Leptospirosis history and symptoms: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
m (Bot: Removing from Primary care)
 
(29 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown)
Line 4: Line 4:
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{VSKP}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{VSKP}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
Classic presentation of leptospirosis is a biphasic illness, and the onset of Symptoms within 2–30 days of exposure to the bacteria. Serious symptoms may manifest earlier on Days 4–6 of the illness depending on the type of pathogen and host immunological status.<ref>{{cite book | last = Faine | first = S | title = Guidelines for the control of leptospirosis | publisher = World Health Organization Obtainable from WHO Publication Centre USA | location = Geneva Albany, N.Y | year = 1982 | isbn = 924170067X }}</ref>
Clinical symptoms of leptospirosis are very wide, with mild anicteric presentation at one end to severe leptospirosis with severe [[jaundice]] and multiple organ involvement. Classic presentation of leptospirosis is a [[biphasic]] [[illness]] and the onset of symptoms within 2–30 days ([[incubation period]]) of exposure to the [[bacteria]]. Serious symptoms may manifest earlier on Days 4–6 of the illness depending on the type of pathogen and host immunological status.<ref>{{cite book | last = Faine | first = S | title = Guidelines for the control of leptospirosis | publisher = World Health Organization Obtainable from WHO Publication Centre USA | location = Geneva Albany, N.Y | year = 1982 | isbn = 924170067X }}</ref>
==Symptoms==
==Symptoms==
In humans, Leptospirosis can cause a wide range of symptoms, including:
In humans, Leptospirosis can cause a wide range of symptoms, including:<ref name="pmid5319290">{{cite journal| author=Heath CW, Alexander AD, Galton MM| title=Leptospirosis in the United States. Analysis of 483 cases in man, 1949, 1961. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1965 | volume= 273 | issue= 17 | pages= 915-22 concl | pmid=5319290 | doi=10.1056/NEJM196510212731706 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5319290  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9084999">{{cite journal| author=Perrocheau A, Perolat P| title=Epidemiology of leptospirosis in New Caledonia (South Pacific): a one-year survey. | journal=Eur J Epidemiol | year= 1997 | volume= 13 | issue= 2 | pages= 161-7 | pmid=9084999 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9084999  }} </ref>
* High [[fever]]
===Common Symtoms===
* [[Headache]]
* [[Fever]]: Moderate to severe fever with [[chills]].
* [[Chills]]
* [[Myalgia]]: Characterestic of leptospirosis due to involvement of [[Calf (anatomy)|calf]], [[abdominal]] & lumbosacral muscles.
* [[Muscle aches]]
* [[Red eyes]]  
* [[Vomiting]]
* [[Headache]]: usually throbbing or retro-orbital [[headache]] not relieved by [[analgesics]]
* [[Jaundice]] (yellow skin and eyes)
* [[Cough]] & [[chest pain]] seen in patients involving [[lungs]]
* [[Red eyes]]
* [[Nausea and vomiting]]
* [[Jaundice]]
 
===Less Common Symptoms===
* [[Abdominal pain]]
* [[Abdominal pain]]
* [[Diarrhea]]
* [[Diarrhea]]
* [[Rash]]
* [[Rash]]
===Acute Phase===
* Also known as Septicemic phase or leptospiremic phase.
* Begins abruptly
* Bacteria are present in the blood and CSF of the patient
* Characterized by wide spectrum of nonspecific signs and symptoms such as fever, chills, headache and conjunctival suffusion making it very difficult to diagnose
* Associate with severe myalgia
* Other less common findings include: Photophobia, lymphadenopathy, abdominal pain, nausea,  vomiting, a transient rash, sore throat, coughing or chest pain
* Characterestic of  this phase also includes: symptoms lasts several days to a week, which is followed by a brief  remission, during which the temperature drops and the symptoms disappear
===Immune phase===
====Anicteric leptospirosis====
* More common but serious illness is uncommon
* Most of cases present either subclinical or of very mild severity
* Few cases present with a febrile illness of sudden onset
* Other symptoms include chills, headache (severe with retro-orbital pain and photophobia), myalgia, abdominal pain, conjunctival suffusion, and skin rash (transient and last <24 hours)
* May progress to aseptic meningitis in ≤25% of patients and more common in younger age group than the patients with icteric leptospirosis
* Mortality is very less when compared to icteric leptospirosis
====Icteric leptospirosis====
* Rapidly progressive and severe form of leptospirosis
* Less common form of leptospirosis with incidence of 5%-10%
* Jaundice is not associate with hepatocellular injury, eventually LFT returns to normal after recovery
* High mortality rate with a range of 5%-15%


