Peptic ulcer causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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{{Peptic ulcer}}{{CMG}}
{{Peptic ulcer}}
{{CMG}} ;{{AE}} {{MKK}}
 
==Overview==
Common causes of [[peptic ulcer]] disease include ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' infection and [[NSAID]] use.  Less common causes of [[peptic ulcer]] disease include [[Crohn's disease]], [[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]], [[Cushing's Ulcer|Cushing]] and [[Curling ulcers]], [[Carcinoid tumors]], and [[carcinoid syndrome]].
 
==Causes==
==Causes==
===Common Causes===
'''Common Causes'''<ref name="pmid19683340">{{cite journal| author=Malfertheiner P, Chan FK, McColl KE| title=Peptic ulcer disease. | journal=Lancet | year= 2009 | volume= 374 | issue= 9699 | pages= 1449-61 | pmid=19683340 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60938-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19683340  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11960062">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hirschowitz BI, Lanas A |title=Atypical and aggressive upper gastrointestinal ulceration associated with aspirin abuse |journal=J. Clin. Gastroenterol. |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=523–8 |year=2002 |pmid=11960062 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28150170">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dovjak P |title=[Duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers and Helicobacter pylori] |language=German |journal=Z Gerontol Geriatr |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=159–169 |year=2017 |pmid=28150170 |doi=10.1007/s00391-017-1190-x |url=}}</ref>
 
*[[Helicobacter pylori]]
*[[Helicobacter pylori]]
*[[NSAID]]s
*[[NSAID]]s  
 
'''Less common causes'''
*[[Hormonal]] or mediator-induced including secondary acid hypersecretory states
**[[Gastrinomas]]
** [[Mastocytosis|Systemic mastocytosis]]
** [[Carcinoid syndrome]]
** [[Myeloproliferative disease|Myeloproliferative disorder]] 
*Antral G-cell hyperfunction
*Post-surgical antral exclusion and post [[gastric]] bypass [[surgery]]
*Cancers and [[lymphoma|lymphomas]]
*Cameron [[ulcer]] ([[gastric]] [[ulcer]] where a [[hiatus hernia]] passes through the [[diaphragmatic hiatus]])
*True idiopathic [[ulcer]]
'''Rare causes of peptic ulcer disease'''
* [[Crohn's disease|Crohn’s disease]] of the [[stomach]] or [[duodenum]]
* [[Eosinophilic gastroduodenitis]]
* Systemic [[mastocytosis]]
* [[Radiation]] damage
* [[Viral infections]] (eg [[cytomegalovirus]] or [[Herpes simplex|herpes simplex infection]], in particular in [[immunocompromised]] patients)
*Colonization of [[stomach]] with H heilmanii
* Severe [[systemic disease]]
'''Genetic causes'''<ref name="pmid17312377">{{cite journal| author=Jensen RT, Niederle B, Mitry E, Ramage JK, Steinmuller T, Lewington V et al.| title=Gastrinoma (duodenal and pancreatic). | journal=Neuroendocrinology | year= 2006 | volume= 84 | issue= 3 | pages= 173-82 | pmid=17312377 | doi=10.1159/000098009 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17312377  }} </ref>
*Peptic ulcer disease caused by gastrinomas [[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome|(Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]]) caused by a [[mutation]] in MEN [[gene]] present on [[chromosome]] 11q13
===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===


