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{{Male contraceptive}}
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==[[Male contraceptive overview|Overview]]==


==[[Male contraceptive historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==


The only forms of '''male [[contraceptive]]s''' currently available to men are [[condom]]s, the [[coitus interruptus|withdrawal method]], and [[vasectomy]].  Other forms of male contraception are in various stages of research and development.
==[[Male contraceptive pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==


==Methods in development==
==[[Male contraceptive causes|Causes]]==
* '''[[Reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance]]''' ([[RISUG]]) consists of injecting styrene maleic anhydride in dimethyl sulfoxide into the [[vas deferens]] and leads to long lasting sterility.  A second injection washes out the substance and restores fertility.  As of 2007, RISUG is in [[Clinical_trial#Phase_III|Phase III]] of human testing.<ref name="Finn"/>


* '''[[Vas-occlusive contraception]]''' consists of partially or completely blocking the [[vas deferens]], the tubes connecting the epididymis to the [[urethra]].  While a [[vasectomy]] removes a piece of each vas deferens, the ''intra vas device'' (IVD) and other injectable plugs only block the tubes until the devices are removed.<ref name="Finn"/>
==[[Male contraceptive differential diagnosis|Differentiating Male contraceptive from other Diseases]]==


* '''[[Heat-based contraception]]''' involves heating the testicles to a high temperature for a short period of time to prevent the formation of sperm. 
==[[Male contraceptive epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==


* '''[[Adjudin]]''', a non-toxic analog of lonidamine which, in tests on rats, has been shown to cause reversible infertility.<ref>Dolores D. Mruk and C. Yan Cheng.  Sertoli-Sertoli and Sertoli-Germ Cell Interactions and Their Significance in Germ Cell Movement in the Seminiferous Epithelium during Spermatogenesis. Endocrine Reviews (2004) 25 (5): 747-806</ref> The drug disrupts the junctions between nurse cells ([[Sertoli cells]]) in the testes and forming [[spermatids]]. The sperm are released prematurely and never become functional [[gametes]]. A new targeted delivery mechanism has made Adjudin much more effective.<ref>Mruk DD, Wong CH, Silvestrini B, Cheng CH (2006) [http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nm1420.html A male contraceptive targeting germ cell adhesion] ''Nature Medicine'' advance access 29 October 2006.</ref>
==[[Male contraceptive risk factors|Risk Factors]]==


* A '''male hormonal contraceptive''' combination protocol has been developed, involving injections of [[Depo-Provera]] to prevent [[spermatogenesis]], combined with the topical application of [[testosterone]] gel to provide hormonal support.<ref name="Finn">{{cite journal |author=Robert Finn  |title=Male Contraceptive Methods Are in the Pipeline  |journal=Ob.Gyn. News 42:28 May 1, 2007}}</ref><ref>Nuzzo R (2006) [http://www.latimes.com/features/health/la-he-lab16oct16,0,4285327,full.story Beyond condoms: male hormonal contraceptives may finally be on track]. ''Los Angeles Times'', 16 October.</ref>
==[[Male contraceptive natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==


* Research has been performed on interference with the maturation of sperm in the [[epididymis]].<ref>Turner TT, Johnston DS, Jelinsky SA (2006) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16458420&query_hl=1 Epididymal genomics and the search for a male contraceptive] ''Journal of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology''. Released as an Epub ahead of printing on 1 February 2006.</ref><ref>Gottwald U, Davies B, Fritsch M, Habenicht UF (2006) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16442214&query_hl=1 New approaches for male fertility control: HE6 as an example of a putative target] ''Journal of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology''.  Released as an Epub ahead of printing on 23 January 2006. lIKE EWE
==Diagnosis==
[[Male contraceptive history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Male contraceptive physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Male contraceptive laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Male contraceptive other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Male contraceptive other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]


</ref>
==Treatment==
[[Male contraceptive medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Male contraceptive surgery|Surgery]] | [[Male contraceptive primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Male contraceptive secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Male contraceptive cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Male contraceptive future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]


==Abandoned research==
== Case Studies ==
* [[Gossypol]], derived from cotton seeds, was used in trials by the Chinese government for about fifteen years.  While it was found to be a reliable contraceptive, it has serious health effects, and ten to twenty percent of users become permanently sterile.  Research on it as a temporary contraceptive has been abandoned.
[[Male contraceptive case study one|Case #1]]
* Zavesca (aka Miglustat or NB-DNJ) is a drug approved for treatment of several rare lipid storage disorder diseases.  In mice, it provided effective and fully reversible contraception.  But it seems this effect was only true for several genetically related strains of laboratory mice.  Zavesca showed no contraceptive effect in other mammals.<ref>Amory JK, Muller CH, Page ST, Leifke E, Pagel ER, Bhandari A, Subramanyam B, Bone W, Radlmaier A, Bremner WJ. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17067996&query_hl=1&itool=pubmed_docsum Miglustat has no apparent effect on spermatogenesis in normal men]. ''Human Reproduction'' advance access 25 October 2006.</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


== Further reading ==
==Related Chapters==
* [http://www.newmalecontraception.org/paper.htm Male Contraception Information Project]
* [http://www.newmalecontraception.org/paper.htm Male Contraception Information Project]
* [http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/?article=contraception&refid=002menu UCSB's Sex Info] page on male contraception
* [http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/?article=contraception&refid=002menu UCSB's Sex Info] page on male contraception
* [http://www.malecontraceptives.org/methods/ MaleContraceptives.org] has a summary of experimental male contraceptive methods.
* [http://www.malecontraceptives.org/methods/ MaleContraceptives.org] has a summary of experimental male contraceptive methods.
* [http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn4237 Male contraceptive trial has 100% success] in New Scientist, 6 October 2003.
* [http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn4237 Male contraceptive trial has 100% success] in New Scientist, 6 October 2003.
[[Category:Contraception for males|*]]
[[pt:Contraceptivo masculino]]
[[pt:Contraceptivo masculino]]


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[[Category:Contraception for males]]

Latest revision as of 22:37, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

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