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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{SSH}}, {{HK}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{SSH}}, {{HK}} | ||
==Differential diagnosis of overflow urinary incontinence== | ==Differential diagnosis of overflow urinary incontinence== | ||
'''To review complete differential diagnosis of various urinary incontinence, click [[Urinary incontinence differential diagnosis|here]].'''<ref name="urlpdfs.semanticscholar.org">{{cite web |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0a01/f4ccaf0d943bd1d8d009b9d9ae6de1260511.pdf |title=pdfs.semanticscholar.org |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16702587">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brown JS, Bradley CS, Subak LL, Richter HE, Kraus SR, Brubaker L, Lin F, Vittinghoff E, Grady D |title=The sensitivity and specificity of a simple test to distinguish between urge and stress urinary incontinence |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=144 |issue=10 |pages=715–23 |date=May 2006 |pmid=16702587 |pmc=1557357 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18364487">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holroyd-Leduc JM, Tannenbaum C, Thorpe KE, Straus SE |title=What type of urinary incontinence does this woman have? |journal=JAMA |volume=299 |issue=12 |pages=1446–56 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18364487 |doi=10.1001/jama.299.12.1446 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9611005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Videla FL, Wall LL |title=Stress incontinence diagnosed without multichannel urodynamic studies |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=91 |issue=6 |pages=965–8 |date=June 1998 |pmid=9611005 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20025027">{{cite journal |vauthors=DuBeau CE, Kuchel GA, Johnson T, Palmer MH, Wagg A |title=Incontinence in the frail elderly: report from the 4th International Consultation on Incontinence |journal=Neurourol. Urodyn. |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=165–78 |date=2010 |pmid=20025027 |doi=10.1002/nau.20842 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlDiagnosis of Urinary Incontinence - American Family Physician">{{cite web |url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2013/0415/p543.html#afp20130415p543-b6 |title=Diagnosis of Urinary Incontinence - American Family Physician |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21075990">{{cite journal |vauthors=Frank C, Szlanta A |title=Office management of urinary incontinence among older patients |journal=Can Fam Physician |volume=56 |issue=11 |pages=1115–20 |date=November 2010 |pmid=21075990 |pmc=2980426 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16985854">{{cite journal |vauthors=Imam KA |title=The role of the primary care physician in the management of bladder dysfunction |journal=Rev Urol |volume=6 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S38–44 |date=2004 |pmid=16985854 |pmc=1472846 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | '''''To review complete differential diagnosis of various urinary incontinence, click [[Urinary incontinence differential diagnosis|here]].'''<ref name="urlpdfs.semanticscholar.org">{{cite web |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0a01/f4ccaf0d943bd1d8d009b9d9ae6de1260511.pdf |title=pdfs.semanticscholar.org |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16702587">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brown JS, Bradley CS, Subak LL, Richter HE, Kraus SR, Brubaker L, Lin F, Vittinghoff E, Grady D |title=The sensitivity and specificity of a simple test to distinguish between urge and stress urinary incontinence |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=144 |issue=10 |pages=715–23 |date=May 2006 |pmid=16702587 |pmc=1557357 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18364487">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holroyd-Leduc JM, Tannenbaum C, Thorpe KE, Straus SE |title=What type of urinary incontinence does this woman have? |journal=JAMA |volume=299 |issue=12 |pages=1446–56 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18364487 |doi=10.1001/jama.299.12.1446 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9611005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Videla FL, Wall LL |title=Stress incontinence diagnosed without multichannel urodynamic studies |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=91 |issue=6 |pages=965–8 |date=June 1998 |pmid=9611005 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20025027">{{cite journal |vauthors=DuBeau CE, Kuchel GA, Johnson T, Palmer MH, Wagg A |title=Incontinence in the frail elderly: report from the 4th International Consultation on Incontinence |journal=Neurourol. Urodyn. |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=165–78 |date=2010 |pmid=20025027 |doi=10.1002/nau.20842 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlDiagnosis of Urinary Incontinence - American Family Physician">{{cite web |url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2013/0415/p543.html#afp20130415p543-b6 |title=Diagnosis of Urinary Incontinence - American Family Physician |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21075990">{{cite journal |vauthors=Frank C, Szlanta A |title=Office management of urinary incontinence among older patients |journal=Can Fam Physician |volume=56 |issue=11 |pages=1115–20 |date=November 2010 |pmid=21075990 |pmc=2980426 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16985854">{{cite journal |vauthors=Imam KA |title=The role of the primary care physician in the management of bladder dysfunction |journal=Rev Urol |volume=6 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S38–44 |date=2004 |pmid=16985854 |pmc=1472846 |doi= |url=}}</ref>'' | ||
'''To review differential diagnosis of urge urinary incontinence, click [[Urge incontinence differential diagnosis|here]].''' | '''''To review differential diagnosis of urge urinary incontinence, click [[Urge incontinence differential diagnosis|here]].''''' | ||
'''To review differential diagnosis of stress urinary incontinence, click [[Stress incontinence differential diagnosis|here]].''' | '''''To review differential diagnosis of stress urinary incontinence, click [[Stress incontinence differential diagnosis|here]].''''' | ||
'''To review differential diagnosis of functional urinary incontinence, click [[Functional urinary incontinence differential diagnosis|here]].''' | '''''To review differential diagnosis of functional urinary incontinence, click [[Functional urinary incontinence differential diagnosis|here]].''''' | ||
'''To review differential diagnosis of mixed urinary incontinence, click here.''' | '''''To review differential diagnosis of mixed urinary incontinence, click [[Mixed urinary incontinence differential diagnosis|here]].''''' | ||
{| | {| | ||
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" | |- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" | ||
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! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Nocturia | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Nocturia | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=" | ! rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Neurological diseases | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Alzheimer's disease]]<ref name="LeeLi2016">{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Hsiang-Ying|last2=Li|first2=Ching-Chia|last3=Juan|first3=Yung-Shun|last4=Chang|first4=Yu-Han|last5=Yeh|first5=Hsin-Chih|last6=Tsai|first6=Chia-Chun|last7=Chueh|first7=Kuang-Shun|last8=Wu|first8=Wen-Jeng|last9=Yang|first9=Yuan-Han|title=Urinary Incontinence in Alzheimer’s Disease|journal=American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementiasr|volume=32|issue=1|year=2016|pages=51–55|issn=1533-3175|doi=10.1177/1533317516680900}}</ref><ref name="DrennanRait2013">{{cite journal|last1=Drennan|first1=Vari M.|last2=Rait|first2=Greta|last3=Cole|first3=Laura|last4=Grant|first4=Robert|last5=Iliffe|first5=Steve|title=The prevalence of incontinence in people with cognitive impairment or dementia living at home: A systematic review|journal=Neurourology and Urodynamics|volume=32|issue=4|year=2013|pages=314–324|issn=07332467|doi=10.1002/nau.22333}}</ref> | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Alzheimer's disease]]<ref name="LeeLi2016">{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Hsiang-Ying|last2=Li|first2=Ching-Chia|last3=Juan|first3=Yung-Shun|last4=Chang|first4=Yu-Han|last5=Yeh|first5=Hsin-Chih|last6=Tsai|first6=Chia-Chun|last7=Chueh|first7=Kuang-Shun|last8=Wu|first8=Wen-Jeng|last9=Yang|first9=Yuan-Han|title=Urinary Incontinence in Alzheimer’s Disease|journal=American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementiasr|volume=32|issue=1|year=2016|pages=51–55|issn=1533-3175|doi=10.1177/1533317516680900}}</ref><ref name="DrennanRait2013">{{cite journal|last1=Drennan|first1=Vari M.|last2=Rait|first2=Greta|last3=Cole|first3=Laura|last4=Grant|first4=Robert|last5=Iliffe|first5=Steve|title=The prevalence of incontinence in people with cognitive impairment or dementia living at home: A systematic review|journal=Neurourology and Urodynamics|volume=32|issue=4|year=2013|pages=314–324|issn=07332467|doi=10.1002/nau.22333}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
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* [[Cognition|Cognitive]] impairment | * [[Cognition|Cognitive]] impairment | ||
* [[Medication]] related | * [[Medication]] related | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Normal pressure hydrocephalus]]<ref name="GhoshLippa2014">{{cite journal|last1=Ghosh|first1=Sayantani|last2=Lippa|first2=Carol|title=Diagnosis and Prognosis in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus|journal=American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementiasr|volume=29|issue=7|year=2014|pages=583–589|issn=1533-3175|doi=10.1177/1533317514523485}}</ref> | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Normal pressure hydrocephalus]]<ref name="GhoshLippa2014">{{cite journal|last1=Ghosh|first1=Sayantani|last2=Lippa|first2=Carol|title=Diagnosis and Prognosis in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus|journal=American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementiasr|volume=29|issue=7|year=2014|pages=583–589|issn=1533-3175|doi=10.1177/1533317514523485}}</ref> | ||