{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Rosacea]],Chronic idiopathic [[urticaria]] ,[[Psoriasis|Psoriasis vulgaris]] ,[[Behçet's disease|Behcet's disease]] ,[[Alopecia areata]],[[Sweet's syndrome]] <ref name="pmid25045884">{{cite journal| author=Kutlubay Z, Zara T, Engin B, Serdaroğlu S, Tüzün Y, Yilmaz E et al.| title=Helicobacter pylori infection and skin disorders. | journal=Hong Kong Med J | year= 2014 | volume= 20 | issue= 4 | pages= 317-24 | pmid=25045884 | doi=10.12809/hkmj134174 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25045884  }} </ref>
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aceclofenac]], [[Acemetacin]], [[Alendronate]], [[Aspirin]], [[Azapropazone]], [[Benoxaprofen]], [[Bisphosphonates]], [[Celecoxib]], [[Clopidogrel]], [[Diclofenac]], [[Diflunisal]], [[Ethanol]], [[Etodolac]], [[Etoricoxib]], [[Fenbufen]], [[Fenoprofen]], [[Flurbiprofen]], [[Glucocorticoids]], [[Ibuprofen]], [[Indomethacin]], [[Ketoprofen]], [[Laxative abuse]], [[Mefenamic acid]], [[Meloxicam]], [[Methylprednisolone]], [[Nabumetone]], [[Naproxen]], [[Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]], [[Oxcarbazepine]], [[Para-amino salicylic acid]], [[Phenylbutazone]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Piroxicam]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Prednisolone]], [[Rofecoxib]], [[Sertraline]], [[Sulindac]], [[Tacrolimus]], [[Tenoxicam]], [[Tiaprofenic acid]], [[Tolazoline]], [[Trimetrexate]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Aceclofenac]], [[Acemetacin]], [[Alendronate]], [[Artemether and lumefantrin]], [[Aspirin]], [[Azapropazone]], [[Benoxaprofen]], [[Bisphosphonates]], [[Carbinoxamine]], [[Celecoxib]], [[Clopidogrel]], [[Dexamethasone]], [[Diclofenac]], [[Diflunisal]], [[Ethanol]], [[ethanolamine oleate]], [[Etidronic acid]], [[Etodolac]], [[Etoricoxib]], [[Febuxostat]], [[Fenbufen]], [[Fenoprofen]], [[Flurbiprofen]], [[Glucocorticoids]], [[Hydrocortisone]], [[Ibuprofen]], [[Indomethacin]], [[Ketoprofen]], [[Laxative abuse]], [[Mefenamic acid]], [[Meloxicam]], [[Mepenzolate bromide]], [[Methylprednisolone]], [[Nabumetone]], [[Naproxen]], [[Naproxen and esomeprazole magnesium]], [[Niacin]], [[Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]], [[Oxcarbazepine]], [[Para-amino salicylic acid]], [[Pergolide]], [[Phenylbutazone]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Piroxicam]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Prednisolone]], [[Prednisone]], [[Rofecoxib]], [[Sertraline]], [[Sulindac]], [[Tacrolimus]], [[Tenoxicam]], [[Tiaprofenic acid]],  [[Tocilizumab]], [[Tolazoline]], [[Tolmetin]], [[Trimetrexate]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cushing syndrome]], [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]], [[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cushing syndrome]], [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]], [[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]], [[Hyperparathyroidism|primary hyperparathyroidism]]
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Crohn disease]], [[Cushing ulcers]], [[Dieulafoy's lesion]], [[Duodenal ulcer]], [[Eosinophilic gastroenteritis]], [[Gastric ulcer]], [[Oesophagitis]], [[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]], [[Carcinoid tumours and carcinoid syndrome]], [[Stomach cancer]], [[Curling ulcers]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Crohn disease]], [[Cushing ulcers]], [[Dieulafoy's lesion]], [[Duodenal ulcer]], [[Eosinophilic gastroenteritis]], [[Gastric ulcer]], [[Oesophagitis]], [[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]], [[Carcinoid tumours and carcinoid syndrome]], [[Stomach cancer]], [[Curling ulcers]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Zollinger -Ellison syndrome]] associated with [[MEN TYPE 1]] syndrome caused by mutation in MEN [[gene]] present on [[chromosome]] 11q 13
