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{{Otitis media}}
{{Otitis media}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
For each ear, a eustachian tube runs from the middle ear to the back of the throat. This tube drains fluid that is normally made in the middle ear. If the eustachian tube becomes blocked, fluid can build up. When this happens, germs such as [[bacteria]] and [[virus]]es can multiply and cause an infection. Ear infections are common in infants and children, in part because the eustachian tubes become easily clogged. Ear infections may also occur in adults, although they are less common than in children.
Otitis media is caused [[eustachian tube]] dysfunction due to varying factors. Infection-based otitis media is usually caused by the pathogen causing [[nasopharyngitis]], including [[bacterial]] and [[viral]] causes of [[upper respiratory tract infections]]. Other factors include [[allergies]], airborne irritants, and sources of injury and rupture to the [[tympanic membrane]]. This includes physical injury, extremely loud noise, and sudden changes in atmospheric pressure.


==Causes==
==Causes==
''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]'' and nontypable ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'' are the most common [[bacterial]] causes of otitis media. Tubal dysfunction leads to the ineffective clearing of bacteria from the middle ear.  In older adolescents and young adults, the most common cause of ear infections during their childhoods was ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]''.  The role of the anti-''H. influenzae'' vaccine that children are regularly given in changing patterns of ear infections is unclear, as this vaccine is active only against strains of serotype b, which rarely cause otitis media.
Otitis media is caused by factors that lead to [[eustachian tube]] dysfunction due to [[mucosal]] congestion:<ref name="pmid24453496">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qureishi A, Lee Y, Belfield K, Birchall JP, Daniel M |title=Update on otitis media - prevention and treatment |journal=Infect Drug Resist |volume=7 |issue= |pages=15–24 |year=2014 |pmid=24453496 |pmc=3894142 |doi=10.2147/IDR.S39637 |url=}}</ref>


As well as being caused by ''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]'' and ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'' it can also be caused by the common cold. Colds indirectly cause many cases of otitis media by damaging the normal defenses of the epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract.
===Infectious<ref name="pmid20109045">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leibovitz E, Broides A, Greenberg D, Newman N |title=Current management of pediatric acute otitis media |journal=Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=151–61 |year=2010 |pmid=20109045 |doi=10.1586/eri.09.112 |url=}}</ref>===
Infectious causes of otitis media are usually the [[pathogen]] for preceding [[Nasopharyngitis|nasopharyingitis]]:<ref name="pmid24400296">{{cite journal |vauthors=Coticchia JM, Chen M, Sachdeva L, Mutchnick S |title=New paradigms in the pathogenesis of otitis media in children |journal=Front Pediatr |volume=1 |issue= |pages=52 |year=2013 |pmid=24400296 |pmc=3874850 |doi=10.3389/fped.2013.00052 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Bacterial]] infections:
**''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]''
**''[[Moraxella catarrhalis]]''
**''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]''<ref name="pmid19454051">{{cite journal |vauthors=Acuin J |title=Chronic suppurative otitis media |journal=BMJ Clin Evid |volume=2007 |issue= |pages= |year=2007 |pmid=19454051 |pmc=2943814 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**Nontypable ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]''
**[[Group A streptococcus|Group A ''streptococcus'']]
**''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''<ref name="pmid24453496">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qureishi A, Lee Y, Belfield K, Birchall JP, Daniel M |title=Update on otitis media - prevention and treatment |journal=Infect Drug Resist |volume=7 |issue= |pages=15–24 |year=2014 |pmid=24453496 |pmc=3894142 |doi=10.2147/IDR.S39637 |url=}}</ref>
**''[[Streptococcus pyogenes]]''
*[[Upper respiratory infection]]:
**[[Respiratory syncytial virus]]
**[[Adenovirus]]
**[[Cytomegalovirus]]


Another common culprit of otitis media includes ''[[Moraxella catarrhalis]]'', a [[gram-negative]], aerobic, oxidase positive [[diplococcus]]. Less commonly otitis media can be caused by ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]''.
===Non-Infectious Causes for Effusion===
 
*[[Allergies]].<ref name="urlOtitis media with effusion: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia">{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007010.htm |title=Otitis media with effusion: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
Anything that causes the eustachian tubes to become swollen or blocked causes more fluids to build up in the middle ear behind the eardrum. These causes include:
*Airborne irritants.
* Allergies
*Rupture of the [[tympanic membrane]]:<ref name="urlRuptured eardrum: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia">{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001038.htm |title=Ruptured eardrum: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* Colds and sinus infections
**Ear injury.
* Excess mucus and saliva produced during teething
**Extremely loud noises.
* Infected or overgrown adenoids
**Sudden changes in air pressure.
* Tobacco smoke or other irritants
 
Ear infections are also more likely if a child spends a lot of time drinking from a sippy cup or bottle while lying on his or her back. Contrary to popular opinion, getting water in the ears will not cause an acute ear infection, unless the eardrum has a hole from a previous episode. Ear infections occur most often in the winter. You cannot catch an ear infection from someone else, but a cold may spread among children and cause some of them to get ear infections.


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}


[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Otology]]
[[Category:Otology]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 23:30, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hardik Patel, M.D.; Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.

Overview

Otitis media is caused eustachian tube dysfunction due to varying factors. Infection-based otitis media is usually caused by the pathogen causing nasopharyngitis, including bacterial and viral causes of upper respiratory tract infections. Other factors include allergies, airborne irritants, and sources of injury and rupture to the tympanic membrane. This includes physical injury, extremely loud noise, and sudden changes in atmospheric pressure.

Causes

Otitis media is caused by factors that lead to eustachian tube dysfunction due to mucosal congestion:[1]

Infectious[2]

Infectious causes of otitis media are usually the pathogen for preceding nasopharyingitis:[3]

Non-Infectious Causes for Effusion

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Qureishi A, Lee Y, Belfield K, Birchall JP, Daniel M (2014). "Update on otitis media - prevention and treatment". Infect Drug Resist. 7: 15–24. doi:10.2147/IDR.S39637. PMC 3894142. PMID 24453496.
  2. ↑ Leibovitz E, Broides A, Greenberg D, Newman N (2010). "Current management of pediatric acute otitis media". Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 8 (2): 151–61. doi:10.1586/eri.09.112. PMID 20109045.
  3. ↑ Coticchia JM, Chen M, Sachdeva L, Mutchnick S (2013). "New paradigms in the pathogenesis of otitis media in children". Front Pediatr. 1: 52. doi:10.3389/fped.2013.00052. PMC 3874850. PMID 24400296.
  4. ↑ Acuin J (2007). "Chronic suppurative otitis media". BMJ Clin Evid. 2007. PMC 2943814. PMID 19454051.
  5. ↑ "Otitis media with effusion: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia".
  6. ↑ "Ruptured eardrum: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia".

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