| Line 202: | Line 134: | ||
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Additional findings | ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Additional findings | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=" | ! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Urogenital disorders | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]]<ref name="PetersDonovan1997">{{cite journal|last1=Peters|first1=T.J.|last2=Donovan|first2=J.L.|last3=Kay|first3=H.E.|last4=Abrams|first4=P.|last5=de la Rosette|first5=J.J.M.C.H.|last6=Porru|first6=D.|last7=Thuroff|first7=J.W.|title=The International Continence Society “Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia” Study: The Bothersomeness of Urinary Symptoms|journal=The Journal of Urology|volume=157|issue=3|year=1997|pages=885–889|issn=00225347|doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65075-4}}</ref> | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]]<ref name="PetersDonovan1997">{{cite journal|last1=Peters|first1=T.J.|last2=Donovan|first2=J.L.|last3=Kay|first3=H.E.|last4=Abrams|first4=P.|last5=de la Rosette|first5=J.J.M.C.H.|last6=Porru|first6=D.|last7=Thuroff|first7=J.W.|title=The International Continence Society “Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia” Study: The Bothersomeness of Urinary Symptoms|journal=The Journal of Urology|volume=157|issue=3|year=1997|pages=885–889|issn=00225347|doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65075-4}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | + | ||
| Line 225: | Line 157: | ||
*[[Hydronephrosis]] | *[[Hydronephrosis]] | ||
*[[Renal insufficiency|Renal failure]] | *[[Renal insufficiency|Renal failure]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Uterine fibroids]]<ref name="DragomirSchroeder2010">{{cite journal|last1=Dragomir|first1=Anca D.|last2=Schroeder|first2=Jane C.|last3=Connolly|first3=AnnaMarie|last4=Kupper|first4=Larry L.|last5=Cousins|first5=Deborah S.|last6=Olshan|first6=Andrew F.|last7=Baird|first7=Donna D.|title=Uterine Leiomyomata Associated with Self-Reported Stress Urinary Incontinence|journal=Journal of Women's Health|volume=19|issue=2|year=2010|pages=245–250|issn=1540-9996|doi=10.1089/jwh.2009.1396}}</ref> | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Uterine fibroids]]<ref name="DragomirSchroeder2010">{{cite journal|last1=Dragomir|first1=Anca D.|last2=Schroeder|first2=Jane C.|last3=Connolly|first3=AnnaMarie|last4=Kupper|first4=Larry L.|last5=Cousins|first5=Deborah S.|last6=Olshan|first6=Andrew F.|last7=Baird|first7=Donna D.|title=Uterine Leiomyomata Associated with Self-Reported Stress Urinary Incontinence|journal=Journal of Women's Health|volume=19|issue=2|year=2010|pages=245–250|issn=1540-9996|doi=10.1089/jwh.2009.1396}}</ref> | ||
| Line 291: | Line 179: | ||
*[[Abnormal uterine bleeding]] | *[[Abnormal uterine bleeding]] | ||
*[[Constipation]] | *[[Constipation]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Vesicovaginal fistula]]<ref name="pmid26001626">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reisenauer C |title=Vesicovaginal fistulas: a gynecological experience in 41 cases at a German pelvic floor center |journal=Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. |volume=292 |issue=2 |pages=245–53 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26001626 |doi=10.1007/s00404-015-3760-8 |url=}}</ref> | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Vesicovaginal fistula]]<ref name="pmid26001626">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reisenauer C |title=Vesicovaginal fistulas: a gynecological experience in 41 cases at a German pelvic floor center |journal=Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. |volume=292 |issue=2 |pages=245–53 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26001626 |doi=10.1007/s00404-015-3760-8 |url=}}</ref> | ||
| Line 428: | Line 293: | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Medicine]] | [[Category:Medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Urology]] | [[Category:Urology]] | ||
[[Category:Nephrology]] | [[Category:Nephrology]] | ||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | [[Category:Up-To-Date]] | ||
Latest revision as of 23:31, 29 July 2020
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[2], Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [3]
Differential diagnosis of overflow urinary incontinence
To review complete differential diagnosis of various urinary incontinence, click here.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
To review differential diagnosis of urge urinary incontinence, click here.