== Clinical Presentation ==
{| border="1"
{| border="1"
|+  
|+  
!colspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Acute phase}}  
! colspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Acute phase}}  
! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Immune phase}}
! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Immune phase}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |
* Also known as septicemic phase.
* Begins abruptly.
* Characterized by nonspecific signs such as [[fever]], [[chills]], [[headache]] and [[conjunctival]] suffusion.
* Associate with severe [[myalgia]].
* Other less common findings include: [[Photophobia]], [[lymphadenopathy]], [[abdominal pain]], [[nausea]],  [[vomiting]], a transient [[rash]], [[sore throat]], [[coughing]] or [[chest pain]].
* Characterestic of  this phase also includes: symptoms lasts several days to a week, which is followed by a brief  remission, during which the temperature drops and the symptoms disappear.
| colspan="3" |
* It is also known as leptospiruric phase.
* Circulating ([[IgM]]) [[antibodies]] are produced and leptospires are present in the [[urine]]
* Characterestic findings that differentiate from other [[febrile]] illnesses are [[myalgia]] and [[conjunctival]] suffusion.<ref name="pmid22843698">{{cite journal| author=Forbes AE, Zochowski WJ, Dubrey SW, Sivaprakasam V| title=Leptospirosis and Weil's disease in the UK. | journal=QJM | year= 2012 | volume= 105 | issue= 12 | pages= 1151-62 | pmid=22843698 | doi=10.1093/qjmed/hcs145 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22843698  }} </ref>
* [[Myalgia]] often involves in [[Calf muscle|calf]] muscles and less commonly involves [[abdominal]] and paraspinal muscles.
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |
* Also known as Septicemic phase
* Begins abruptly
* Characterized by nonspecific signs such as fever, chills, headache and conjunctival suffusion
* Associate with severe myalgia
* Other less common findings include: Photophobia, lymphadenopathy, abdominal pain, nausea,  vomiting, a transient rash, sore throat, coughing or chest pain
* Characterestic of  this phase also includes: symptoms lasts several days to a week, which is followed by a brief  remission, during which the temperature drops and the symptoms disappear
! colspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| Anicteric leptospirosis}}
! colspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| Anicteric leptospirosis}}
! colspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| Icteric leptospirosis}}
! colspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| Icteric leptospirosis}}
! colspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; text-align: center;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| Severe leptospirosis}}
|-
|-
|
|
* More common but serious illness is uncommon
* More common but serious illness is uncommon.
* Most of cases present either subclinical or of very mild severity
* Most of cases present either [[sub-clinical]] or very mild severity.
* Few cases present with a febrile illness of sudden onset
* Few cases present with a [[febrile]] illness of sudden onset.
* Other symptoms include chills, headache (severe with retro-orbital pain and photophobia), myalgia, abdominal pain, conjunctival suffusion, and skin rash (transient and last <24 hours)
* Other symptoms include [[chills]], [[headache]] (severe with retro-orbital pain and [[photophobia]]), [[myalgia]], [[abdominal pain]], [[conjunctival]] suffusion, and skin [[rash]] (transient and last <24 hours).
* May progress to aseptic meningitis in ≤25% of patients and more common in younger age group than the patients with icteric leptospirosis
* May progress to [[aseptic meningitis]] in ≤25% of patients and more common in younger age group than the patients with icteric leptospirosis.
* Mortality is very less when compared to icteric leptospirosis
* Mortality is very less when compared to icteric leptospirosis.
|
|
* Rapidly progressive and severe form of leptospirosis
* Rapidly progressive and severe form of leptospirosis
* Less common form of leptospirosis with incidence of 5%-10%
* Less common form of leptospirosis with incidence of 5%-10%.
* Jaundice is not associate with hepatocellular injury, eventually LFT returns to normal after recovery
* [[Jaundice]] is not associate with hepatocellular injury, eventually [[Liver function tests|LFT]] returns to normal after recovery.
* High mortality rate with a range of 5%-15%
* High mortality rate with a range of 5%-15%.
|Sever form of leptospirosis with organ failure including [[liver]] and [[kidney]]
 
