Ophthalmoparesis: Difference between revisions

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{{Ophthalmoparesis}}
{{Ophthalmoparesis}}
{{CMG}}


==Overview==
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
'''Ophthalmoparesis''' is a physical finding in certain [[neurology|neurologic]] illnesses.  It refers to paralysis of the [[extraocular muscles]] which are responsible for [[eye movements]].  It can refer to complete paralysis of the eyes, in which case it is synonymous with '''ophthalmoplegia'''.  More usually, it refers to a partial paralysis, in contrast to the complete paralysis denoted by ophthalmoplegia.


==Classification==
{{CMG}}
Ophthalmoparesis can involve any or all of the extraocular muscles, which include the [[superior rectus muscle|superior recti]], [[inferior rectus muscle|inferior recti]], [[medial rectus muscle|medial recti]], [[lateral rectus muscle|lateral recti]], [[inferior oblique muscle|inferior oblique]] and [[superior oblique muscle]]s. 


It can also be classified by the directions of affected movements, e.g. "vertical ophthalmoparesis".
{{SK}} Ophthalmoplegia


Types of ophthalmoplegia are:
==[[Ophthalmoparesis overview|Overview]]==
*[[Progressive external ophthalmoplegia]]
*[[Supranuclear ophthalmoplegia]]
==Causes==
Ophthalmoparesis can result from disorders of various parts of the eye and nervous system:


* The [[orbit (anatomy)|orbit]] of the eye, including mechanical restrictions of eye movement, as in [[Graves' disease|Graves disease]].
==[[Ophthalmoparesis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==
* The [[muscle]], as in [[progressive external ophthalmoplegia]] or [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]]
* The [[neuromuscular junction]], as in [[myasthenia gravis]].
* The [[cranial nerves|cranial nerve]]s or their brainstem nuclei of the [[oculomotor nerve|oculomotor]], [[trochlear nerve|trochlear]], and [[abducens nerve|abducens]].
* White matter tracts in the brainstem, as in [[internuclear ophthalmoplegia]], an occasional finding in [[multiple sclerosis]].
* Injury to supranuclear structures, as in [[progressive supranuclear palsy]].
* Very rarely, disorders of higher brain structures, including the [[parietal lobe]]s of the cerebral cortex.


[[Thiamine]] deficiency can cause '''ophthalmoparesis''' in susceptible persons; this is part of the syndrome called [[Wernicke's encephalopathy|Wernicke encephalopathy]].  The causal pathway by which this occurs is unknown.  Intoxication with certain substances, such as [[phenytoin]], can also cause ophthalmoparesis.
==[[Ophthalmoparesis classification|Classification]]==


===Common Causes===
==[[Ophthalmoparesis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==


*[[Alcoholism]]
==[[Ophthalmoparesis causes|Causes]]==


*[[Brain aneurysm]]
==[[Ophthalmoparesis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Ophthalmoparesis from other Diseases]]==


*[[Brain injury]]
==[[Ophthalmoparesis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==


*[[Brain tumour]]
==[[Ophthalmoparesis risk factors|Risk Factors]]==


*Congenital [[ophthalmoplegia]]
==[[Ophthalmoparesis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==


*[[Diabetes]]
==Diagnosis==
[[Ophthalmoparesis history and symptoms| History and Symptoms]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis physical examination | Physical Examination]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis CT|CT]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]


*[[Meningitis]]
==Treatment==
*[[Multiple  sclerosis]]
[[Ophthalmoparesis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] |  [[Ophthalmoparesis surgery|Surgery]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Ophthalmoparesis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]
 
*[[Myasthenia gravis]]
 
*[[Syphilis]]
 
*[[Syringobulbia]]
 
*[[Thyrotoxicosis]]
 
*[[Tuberculosis]]
 
*Wernick's [[encephalopathy]]
 