To review differential diagnosis of stress urinary incontinence, click here.
To review differential diagnosis of functional urinary incontinence, click here.
To review differential diagnosis of mixed urinary incontinence, click here.
| Category | Diseases | Type of incontinence | Clinical manifestations | Lab Findings | Gold standard | Associated findings | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symptoms | Signs | ||||||||||||||||||
| Loss of consciousness | Fever | Pelvic pain | Urinary symptoms | Blood Pressure | Neurological deficit | Urine residue | UA | Other | |||||||||||
| Urge | Stress | Overflow | Functional | Dysuria | Frequency | Dribbling | Nocturia | ||||||||||||
| Neurological diseases | Alzheimer's disease[9][10] | + | + | + | + | − | − | ± | ± | + | + | ++ | Nl | + | < 50 ml | Pyuria ± | NA | Clinical manifestations |
|
| Normal pressure hydrocephalus[11] | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | Nl | + | > 200 ml | Nl | NA | Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) removal test |
| |
| Multiple sclerosis[12] | + | − | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | + | Nl to ↓ | + | > 200 ml | Nl | NA | MRI of brain and spine |
| |
| Category | Diseases | Urge | Stress | Overflow | Functional | Loss of consciousness | Fever | Pelvic pain | Dysuria | Frequency | Dribbling | Nocturia | Blood Pressure | Neurological deficit | Urine residue | UA | Other | Gold standard | Additional findings |
| Urogenital disorders | Benign prostatic hyperplasia[13] | + | + | + | − | − | − | + | ± | + | ++ | + | Nl to ↑ | − | > 200 ml | Hematuria | Elevated PSA (less than 4 ng/dL) | Digital rectal examination | |
| Uterine fibroids[14] | + | − | + | − | − | − | + | − | − | + | + | Nl | − | > 200 ml | Nl | NA | Clinical manifestations+ imaging | ||
| Vesicovaginal fistula[15] | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | Nl | − | < 50 ml | Nl | NA | Pelvic examination | ||
| Bladder cancer[16] | + | − | + | − | − | ± | − | + | + | + | + | Nl | − | > 200 ml | Hematuria | NA | Biopsy |
| |
| Gastrointestinal diseases | Fecal impaction[17] | − | − | + | − | − | − | + | + | − | + | + | Nl | − | > 200 ml | Pyuria | ↑ K+ | Digital rectal examination | |
| Rectal prolapse[18] | − | − | + | − | − | − | + | − | − | + | + | Nl | − | > 200 ml | Pyuria | NA | Pelvic examination | ||
| Category | Diseases | Urge | Stress | Overflow | Functional | Loss of consciousness | Fever | Pelvic pain | Dysuria | Frequency | Dribbling | Nocturia | Blood Pressure | Neurological deficit | Urine residue | UA | Other | Gold standard | Additional findings |
References
- ↑ "pdfs.semanticscholar.org" (PDF).
- ↑ Brown JS, Bradley CS, Subak LL, Richter HE, Kraus SR, Brubaker L, Lin F, Vittinghoff E, Grady D (May 2006). "The sensitivity and specificity of a simple test to distinguish between urge and stress urinary incontinence". Ann. Intern. Med. 144 (10): 715–23. PMC 1557357. PMID 16702587.
- ↑ Holroyd-Leduc JM, Tannenbaum C, Thorpe KE, Straus SE (March 2008). "What type of urinary incontinence does this woman have?". JAMA. 299 (12): 1446–56. doi:10.1001/jama.299.12.1446. PMID 18364487.
- ↑ Videla FL, Wall LL (June 1998). "Stress incontinence diagnosed without multichannel urodynamic studies". Obstet Gynecol. 91 (6): 965–8. PMID 9611005.
