|
|
(16 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown) |
Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{SI}} | | |
| | {{Ophthalmoparesis}} |
| | |
| | '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]''' |
| | |
| {{CMG}} | | {{CMG}} |
|
| |
|
| ==Overview==
| | {{SK}} Ophthalmoplegia |
| '''Ophthalmoparesis''' is a physical finding in certain [[neurology|neurologic]] illnesses. It refers to paralysis of the [[extraocular muscles]] which are responsible for [[eye movements]]. It can refer to complete paralysis of the eyes, in which case it is synonymous with '''ophthalmoplegia'''. More usually, it refers to a partial paralysis, in contrast to the complete paralysis denoted by ophthalmoplegia.
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Classification== | | ==[[Ophthalmoparesis overview|Overview]]== |
| Ophthalmoparesis can involve any or all of the extraocular muscles, which include the [[superior rectus muscle|superior recti]], [[inferior rectus muscle|inferior recti]], [[medial rectus muscle|medial recti]], [[lateral rectus muscle|lateral recti]], [[inferior oblique muscle|inferior oblique]] and [[superior oblique muscle]]s.
| |
|
| |
|
| It can also be classified by the directions of affected movements, e.g. "vertical ophthalmoparesis".
| | ==[[Ophthalmoparesis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
|
| |
|
| Types of ophthalmoplegia are:
| | ==[[Ophthalmoparesis classification|Classification]]== |
| *[[Progressive external ophthalmoplegia]]
| |
| *[[Supranuclear ophthalmoplegia]]
| |
| ==Causes== | |
| Ophthalmoparesis can result from disorders of various parts of the eye and nervous system:
| |
|
| |
|
| * The [[orbit (anatomy)|orbit]] of the eye, including mechanical restrictions of eye movement, as in [[Graves disease]].
| | ==[[Ophthalmoparesis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
| * The [[muscle]], as in [[progressive external ophthalmoplegia]] or [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]]
| |
| * The [[neuromuscular junction]], as in [[myasthenia gravis]].
| |
| * The [[cranial nerve]]s or their brainstem nuclei of the [[oculomotor nerve|oculomotor]], [[trochlear nerve|trochlear]], and [[abducens nerve|abducens]].
| |
| * White matter tracts in the brainstem, as in [[internuclear ophthalmoplegia]], an occasional finding in [[multiple sclerosis]].
| |
| * Injury to supranuclear structures, as in [[progressive supranuclear palsy]].
| |
| * Very rarely, disorders of higher brain structures, including the [[parietal lobe]]s of the cerebral cortex.
| |
|
| |
|
| [[Thiamine]] deficiency can cause '''ophthalmoparesis''' in susceptible persons; this is part of the syndrome called [[Wernicke encephalopathy]]. The causal pathway by which this occurs is unknown. Intoxication with certain substances, such as [[phenytoin]], can also cause ophthalmoparesis. | | ==[[Ophthalmoparesis causes|Causes]]== |
|
| |
|
| ===Common Causes=== | | ==[[Ophthalmoparesis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Ophthalmoparesis from other Diseases]]== |
| *List the most common causes here.
| |
| ===Causes by Organ System===
| |
| {|style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1"
| |
| |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| |
| |style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Dental'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Dermatologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Drug Side Effect'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Endocrine'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Environmental'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Gastroenterologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Genetic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Hematologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Iatrogenic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Infectious Disease'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Neurologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Oncologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Ophthalmologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Psychiatric'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Pulmonary'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Sexual'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Trauma'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Urologic'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Miscellaneous'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | | ==[[Ophthalmoparesis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
| {{col-begin|width=84%}}
| |
| {{col-break|width=33%}}
| |
| *[[Disease]] A
| |
| *[[Disease]] B
| |
| *[[Disease]] C
| |
| *[[Disease]] ...
| |
| {{col-break|width=33%}}
| |
| *[[Disease]] P
| |
| *[[Disease]] Q
| |
| *[[Disease]] R
| |
| *[[Disease]] ...
| |
| {{col-break|width=33%}}
| |
| *[[Disease]] X
| |
| *[[Disease]] Y
| |
| *[[Disease]] Z
| |
| {{col-end}}
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Differentiating Opthalmoparesis from other Conditions== | | ==[[Ophthalmoparesis risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
| *Acute cranial polyneuropathy
| | |
| *[[Adie syndrome]]
| | ==[[Ophthalmoparesis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
| *Bilateral third nerve involvement
| | |
| *[[Botulism]]
| | ==Diagnosis== |
| *Brainstem [[stroke]]
| | [[Ophthalmoparesis history and symptoms| History and Symptoms]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis physical examination | Physical Examination]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis CT|CT]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| *[[Diptheria]]
| |
| *[[Drugs]]
| |
| *Iris injury
| |
| *[[Meningitis]]
| |
| *[[Myasthenia gravis]]
| |
| *[[Tetanus]]
| |
| *Midbrain lesion
| |
| *[[Vasculitis]]
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| Treatment depend on the underlying condition.
| | [[Ophthalmoparesis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis surgery|Surgery]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
| | |
| | ==Case Studies== |
| | [[Ophthalmoparesis case study one|Case#1]] |
|
| |
|
| ==Related Chapters== | | ==Related Chapters== |
Line 184: |
Line 40: |
|
| |
|
| {{Eye pathology}} | | {{Eye pathology}} |
| | {{WH}} |
| | {{WikiDoc Sources}} |
| | |
| [[Category:Neurology]] | | [[Category:Neurology]] |
| [[Category:Medical signs]]
| |
| [[Category:Overview complete]] | | [[Category:Overview complete]] |
| [[Category:Primary care]]
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| [[sv:Internukleär oftalmoplegi]]
| |
| {{WH}}
| |
| {{WikiDoc Sources}}
| |