===Causes by Organ System===
 
{|style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Carotid artery dissection]],  [[Carotid-cavernous fistula]],  [[Aortic coarctation|Coarctation of aorta]],  [[Hypertension]],  [[Ischemia|Ischemia ]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amnesic shellfish poisoning]],  [[Aralytic shellfish poisoning|Aralytic shellfish poisoning ]],  [[Venomous snake|Atractaspididae (african mole viper)]],  [[Carbamate|Carbamates]], [[Marine toxins|Ciguatera poisoning]],  [[Snakebites (Patient information)|Cobra poisoning ]],  [[Venomous snake|Colubridae (boomslang, twig snake)]],  Crotoxin [[Venomous snake|(rattlesnake)]],  [[Venomous snake|Elapidae]],  [[Eurotoxic shellfish poisoning]],  [[Kraits]],  [[Mamba]] snake,  [[Notexin (tiger snake)]],  [[Organophosphate|Organophosphates]],  [[Scombroid food poisoning|Scombroid poisoning]],  [[Taipoxin]] (taipan),  [[Viperidae]] -[[bungarotoxin]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Sturge-Weber syndrome]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aminoglycoside|Aminoglycoside ]],  [[Atorvastatin]],  [[Beta blockers]],  [[Carbamate|Carbamates]],  [[Carbamazepine]],  [[Penicillamine|D-penicillamine]],  [[Quinolone|Fluoroquinolone ]],  [[Fluvastatin]],  [[Glucocorticoids]],  [[Gold]],  [[Lithium]],  [[Lovastatin]],  [[Organophosphate|Organophosphates]],  [[Phenytoin ]],  [[Pitavastatin]],  [[Pravastatin]],  [[Pregabalin]],  [[Simvastatin]],  [[Vincristine]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Acute bacterial rhino[[sinusitis]],  [[Arias oculootoradial syndrome]],  [[Gradenigo-lannois syndrome]],  [[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma]],  [[Neck masses]],  [[Otitis media]],  [[Wildervanck syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diabetes mellitus]],  [[Graves' disease]],  [[Growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcoholism]],  [[Amnesic shellfish poisoning]],  [[Aralytic shellfish poisoning|Aralytic shellfish poisoning ]],  [[Venomous snake|Atractaspididae (african mole viper)]],  [[Botulism]],  [[Carbamate|Carbamates]],  [[Marine toxins|Ciguatera poisoning]],  [[Snakebites (Patient information)|Cobra poisoning ]],  [[Venomous snake|Colubridae (boomslang, twig snake)]],  Crotoxin [[Venomous snake|(rattlesnake)]],  [[Venomous snake|Elapidae]],  [[Eurotoxic shellfish poisoning]],  [[Gold]],  [[Kraits]],  [[Mamba]] snake,  [[Notexin (tiger snake)]],  [[Organophosphate|Organophosphates]],  [[Scombroid food poisoning|Scombroid poisoning]],  [[Taipoxin]] (taipan),  [[Thiamine deficiency]],  [[Tick paralysis]],  [[Toscana virus]],  [[Venomous snake|Viperidae beta-bungarotoxin]],  [[Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Inflammatory bowel disease]],  [[Myoneurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome]],  [[Whipple's disease]],
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aarskog syndrome]],  Agenesis of [[extraocular muscles]],  [[Angelman syndrome]],  [[Athabaskan brain stem dysgenesis]],  Autosomal-dominant [[progressive external opthalmoplegia]] (adPEO),  [[Central core myopathy]],  [[Centronuclear myopathy]],  Christianson type x-linked [[mental retardation]],  Congenital fiber-type disproportion [[myopathy]],  Congenital [[fibrosis]] of [[extraocular muscles]](FEOM),  [[Diabetes mellitus]],  [[Duane ocular retraction syndrome]],  [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]],  Familial [[horizontal gaze palsy]] with progressive [[scoliosis]],  [[Fatty acid hydroxylase-associated neurodegeneration]],  [[Friedreich ataxia]],  Infantile-onset [[spinocerebellar ataxia]],  [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]],  [[Kufor-rakeb syndrome]],  [[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]],  [[Levic-stefanovic-nikolic syndrome ]],  [[Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy ]],  [[MELAS syndrome]],  [[Niemann-Pick disease]],  [[Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy]],  [[Polycystic kidney disease ]],  [[Vertebrobasilar insufficiency]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amnesic shellfish poisoning]],  [[Aralytic shellfish poisoning|Aralytic shellfish poisoning ]],  [[Venomous snake|Atractaspididae (african mole viper)]],  [[Brain injury]],  [[Marine toxins|Ciguatera poisoning]],  [[Snakebites (Patient information)|Cobra poisoning ]],  [[Venomous snake|Colubridae (boomslang, twig snake)]],  Crotoxin[[ Venomous snake|(rattle snake)]],  [[Eurotoxic shellfish poisoning]],  [[Eye Packing]],  [[Gold]],  [[Guillain-Barre syndrome ]],  [[Kraits]],  [[Epidural anesthesia ]],  [[Magnesium sulfate]],  [[Mamba]] snake,  [[Notexin (tiger snake)]],  [[Raised intracranial pressure]],  [[Scombroid food poisoning|Scombroid poisoning]],  [[Taipoxin]] (taipan),  [[Tick paralysis]],  [[Venomous snake|Viperidae beta-bungarotoxin]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Acute bacterial rhino[[sinusitis]],  [[Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis]],  [[Aspergillus]],  [[Bacterial conjunctivitis]],  [[Blepharitis]],  [[Botulism]],  [[Brain abscess]],  [[Episcleritis]],  Fungal [[conjunctivitis]],  [[Infection ]],  Inflamed [[pterygium]],  [[Optic neuritis]],  [[Otitis media]],  [[Periorbital cellulitis]],  Preseptal [[cellulitis]],  [[Quaternary syphilis]],  [[Rabies]],  Rhino-orbital-cerebral [[mucormycosis ]],  [[Scleritis]],  [[Toscana virus]],  [[Tuberculosis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aarskog syndrome]],  [[Angelman syndrome]],  [[Ataxia]]-oculomotor apraxia type 1,  [[Central core myopathy]],  Central nervous system [[angiitis]],  [[Centronuclear myopathy]],  Congenital fiber-type disproportion [[myopathy]],  [[Duane ocular retraction syndrome]],  [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]],  [[Kufor-rakeb syndrome]],  [[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]],  [[Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy ]],  Multicore [[myopathy]],  [[Myasthenia gravis]],  [[Myoneurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome]],  [[Myotubular myopathy ]],  [[Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy]],  [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis]],  [[Angelman syndrome]],  [[Arachnoid cyst]],  [[Ataxia]]-oculomotor [[apraxia]] type 1,  [[Ataxia]]-oculomotor [[apraxia]] type 2],  [[Athabaskan brain stem dysgenesis]],  Autosomal-dominant progressive [[external opthalmoplegia]] (adPEO),  Basilar artery [[migraine]],  [[Benedikt's syndrome]],  [[Berry aneurysm]],  Bickerstaff's brain stem [[encephalitis]],  [[Brain abscess]],  [[Brain injury]],  [[Brain tumour]],  [[Cavernous sinus]] dural [[arteriovenous fistula ]],  [[Cavernous sinus thrombosis]],  [[Central core myopathy]],  Central nervous system [[angiitis]],  [[Centronuclear myopathy]],  Christianson type x-linked [[mental retardation]],  [[Claude syndrome]],  [[Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS)]],  [[Dermoid cyst]],  [[Foville's syndrome]],  [[Friedreich ataxia]],  [[Graves' disease]],  [[Growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma]],  [[Guillain-Barre syndrome ]],  [[Horner's syndrome]],  Infantile-onset [[spinocerebellar ataxia]],  [[Intracranial aneurysm]],  [[Intracranial space-occupying lesion]],  [[Ischemia|Ischemia ]],  [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]],  [[Kufor-rakeb syndrome]],  [[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]],  [[Lateral medullary syndrome]],  [[Levic-stefanovic-nikolic syndrome ]],  [[Miller fisher syndrome]],  Multicore [[myopathy]],  [[Multiple sclerosis]],  [[Myasthenia gravis]],  [[Myoneurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome]],  [[Myotubular myopathy ]],  [[Neuromyelitis optica]],  [[Neurosarcoidosis]],  [[Niemann-Pick disease]],  [[Nothnagel syndrome]],  [[Olivopontocerebellar]] syndrome,  [[Pancoast tumour]],  Paraneoplastic [[encephalomyelitis]],  [[Parinaud's syndrome ]],  [[Pituitary apoplexy]],  [[Progressive supranuclear palsy]],  [[Pseudoophthalmoplegia]],  [[Pseudotumor cerebri]],  [[Quaternary syphilis]],  [[Raised intracranial pressure]],  [[Raymond cestan syndrome]],  Rhino-orbital-cerebral [[mucormycosis ]],  [[Rollet syndrome ]],  [[Sturge-Weber syndrome]],  [[Subarchnoid]] [[hemorrhage]],  [[Subdural]] [[hematoma]],  [[Syringobulbia]],  [[Tick paralysis]],  [[Tolosa-hunt syndrome]],  [[Transverse myelitis]],  [[Vertebrobasilar insufficiency]],  [[Weber syndrome]],  [[Wildervanck syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Fatty acid hydroxylase-associated neurodegeneration]],  [[Hypermagnesemia]],  [[Hypocalcemia ]],  [[Magnesium sulfate]],  [[Niemann-Pick disease]],  [[Thiamine deficiency]],  [[Uremia]],  [[Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Postnatal trauma]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Arachnoid cyst]],  [[Brain tumour]],  [[Carcinoma lung]],  [[Dermoid cyst]],  [[Intracranial space-occupying lesion]],  [[Melanoma]]-associated [[retinopathy]],  [[Metastasis]],  [[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma]],  [[Neck masses]],  [[Orbital tumors ]],  Paraneoplastic [[encephalomyelitis]], Paraneoplastic [[optic neuritis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Agenesis of [[extraocular muscles]],  [[Arias oculootoradial syndrome]],  [[Ataxia]]-oculomotor [[apraxia]] type 1,  [[Ataxia]]-oculomotor [[apraxia]] type 2,  Autosomal-dominant [[progressive external opthalmoplegia]] (adPEO),  [[Bacterial conjunctivitis]],  [[Blepharitis]],  [[Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS)]],  Congenital fiber-type disproportion [[myopathy]],  Congenital [[fibrosis]] of [[extraocular muscles]](FEOM),  [[Corneal erosion]],  [[Corneal ulcer]],  [[Duane ocular retraction syndrome]],  [[Ehlers Danlos syndrome]],  [[Episcleritis]],  [[Exophthalmos]],  [[Eye Packing]],  Familial horizontal gaze palsy with progressive [[scoliosis]],  Fungal [[conjunctivitis]],  Inflamed [[pterygium]],  [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]],  [[Levic-stefanovic-nikolic syndrome ]],  [[Melanoma]]-associated [[retinopathy]],  [[Neuromyelitis optica]],  [[Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy]],  [[Optic neuritis]],  [[Orbital fracture]] with nerve entrapment,  [[Orbital pseudotumor]],  [[Orbital tumors ]],  Paraneoplastic [[optic neuritis]],  [[Periorbital cellulitis]],  Preseptal [[cellulitis]],  [[Progressive supranuclear palsy]],  [[Pseudoophthalmoplegia]],  [[Raymond cestan syndrome]],  Rhino-orbital-cerebral [[mucormycosis ]],  [[Rollet syndrome ]],  [[Scleritis]],  [[Sjögren's syndrome]],  [[Superior orbital fissure syndrome]],  [[Tolosa-hunt syndrome]],  [[Trachoma]],  [[Wildervanck syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Carcinoma lung]],  [[Pancoast tumour]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Polycystic kidney disease ]],  [[Uremia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Bickerstaff's brain stem [[encephalitis]],  [[Inflammatory bowel disease]],  [[Microscopic polyangiitis]],  [[Neurosarcoidosis]],  [[Optic neuritis]],  [[Rheumatoid arthritis]],  [[Scleroderma]],  [[Sjögren's syndrome]],  [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]],  [[Systemic sclerosis ]],  [[Wegner's syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aarskog syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Brain injury]],  [[Orbital fracture]] with nerve entrapment,  [[Postnatal trauma]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|}
 
