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{{Ophthalmoparesis}}
 
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
 
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==Overview==
{{SK}} Ophthalmoplegia
'''Ophthalmoparesis''' is a physical finding in certain [[neurology|neurologic]] illnesses.  It refers to paralysis of the [[extraocular muscles]] which are responsible for [[eye movements]].  It can refer to complete paralysis of the eyes, in which case it is synonymous with '''ophthalmoplegia'''.  More usually, it refers to a partial paralysis, in contrast to the complete paralysis denoted by ophthalmoplegia.
 
==[[Ophthalmoparesis overview|Overview]]==
 
==[[Ophthalmoparesis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==
 
==[[Ophthalmoparesis classification|Classification]]==
 
==[[Ophthalmoparesis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==


==Classification==
==[[Ophthalmoparesis causes|Causes]]==
Ophthalmoparesis can involve any or all of the extraocular muscles, which include the [[superior rectus muscle|superior recti]], [[inferior rectus muscle|inferior recti]], [[medial rectus muscle|medial recti]], [[lateral rectus muscle|lateral recti]], [[inferior oblique muscle|inferior oblique]] and [[superior oblique muscle]]s. 


It can also be classified by the directions of affected movements, e.g. "vertical ophthalmoparesis".
==[[Ophthalmoparesis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Ophthalmoparesis from other Diseases]]==


Types of ophthalmoplegia are:
==[[Ophthalmoparesis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
*[[Progressive external ophthalmoplegia]]
*[[Supranuclear ophthalmoplegia]]
==Causes==
Ophthalmoparesis can result from disorders of various parts of the eye and nervous system:


* The [[orbit (anatomy)|orbit]] of the eye, including mechanical restrictions of eye movement, as in [[Graves disease]].
==[[Ophthalmoparesis risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
* The [[muscle]], as in [[progressive external ophthalmoplegia]] or [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]]
* The [[neuromuscular junction]], as in [[myasthenia gravis]].
* The [[cranial nerve]]s or their brainstem nuclei of the [[oculomotor nerve|oculomotor]], [[trochlear nerve|trochlear]], and [[abducens nerve|abducens]].
* White matter tracts in the brainstem, as in [[internuclear ophthalmoplegia]], an occasional finding in [[multiple sclerosis]].
* Injury to supranuclear structures, as in [[progressive supranuclear palsy]].
* Very rarely, disorders of higher brain structures, including the [[parietal lobe]]s of the cerebral cortex.


[[Thiamine]] deficiency can cause '''ophthalmoparesis''' in susceptible persons; this is part of the syndrome called [[Wernicke encephalopathy]].  The causal pathway by which this occurs is unknown.  Intoxication with certain substances, such as [[phenytoin]], can also cause ophthalmoparesis.
==[[Ophthalmoparesis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==


==Differential Diagnosis==  
==Diagnosis==
'''Causes'''
[[Ophthalmoparesis history and symptoms| History and Symptoms]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis physical examination | Physical Examination]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis CT|CT]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
*Acute cranial polyneuropathy
*[[Adie syndrome]]
*Bilateral third nerve involvement
*[[Botulism]]
*Brainstem [[stroke]]
*[[Diptheria]]
*[[Drugs]]
*Iris injury
*[[Meningitis]]
*[[Myasthenia gravis]]
*[[Tetanus]]
*Midbrain lesion
*[[Vasculitis]]


==Treatment and prognosis==
==Treatment==
Treatment and prognosis depend on the underlying condition.
[[Ophthalmoparesis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] |  [[Ophthalmoparesis surgery|Surgery]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]


==See also==
==Case Studies==
[[Ophthalmoparesis case study one|Case#1]]
 
==Related Chapters==
* [[Paresis]]
* [[Paresis]]


{{Eye pathology}}
{{Eye pathology}}
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{{WikiDoc Sources}}
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Medical signs]]
[[Category:Overview complete]]
[[Category:Overview complete]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[sv:Internukleär oftalmoplegi]]
{{WH}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Latest revision as of 23:00, 29 July 2020


Ophthalmoparesis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Ophthalmoparesis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

CT

Endoscopy

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Ophthalmoparesis On the Web

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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Ophthalmoparesis

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Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Ophthalmoparesis

CDC on Ophthalmoparesis

Ophthalmoparesis in the news

Blogs on Ophthalmoparesis

Directions to Hospitals Treating Ophthalmoparesis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Ophthalmoparesis

For patient information click here

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Synonyms and keywords: Ophthalmoplegia

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Ophthalmoparesis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | CT | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case#1

Related Chapters

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