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Mastocytosis]], [[Polycythaemia rubra vera]], [[Primary thrombocythemia]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Mastocytosis]], [[Polycythaemia rubra vera]], [[Primary thrombocythemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Mechanical ventilation]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Mechanical ventilation]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Helicobacter pylori]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Helicobacter pylori]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cushing ulcers]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cushing ulcers]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypercalcaemia]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Hypercalcaemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Carcinoid tumours and carcinoid syndrome]], [[Stomach cancer]], [[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Carcinoid tumours and carcinoid syndrome]], [[Stomach cancer]], [[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome|Zollinger-Ellison syndrome ,]] [[gastrinomas]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aceclofenac]], [[Acemetacin]], [[Alendronate]], [[Aspirin]], [[Azapropazone]], [[Benoxaprofen]], [[Bisphosphonates]], [[Celecoxib]], [[Clopidogrel]], [[Diclofenac]], [[Diflunisal]], [[Ethanol]], [[Etodolac]], [[Etoricoxib]], [[Fenbufen]], [[Fenoprofen]], [[Flurbiprofen]], [[Glucocorticoids]], [[Ibuprofen]], [[Indomethacin]], [[Ketoprofen]], [[Laxative abuse]], [[Mefenamic acid]], [[Meloxicam]], [[Nabumetone]], [[Naproxen]], [[Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]], [[Para-amino salicylic acid]], [[Phenylbutazone]], [[Piroxicam]], [[Prednisolone]], [[Rofecoxib]], [[Sulindac]], [[Tacrolimus]], [[Tenoxicam]], [[Tiaprofenic acid]], [[Tolazoline]], [[Trimetrexate]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Aceclofenac]], [[Acemetacin]], [[Alendronate]], [[Aspirin]], [[Azapropazone]], [[Benoxaprofen]], [[Bisphosphonates]], [[Celecoxib]], [[Clopidogrel]], [[Diclofenac]], [[Diflunisal]], [[Ethanol]], [[Etodolac]], [[Etoricoxib]], [[Fenbufen]], [[Fenoprofen]], [[Flurbiprofen]], [[Glucocorticoids]], [[Ibuprofen]], [[Indomethacin]], [[Ketoprofen]], [[Laxative abuse]], [[Mefenamic acid]], [[Meloxicam]], [[Nabumetone]], [[Naproxen]], [[Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]], [[Para-amino salicylic acid]], [[Phenylbutazone]], [[Piroxicam]], [[Prednisolone]], [[Rofecoxib]], [[Sulindac]], [[Tacrolimus]], [[Tenoxicam]], [[Tiaprofenic acid]], [[Tolazoline]], [[Trimetrexate]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Curling ulcers]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Curling ulcers]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Sarcoidosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Hypercalcemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Fibromyalgia]]<ref name="pmid28384332" />
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Burns]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Burns]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcohol]], [[Caffeine]], [[Smoking]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Alcohol]], [[Caffeine]], [[Smoking]]
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 130: Line 155:
*[[Alcohol]]
*[[Alcohol]]
*[[Alendronate]]
*[[Alendronate]]
*[[Artemether and lumefantrin]]
*[[Aspirin]]
*[[Aspirin]]
*[[Azapropazone]]
*[[Azapropazone]]
Line 143: Line 169:
*[[Cushing syndrome]]
*[[Cushing syndrome]]
*[[Cushing ulcers]]
*[[Cushing ulcers]]
*[[Dexamethasone]]
*[[Diclofenac]]
*[[Diclofenac]]
*[[Dieulafoy's lesion]]
*[[Dieulafoy's lesion]]
Line 170: Line 197:
*[[Nabumetone]]
*[[Nabumetone]]
*[[Naproxen]]
*[[Naproxen]]
*[[Niacin]]
*[[Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]]
*[[Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]]
*[[Oesophagitis]]
*[[Oesophagitis]]
*[[Para-amino salicylic acid]]
*[[Para-amino salicylic acid]]
*[[Pergolide]]
*[[Phenylbutazone]]
*[[Phenylbutazone]]
*[[Piroxicam]]
*[[Piroxicam]]
Line 192: Line 221:
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Abdominal pain]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
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[[Category:Gastroenterology]]

