.  The type of habitats most likely to carry infective bacteria are muddy riverbanks, ditches, gulleys and muddy livestock rearing areas where there is regular passage of either wild or farm mammals. There is a direct correlation between the amount of rainfall and the incidence of leptospirosis, making it seasonal in temperate climates and year-round in tropical climates.
Leptospirosis is also transmitted by the [[semen]] of [[infected]] animals<ref name="lept">{{cite journal | author=Kiktenko VS| title=Leptospirosis infection through insemination of animals.| journal=J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol.| year=1976| volume=21| issue=2| page=207-213| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=987112&dopt=Abstract}}</ref>. Abattoir workers can contract the disease through contact with infected [[blood]] or [[body fluids]].  
   
Humans become infected through contact with water, food, or soil containing [[urine]] from these infected animals. This may happen by swallowing contaminated food or water or through skin contact. The disease is not known to be spread from person to person and cases of [[bacterial]] dissemination in convalescence are extremely rare in humans. Leptospirosis is common among watersport enthusiasts in specific areas as prolonged immersion in water is known to promote the entry of the bacteria.  Occupational risk factors include [[veterinarian]]s, slaughter house workers, farmers and sewer workers.  An [[outbreak]] in an inner city environment has been linked to contact with rat [[urine]].<ref name=VCNA>{{cite journal|author=Heuter, Kerry J.,Langston, Cathy E.|title=Leptospirosis:  A re-emerging zoonotic disease|journal=The Veterinary Clinics of North America|year=2003|volume=33|pages=791-807}}</ref>


Leptospirosis is also transmitted by the semen of infected animals<ref name="lept">{{cite journal | author=Kiktenko VS| title=Leptospirosis infection through insemination of animals.| journal=J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol.| year=1976| volume=21| issue=2| page=207-213| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=987112&dopt=Abstract}}</ref>. Abattoir workers can contract the disease through contact with infected blood or body fluids.
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" width="75%"
!colspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| '''Species'''}}
Humans become infected through contact with water, food, or soil containing urine from these infected animals. This may happen by swallowing contaminated food or water or through skin contact. The disease is not known to be spread from person to person and cases of bacterial dissemination in convalescence are extremely rare in humans. Leptospirosis is common among watersport enthusiasts in specific areas as prolonged immersion in water is known to promote the entry of the bacteria.  Occupational risk factors include [[veterinarian]]s, slaughter house workers, farmers, and sewer workers.  An outbreak in an inner city environment has been linked to contact with rat urine.<ref name=VCNA>{{cite journal|author=Heuter, Kerry J.,Langston, Cathy E.|title=Leptospirosis:  A re-emerging zoonotic disease|journal=The Veterinary Clinics of North America|year=2003|volume=33|pages=791-807}}</ref>
!colspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| '''Serovar'''}}
!colspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Serogroup}}
|-
! colspan="3" |Pathogenic serovars
|-
|L interrogans
|australis
|Australis
|-
|
|bradtislava
|Australis
|-
|
|bataviae
|Bataviae
|-
|
|Canicola
|Canicola
|-
|
|hebdomadis
|Hebdomadis
|-
|
|icterohaemorrhagiae
|Icterohaemorrhagiae
|-
|
|lai
|Icterohaemorrhagiae
|-
|
|pomon
|Pomona
|-
|
|pyrogenes
|Pyrogenes
|-
|
|hardjo
|Sejroe
|-
|L alexanderi
|manhao3
|Manhao
|-
|L fainei
|hurstbridge
|Hurstbridge
|-
|L inadai
|lyme
|Lyme
|-
|L kirschneri
|bim
|Autumnalis
|-
|
|cynopteri
|Cynopteri
|-
|
|grippotyphosa
|Grippotyphosa
|-
|
|mozdok
|Pomona
|-
|
|panama
|Panama
|-
|L meyeri
|semranga
|Semaranga
|-
|L borgpetersenii
|ballum
|Ballum
|-
|
|castellonis
|Ballum
|-
|
|javanica
|Javanica
|-
|
|sejore
|Sejroe
|-
|
|tarassovi
|Tarassovi
|-
|L weillii
|celledoni
|Celledoni
|-
|L noguchii
|fortbragg
|Autumnaslis
|-
|L santarosai
|brasiliensis
georgia
|Bataviae
Mini
|-
|Genomospecies 1
|pingchang
|Ranarum
|-
|Genomospecies 4
|hualin
|Icterohaemorrhagiae
|-
|Genomospecies 5
|saopaulo
|Semaranga
|-
! colspan="3" |Saprophytic serovars
|-
|Genomospecies 3
|holland
|Holland
|-
|L biflexa
|patoc
|Semaranga
|-
|L wolbachii
|codice
|
|}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Neurology]]