- ↑ DuBeau CE, Kuchel GA, Johnson T, Palmer MH, Wagg A (2010). "Incontinence in the frail elderly: report from the 4th International Consultation on Incontinence". Neurourol. Urodyn. 29 (1): 165–78. doi:10.1002/nau.20842. PMID 20025027.
- ↑ "Diagnosis of Urinary Incontinence - American Family Physician".
- ↑ Frank C, Szlanta A (November 2010). "Office management of urinary incontinence among older patients". Can Fam Physician. 56 (11): 1115–20. PMC 2980426. PMID 21075990.
- ↑ Imam KA (2004). "The role of the primary care physician in the management of bladder dysfunction". Rev Urol. 6 Suppl 1: S38–44. PMC 1472846. PMID 16985854.
- ↑ Lee, Hsiang-Ying; Li, Ching-Chia; Juan, Yung-Shun; Chang, Yu-Han; Yeh, Hsin-Chih; Tsai, Chia-Chun; Chueh, Kuang-Shun; Wu, Wen-Jeng; Yang, Yuan-Han (2016). "Urinary Incontinence in Alzheimer's Disease". American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementiasr. 32 (1): 51–55. doi:10.1177/1533317516680900. ISSN 1533-3175.
- ↑ Drennan, Vari M.; Rait, Greta; Cole, Laura; Grant, Robert; Iliffe, Steve (2013). "The prevalence of incontinence in people with cognitive impairment or dementia living at home: A systematic review". Neurourology and Urodynamics. 32 (4): 314–324. doi:10.1002/nau.22333. ISSN 0733-2467.
- ↑ Ghosh, Sayantani; Lippa, Carol (2014). "Diagnosis and Prognosis in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus". American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementiasr. 29 (7): 583–589. doi:10.1177/1533317514523485. ISSN 1533-3175.
- ↑ Bosch, JLH Ruud; Groen, Jan (1996). "Treatment of refractory urge urinary incontinence with sacral spinal nerve stimulation in multiple sclerosis patients". The Lancet. 348 (9029): 717–719. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)04437-6. ISSN 0140-6736.
- ↑ Peters, T.J.; Donovan, J.L.; Kay, H.E.; Abrams, P.; de la Rosette, J.J.M.C.H.; Porru, D.; Thuroff, J.W. (1997). "The International Continence Society "Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia" Study: The Bothersomeness of Urinary Symptoms". The Journal of Urology. 157 (3): 885–889. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65075-4. ISSN 0022-5347.
- ↑ Dragomir, Anca D.; Schroeder, Jane C.; Connolly, AnnaMarie; Kupper, Larry L.; Cousins, Deborah S.; Olshan, Andrew F.; Baird, Donna D. (2010). "Uterine Leiomyomata Associated with Self-Reported Stress Urinary Incontinence". Journal of Women's Health. 19 (2): 245–250. doi:10.1089/jwh.2009.1396. ISSN 1540-9996.
- ↑ Reisenauer C (August 2015). "Vesicovaginal fistulas: a gynecological experience in 41 cases at a German pelvic floor center". Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 292 (2): 245–53. doi:10.1007/s00404-015-3760-8. PMID 26001626.
- ↑ Porter, M; Penson, D (2005). "HEALTH RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE AFTER RADICAL CYSTECTOMY AND URINARY DIVERSION FOR BLADDER CANCER: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE LITERATURE". The Journal of Urology. 173 (4): 1318–1322. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000149080.82697.65. ISSN 0022-5347.
- ↑ Loening-Baucke, V. (1997). "Urinary Incontinence and Urinary Tract Infection and Their Resolution With Treatment of Chronic Constipation of Childhood". PEDIATRICS. 100 (2): 228–232. doi:10.1542/peds.100.2.228. ISSN 0031-4005.
- ↑ González-Argenté, Xavier F.; Jain, Anil; Nogueras, Juan J.; Davila, Willy G.; Weiss, Eric G.; Wexner, Steven D. (2001). "Prevalence and severity of urinary incontinence and pelvic genital prolapse in females with anal incontinence or rectal prolapse". Diseases of the Colon & Rectum. 44 (7): 920–925. doi:10.1007/BF02235476. ISSN 0012-3706.