involvement  is known as [[Weil's disease]].
* [[Hepatic]]: Mild to severe form of [[jaundice]] developed within 4-7 days after the initial clinical presentation that can progress to [[hepatic failure]] or [[hepatic encephalopathy]].
* [[Renal]]: Very common presentation involving [[kidneys]] is [[acute interstitial nephritis]], with cola colored urine, [[oliguria]] or [[anuria]].
* [[Pulmonary]]:  Milder form of leptospirosis presents with [[cough]], [[chest pain]] and blood tinged sputum, where as in severe form present with [[cough]], [[hemoptysis]], rapidly increasing [[breathlessness]] which may lead to [[respiratory failure]] and death. Hemorrhagic [[pneumonitis]] with [[interstitial]] and intra alveolar [[hemorrhage]] is the commonest cause of death in leptospirosis with case fatality rate of 0%-15%.
* Cardiovascualar: [[Arrhythmias]] present with [[syncope]] and [[palpitations]].
* [[Nervous system]]: [[Meningitis]],  [[encephalitis]], focal defecits, spasticity, paralysis, peripheral neuropathies, nerve palsies and radiculopathies.
|}
|}


Line 72: Line 70:


[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Neurology]]

Latest revision as of 22:29, 29 July 2020

Leptospirosis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Leptospirosis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Other Imaging Findings

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Leptospirosis history and symptoms On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Leptospirosis history and symptoms

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Leptospirosis history and symptoms

CDC on Leptospirosis history and symptoms

Leptospirosis history and symptoms in the news

Blogs on Leptospirosis history and symptoms

Directions to Hospitals Treating Leptospirosis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Leptospirosis history and symptoms

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Venkata Sivakrishna Kumar Pulivarthi M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Clinical symptoms of leptospirosis are very wide, with mild anicteric presentation at one end to severe leptospirosis with severe jaundice and multiple organ involvement. Classic presentation of leptospirosis is a biphasic illness and the onset of symptoms within 2–30 days (incubation period) of exposure to the bacteria. Serious symptoms may manifest earlier on Days 4–6 of the illness depending on the type of pathogen and host immunological status.[1]

Symptoms

In humans, Leptospirosis can cause a wide range of symptoms, including:[2][3]

Common Symtoms

Less Common Symptoms

Clinical Presentation

Acute phase Immune phase
  • It is also known as leptospiruric phase.
  • Circulating (IgM) antibodies are produced and leptospires are present in the urine
  • Characterestic findings that differentiate from other febrile illnesses are myalgia and conjunctival suffusion.[4]
  • Myalgia often involves in calf muscles and less commonly involves abdominal and paraspinal muscles.
Anicteric leptospirosis Icteric leptospirosis Severe leptospirosis
  • More common but serious illness is uncommon.
  • Most of cases present either sub-clinical or very mild severity.
  • Few cases present with a febrile illness of sudden onset.
  • Other symptoms include chills, headache (severe with retro-orbital pain and photophobia), myalgia, abdominal pain, conjunctival suffusion, and skin rash (transient and last <24 hours).
  • May progress to aseptic meningitis in ≤25% of patients and more common in younger age group than the patients with icteric leptospirosis.
  • Mortality is very less when compared to icteric leptospirosis.
  • Rapidly progressive and severe form of leptospirosis
  • Less common form of leptospirosis with incidence of 5%-10%.
  • Jaundice is not associate with hepatocellular injury, eventually LFT returns to normal after recovery.
  • High mortality rate with a range of 5%-15%.
 Sever form of leptospirosis with organ failure including liver and kidney

involvement is known as Weil's disease.

References

  1. ↑ Faine, S (1982). Guidelines for the control of leptospirosis. Geneva Albany, N.Y: World Health Organization Obtainable from WHO Publication Centre USA. ISBN 924170067X.
  2. ↑ Heath CW, Alexander AD, Galton MM (1965). "Leptospirosis in the United States. Analysis of 483 cases in man, 1949, 1961". N Engl J Med. 273 (17): 915-22 concl. doi:10.1056/NEJM196510212731706. PMID 5319290.
  3. ↑ Perrocheau A, Perolat P (1997). "Epidemiology of leptospirosis in New Caledonia (South Pacific): a one-year survey". Eur J Epidemiol. 13 (2): 161–7. PMID 9084999.
  4. ↑ Forbes AE, Zochowski WJ, Dubrey SW, Sivaprakasam V (2012). "Leptospirosis and Weil's disease in the UK". QJM. 105 (12): 1151–62. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcs145. PMID 22843698.
Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Leptospirosis_history_and_symptoms&oldid=1640129"