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{col-begin|width=84%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Aarskog  syndrome]]
 
*Acute bacterial rhino[[sinusitis]]
 
*Acute disseminated [[encephalomyelitis]]
 
*Agenesis of [[extraocular muscles]]


*[[Alcoholism]]
==Case Studies==
 
[[Ophthalmoparesis case study one|Case#1]]
*[[Aminoglycoside ]]
 
*[[Amnesic shellfish poisoning]]
 
*[[Angelman syndrome]]
 
*[[Arachnoid cyst]]
 
*[[Aralytic shellfish poisoning]]
 
*[[Arias oculootoradial syndrome]]
 
*[[Aspergillus]]
 
*[[Ataxia]]-oculomotor [[apraxia]] type 1
 
*[[Ataxia]]-oculomotor [[apraxia]] type 2
 
*[[Athabaskan brain stem dysgenesis]]
 
*[[Atorvastatin]]
 
*[[Venomous snake|Atractaspididae (african mole  viper)]]
 
*Autosomal-dominant [[progressive  external opthalmoplegia]] (adPEO)
 
*Bacterial [[conjunctivitis]]
 
*Basilar artery [[migraine]]
 
*[[Benedikt's syndrome]]
 
*[[Berry aneurysm]]
 
*[[Beta blockers]]
 
*Bickerstaff's brain stem [[encephalitis]]
 
*[[Blepharitis]]
 
*[[Botulism]]
 
*[[Brain abscess]]
 
*[[Brain injury]]
 
*[[Brain tumour]]
 
*[[Carbamates]]
 
*[[Carbamazepine]]
 
*[[Carcinoma lung]]
 
*[[Carotid artery dissection]]
 
*Carotid-cavernous [[fistulas]]
 
*Cavernous sinus dural [[arteriovenous  fistula]]
 
*[[Cavernous sinus thrombosis]]
 
*[[Central core myopathy]]
 
*Central nervous system [[angiitis]]
 
*[[Centronuclear myopathy]]
 
*Christianson type x-linked [[mental retardation]]
 
*[[Ciguatera poisoning]]
 
*[[Claude syndrome]]
 
*[[Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS)]]
 
*[[Coarctation of aorta]]
 
*[[Venomous snake|Cobra poisoning ]]
 
*[[Venomous snake|Colubridae (boomslang, twig snake)]]
 
*[[Congenital fiber-type disproportion  myopathy]]
 
*Congenital [[fibrosis]] of [[extraocular  muscles]](FEOM)
 
*[[Corneal erosion]]
 
*[[Corneal ulcer]]
 
*Crotoxin [[Venomous snake|(rattlesnake)]]
 
*[[Dermoid cyst]]
 
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
 
*[[D-penicillamine]]
 
*[[Duane ocular retraction syndrome]]
 
*[[Ehlers Danlos syndrome]]
 
*[[Venomous snake|Elapidae]]
 
*[[Episcleritis]]
 
*[[Eurotoxic shellfish poisoning]]
 
 
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Exophthalmos]]
 
*[[Eye Packing]]
 
*Familial horizontal gaze palsy with  progressive [[scoliosis]]
 
*[[Fatty acid hydroxylase-associated  neurodegeneration]]
 
*[[Fluoroquinolone ]]
 
*[[Fluvastatin]]
 
*[[Foville's syndrome]]
 
*[[Friedreich ataxia]]
 
*Fungal [[conjunctivitis]]
 
*[[Glucocorticoids]]
 
*[[Gold]]
 
*[[Gradenigo-lannois syndrome]]
 
*[[Graves' disease]]
 
*[[Growth hormone secreting pituitary  adenoma]]
 
*[[Guillain-Barre syndrome ]]
 
*[[Horner's syndrome]]
 
*[[Hypermagnesemia]]
 
*[[Hypertension]]
 
*[[Hypocalcemia]]
 
*Infantile-onset [[spinocerebellar  ataxia]]
 
*[[Infection ]]
 
*Inflamed [[pterygium]]
 
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
 
*Intracranial [[aneurysm]]
 
*[[Intracranial space-occupying lesion]]
 
*[[Ischemia ]]
 
*[[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]]
 
*[[Koerber-Salus-Elshnig syndrome]]
 
*[[Kraits]]
 
*[[Kufor-rakeb syndrome]]
 
*[[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]]
 
*[[Lateral medullary syndrome]]
 
*[[Levic-stefanovic-nikolic syndrome ]]
 
*[[Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy ]]
 
*[[Lithium]]
 
*[[Lovastatin]]
 
*[[Epidural anesthesia ]]
 
*[[Magnesium sulfate]]
 
*[[Mamba]] snake
 
*[[Melanoma]]-associated [[retinopathy]]
 
*[[MELAS syndrome]]
 
*[[Meningitis]]
 
*[[Metastasis]]
 
*[[Microscopic polyangiitis]]
 