Latest revision as of 22:29, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Venkata Sivakrishna Kumar Pulivarthi M.B.B.S [2]

For more information about Leptospira click here

Overview

Leptospirosis is caused by an infection with Leptospira. Several species of Leptospira have identified and have been classified, genotypically, which include both pathogenic and saprophytic species. Among the pathogenic species, over 300 serovars have been identified by serotyping methods.[1]

Causes

Leptospirosis is caused by a spirochaete bacterium called Leptospira spp. that has at 5 different serovars of importance in the United States causing disease (icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, pomona, grippotyphosa and bratislava).[2] There are other (less common) infectious strains. It should however be noted that genetically different leptospira organisms may be identical serologically and vice versa. Hence, an argument exists on the basis of strain identification. The traditional serologic system is seemingly more useful from diagnostic and epidemiologic standpoint at the moment (which may change with further development and spread of technologies like PCR).

Leptospirosis is transmitted by the urine of an infected animal, and is contagious as long as it is still moist. Although rats, mice and voles are important primary hosts, a wide range of other mammals including dogs, deer, rabbits, hedgehogs, cows, sheep, raccoons, possums, skunks and even certain marine mammals are also able to carry and transmit the disease as secondary hosts. Dogs may lick the urine of an infected animal off the grass or soil, or drink from an infected puddle. There have been reports of "house dogs" contracting leptospirosis apparently from licking the urine of infected mice that entered the house. The type of habitats most likely to carry infective bacteria are muddy riverbanks, ditches, gulleys and muddy livestock rearing areas where there is regular passage of either wild or farm mammals. There is a direct correlation between the amount of rainfall and the incidence of leptospirosis, making it seasonal in temperate climates and year-round in tropical climates.

Leptospirosis is also transmitted by the semen of infected animals[3]. Abattoir workers can contract the disease through contact with infected blood or body fluids.

Humans become infected through contact with water, food, or soil containing urine from these infected animals. This may happen by swallowing contaminated food or water or through skin contact. The disease is not known to be spread from person to person and cases of bacterial dissemination in convalescence are extremely rare in humans. Leptospirosis is common among watersport enthusiasts in specific areas as prolonged immersion in water is known to promote the entry of the bacteria. Occupational risk factors include veterinarians, slaughter house workers, farmers and sewer workers. An outbreak in an inner city environment has been linked to contact with rat urine.[2]

Species Serovar Serogroup
Pathogenic serovars
L interrogans australis Australis
bradtislava Australis
bataviae Bataviae
Canicola Canicola
hebdomadis Hebdomadis
icterohaemorrhagiae Icterohaemorrhagiae
lai Icterohaemorrhagiae
pomon Pomona
pyrogenes Pyrogenes
hardjo Sejroe
L alexanderi manhao3 Manhao
L fainei hurstbridge Hurstbridge
L inadai lyme Lyme
L kirschneri bim Autumnalis
cynopteri Cynopteri
grippotyphosa Grippotyphosa
mozdok Pomona
panama Panama
L meyeri semranga Semaranga
L borgpetersenii ballum Ballum
castellonis Ballum
javanica Javanica
sejore Sejroe
tarassovi Tarassovi
L weillii celledoni Celledoni
L noguchii fortbragg Autumnaslis
L santarosai brasiliensis

georgia

Bataviae

Mini

Genomospecies 1 pingchang Ranarum
Genomospecies 4 hualin Icterohaemorrhagiae
Genomospecies 5 saopaulo Semaranga
Saprophytic serovars
Genomospecies 3 holland Holland
L biflexa patoc Semaranga
L wolbachii codice

References

  1. ↑ Forbes AE, Zochowski WJ, Dubrey SW, Sivaprakasam V (2012). "Leptospirosis and Weil's disease in the UK". QJM. 105 (12): 1151–62. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcs145. PMID 22843698.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Heuter, Kerry J.,Langston, Cathy E. (2003). "Leptospirosis: A re-emerging zoonotic disease". The Veterinary Clinics of North America. 33: 791–807.
  3. ↑ Kiktenko VS (1976). "Leptospirosis infection through insemination of animals". J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 21 (2): 207-213.
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