Latest revision as of 23:37, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ;Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Manpreet Kaur, MD [2]

Overview

Common causes of peptic ulcer disease include Helicobacter pylori infection and NSAID use. Less common causes of peptic ulcer disease include Crohn's disease, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, Cushing and Curling ulcers, Carcinoid tumors, and carcinoid syndrome.

Causes

Common Causes[1][2][3]

Less common causes

Rare causes of peptic ulcer disease

Genetic causes[4]

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical / poisoning No underlying causes
Dermatologic Rosacea,Chronic idiopathic urticaria ,Psoriasis vulgaris ,Behcet's disease ,Alopecia areata,Sweet's syndrome [5]
Drug Side Effect Aceclofenac, Acemetacin, Alendronate, Artemether and lumefantrin, Aspirin, Azapropazone, Benoxaprofen, Bisphosphonates, Carbinoxamine, Celecoxib, Clopidogrel, Dexamethasone, Diclofenac, Diflunisal, Ethanol, ethanolamine oleate, Etidronic acid, Etodolac, Etoricoxib, Febuxostat, Fenbufen, Fenoprofen, Flurbiprofen, Glucocorticoids, Hydrocortisone, Ibuprofen, Indomethacin, Ketoprofen, Laxative abuse, Mefenamic acid, Meloxicam, Mepenzolate bromide, Methylprednisolone, Nabumetone, Naproxen, Naproxen and esomeprazole magnesium, Niacin, Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Oxcarbazepine, Para-amino salicylic acid, Pergolide, Phenylbutazone, Pramipexole, Piroxicam, Pramipexole, Prednisolone, Prednisone, Rofecoxib, Sertraline, Sulindac, Tacrolimus, Tenoxicam, Tiaprofenic acid, Tocilizumab, Tolazoline, Tolmetin, Trimetrexate
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Cushing syndrome, Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, primary hyperparathyroidism
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Crohn disease, Cushing ulcers, Dieulafoy's lesion, Duodenal ulcer, Eosinophilic gastroenteritis, Gastric ulcer, Oesophagitis, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, Carcinoid tumours and carcinoid syndrome, Stomach cancer, Curling ulcers
Genetic Zollinger -Ellison syndrome associated with MEN TYPE 1 syndrome caused by mutation in MEN gene present on chromosome 11q 13
Hematologic Mastocytosis, Polycythaemia rubra vera, Primary thrombocythemia
Iatrogenic Mechanical ventilation
Infectious Disease Helicobacter pylori
Musculoskeletal / Ortho No underlying causes
Neurologic Cushing ulcers
Nutritional / Metabolic Hypercalcaemia
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Carcinoid tumours and carcinoid syndrome, Stomach cancer, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome , gastrinomas
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity Aceclofenac, Acemetacin, Alendronate, Aspirin, Azapropazone, Benoxaprofen, Bisphosphonates, Celecoxib, Clopidogrel, Diclofenac, Diflunisal, Ethanol, Etodolac, Etoricoxib, Fenbufen, Fenoprofen, Flurbiprofen, Glucocorticoids, Ibuprofen, Indomethacin, Ketoprofen, Laxative abuse, Mefenamic acid, Meloxicam, Nabumetone, Naproxen, Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Para-amino salicylic acid, Phenylbutazone, Piroxicam, Prednisolone, Rofecoxib, Sulindac, Tacrolimus, Tenoxicam, Tiaprofenic acid, Tolazoline, Trimetrexate
Psychiatric Curling ulcers
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
Renal / Electrolyte Hypercalcemia
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Fibromyalgia[6]
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Burns
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Alcohol, Caffeine, Smoking

Causes in Alphabetical Order


References

  1. ↑ Malfertheiner P, Chan FK, McColl KE (2009). "Peptic ulcer disease". Lancet. 374 (9699): 1449–61. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60938-7. PMID 19683340.
  2. ↑ Hirschowitz BI, Lanas A (2002). "Atypical and aggressive upper gastrointestinal ulceration associated with aspirin abuse". J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 34 (5): 523–8. PMID 11960062.
  3. ↑ Dovjak P (2017). "[Duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers and Helicobacter pylori]". Z Gerontol Geriatr (in German). 50 (2): 159–169. doi:10.1007/s00391-017-1190-x. PMID 28150170.
  4. ↑ Jensen RT, Niederle B, Mitry E, Ramage JK, Steinmuller T, Lewington V; et al. (2006). "Gastrinoma (duodenal and pancreatic)". Neuroendocrinology. 84 (3): 173–82. doi:10.1159/000098009. PMID 17312377.
  5. ↑ Kutlubay Z, Zara T, Engin B, Serdaroğlu S, Tüzün Y, Yilmaz E; et al. (2014). "Helicobacter pylori infection and skin disorders". Hong Kong Med J. 20 (4): 317–24. doi:10.12809/hkmj134174. PMID 25045884.
  6. ↑

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