*[[Miller fisher syndrome]]
 
*[[Mobius syndrome]]
 
*Multicore [[myopathy]]
 
*[[Multiple sclerosis]]
 
*[[Myasthenia gravis]]
 
*[[Myoneurogastrointestinal  encephalopathy syndrome]]
 
*Myotubular [[myopathy ]]
 
*[[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma]]
 
*[[Neck masses]]
 
*[[Neuromyelitis optica]]
 
*[[Neurosarcoidosis]]
 
*[[Niemann-Pick disease]]
 
*[[Venomous snake|Notexin (tiger snake)]]
 
*[[Nothnagel syndrome]]
 
*[[Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy]]
 
*[[Olivopontocerebellar syndrome]]
 
 
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Optic neuritis]]
 
*[[Orbital  fracture with nerve entrapment]]
 
*[[Orbital pseudotumor]]
 
*[[Orbital tumors ]]
 
*[[Organophosphates]]
 
*[[Otitis media]]
 
*[[Pancoast tumour]]
 
*Paraneoplastic [[encephalomyelitis]]
 
*Paraneoplastic [[optic neuritis]]
 
*[[Parinaud's syndrome ]]
 
*[[Periorbital cellulitis]]
 
*[[Phenytoin ]]
 
*[[Pitavastatin]]
 
*[[Pituitary apoplexy]]
 
*[[Polycystic kidney disease ]]
 
*[[Postnatal trauma]]
 
*[[Pravastatin]]
 
*[[Pregabalin]]
 
*Preseptal [[cellulitis]]
 
*[[Progressive supranuclear palsy]]
 
*[[Pseudoophthalmoplegia]]
 
*[[Pseudotumor cerebri]]
 
*[[Quaternary syphilis]]
 
*[[Rabies]]
 
*[[Raised intracranial pressure]]
 
*[[Raymond cestan syndrome]]
 
*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
 
*Rhino-orbital-cerebral[[mucormycosis]]
 
*[[Rollet syndrome ]]
 
*[[Scleritis]]
 
*[[Scleroderma]]
 
*[[Scombroid poisoning]]
 
*[[Simvastatin]]
 
*[[Sjögren syndrome]]
 
*[[Steele-richardson-olszewski syndrome]]
 
*[[Sturge-Weber syndrome]]
 
*Subarchnoid [[hemorrhage]]
 
*Subdural [[hematoma]]
 
*[[Superior orbital fissure syndrome]]
 
*[[Syringobulbia]]
 
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
 
*[[Systemic sclerosis ]]
 
*[[Taipoxin]](taipan)
 
*[[Thiamine deficiency]]
 
*[[Tick paralysis]]
 
*[[Tolosa-hunt syndrome]]
 
*[[Toscana virus]]
 
*[[Trachoma]]
 
*[[Transverse myelitis]]
 
*[[Tuberculosis]]
 
*[[Uremia]]
 
*[[Vertebrobasilar insufficiency]]
 
*[[Vincristine]]
 
*[[Viperidae beta-bungarotoxin (krait)]]
 
*[[Weber syndrome]]
 
*[[Wegener's syndrome]]
 
*[[Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome]]
 
*[[Whipple's disease]]
 
*[[Wildervanck syndrome]]
{{col-end}}
 
==Differentiating Opthalmoparesis from other Conditions==  
*Acute cranial polyneuropathy
*[[Adie syndrome]]
*Bilateral third nerve involvement
*[[Botulism]]
*Brainstem [[stroke]]
*[[Diptheria]]
*[[Drugs]]
*Iris injury
*[[Meningitis]]
*[[Myasthenia gravis]]
*[[Tetanus]]
*Midbrain lesion
*[[Vasculitis]]
 
==Treatment==
Treatment depend on the underlying condition.


==Related Chapters==
==Related Chapters==
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{{Eye pathology}}
{{Eye pathology}}
{{WH}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Medical signs]]
[[Category:Overview complete]]
[[Category:Overview complete]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[sv:Internukleär oftalmoplegi]]
{{WH}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Latest revision as of 23:00, 29 July 2020


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Risk calculators and risk factors for Ophthalmoparesis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Synonyms and keywords: Ophthalmoplegia

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Ophthalmoparesis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | CT | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case#1

Related Chapters

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