Pyelonephritis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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{{Pyelonephritis}} | {{Pyelonephritis}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{USAMA}} | |||
==Overview== | |||
Acute pyelonephritis is reported to cause more than 100,000 hospitalizations each year with the number of people acquiring pyelonephritis being closer to 250,000, yearly. Pyelonephritis is very common, with 120-130 [[Incidence|cases annually]] per 100,000 women and 30-40 cases per 100,000 men. Females are more commonly affected with pyelonephritis than males. | |||
== Epidemiology and Demographics== | |||
===Incidence=== | |||
*On yearly basis pyelonephritis effects 250,000 individuals and is responsible for over a 100,000 hospitalizations.<ref name="pmid15768623">{{cite journal| author=Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC| title=Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2005 | volume= 71 | issue= 5 | pages= 933-42 | pmid=15768623 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15768623 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15206056">{{cite journal| author=Hooton TM, Besser R, Foxman B, Fritsche TR, Nicolle LE| title=Acute uncomplicated cystitis in an era of increasing antibiotic resistance: a proposed approach to empirical therapy. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2004 | volume= 39 | issue= 1 | pages= 75-80 | pmid=15206056 | doi=10.1086/422145 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15206056 }} </ref> | |||
*Pyelonephritis effects 120-130 [[incidence|cases annually]] per 100,000 women and 30-40 cases per 100,000 men.<ref name="pmid17599303">{{cite journal| author=Czaja CA, Scholes D, Hooton TM, Stamm WE| title=Population-based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2007 | volume= 45 | issue= 3 | pages= 273-80 | pmid=17599303 | doi=10.1086/519268 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17599303 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9606306">{{cite journal| author=Kurowski K| title=The woman with dysuria. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 1998 | volume= 57 | issue= 9 | pages= 2155-64, 2169-70 | pmid=9606306 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9606306 }} </ref> | |||
*The incidence of pyelonephritis in 15-34 year old women is 25 cases per 10,000 women annually.<ref name="pmid8824972">{{cite journal| author=Ikäheimo R, Siitonen A, Heiskanen T, Kärkkäinen U, Kuosmanen P, Lipponen P et al.| title=Recurrence of urinary tract infection in a primary care setting: analysis of a 1-year follow-up of 179 women. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 1996 | volume= 22 | issue= 1 | pages= 91-9 | pmid=8824972 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8824972 }} </ref> | |||
*The annual outpatient pyelonephritis rate in female population is 12-13 per 10,000 and inpatient rate is 3-4 per 10,000. | |||
*The annual outpatient pyelonephritis rate in male population is 2-3 per 10,000 and inpatient rate is 1-2 per 10,000. | |||
===Prevalence=== | |||
*Pyelonephritis is not as common as [[cystitis]]. [[Cystitis]] is 28 times more common than pyelonephritis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Czaja CA, Scholes D, Hooton TM, Stamm WE |title=Population-based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=273-80 |year=2007 |pmid=17599303 |doi=10.1086/519268}}</ref><ref name="pmid12848468">{{cite journal| author=Foxman B, Brown P| title=Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: transmission and risk factors, incidence, and costs. | journal=Infect Dis Clin North Am | year= 2003 | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 227-41 | pmid=12848468 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12848468 }} </ref> | |||
*The factors affecting prevalence of pathogens in the urinary tract and thus pyelonephritis include:<ref name="pmid12767958">{{cite journal| author=Efstathiou SP, Pefanis AV, Tsioulos DI, Zacharos ID, Tsiakou AG, Mitromaras AG et al.| title=Acute pyelonephritis in adults: prediction of mortality and failure of treatment. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 2003 | volume= 163 | issue= 10 | pages= 1206-12 | pmid=12767958 | doi=10.1001/archinte.163.10.1206 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12767958 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21784477">{{cite journal| author=Copp HL, Halpern MS, Maldonado Y, Shortliffe LD| title=Trends in hospitalization for pediatric pyelonephritis: a population based study of California from 1985 to 2006. | journal=J Urol | year= 2011 | volume= 186 | issue= 3 | pages= 1028-34 | pmid=21784477 | doi=10.1016/j.juro.2011.04.101 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21784477 }} </ref> | |||
**Recent hospitalisation | |||
**History of antibiotic use | |||
**[[Immunocompromised]] status | |||
**[[Nephrolithiasis]] | |||
**History of acute pyelonephritis | |||
{{ | === Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate === | ||
* Pyelonephritis has a mortality rate of 10% to 20%, if it is accompanied by [[bacteremia]].<ref name="EfstathiouPefanis2003">{{cite journal|last1=Efstathiou|first1=Stamatis P.|last2=Pefanis|first2=Angelos V.|last3=Tsioulos|first3=Dimitrios I.|last4=Zacharos|first4=Ioannis D.|last5=Tsiakou|first5=Aphrodite G.|last6=Mitromaras|first6=Athanasios G.|last7=Mastorantonakis|first7=Stylianos E.|last8=Kanavaki|first8=Sophie N.|last9=Mountokalakis|first9=Theodore D.|title=Acute Pyelonephritis in Adults|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine|volume=163|issue=10|year=2003|pages=1206|issn=0003-9926|doi=10.1001/archinte.163.10.1206}}</ref> | |||
== | ===Age=== | ||
== | *The incidence of pyelonephritis is highest in young women. Infant and old individuals are the other categories more prone to pyelonephritis. | ||
*[[Xanthogranulomatous inflammation|Xanthogranulomatous]] Pyelonephritis mostly affects middle aged or older women. | |||
*The incidence of pyelonephritis in 15-34 year old women is 25 cases per 10,000 women annually. | |||
== | ===Race=== | ||
*Various studies have shown that pyelonephritis is more prevalent within Asian populations as compared to Caucasians. | |||
===Gender=== | |||
[[ | *Urinary tract infections are the most frequent [[bacterial infection]] in women with at least half the women by age 32 reporting at least one episode.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Czaja CA, Scholes D, Hooton TM, Stamm WE |title=Population-based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=273-80 |year=2007 |pmid=17599303 |doi=10.1086/519268}}</ref> | ||
[[ | *Pyelonephritis tends to affect women more than men. This can be attributed to various reasons including the higher incidence of lower [[UTI]]s in women due to their shorter and straighter [[urethra]]. | ||
[[ | |||
=== Region === | |||
* Pyelonephritis is a common disease that affects everyone worldwide. | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist|2}} | |||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[Category:Medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Infectious disease]] | |||
[[Category:Nephrology]] | |||
[[Category:Urology]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | |||
Latest revision as of 23:54, 29 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Usama Talib, BSc, MD [2]
Overview
Acute pyelonephritis is reported to cause more than 100,000 hospitalizations each year with the number of people acquiring pyelonephritis being closer to 250,000, yearly. Pyelonephritis is very common, with 120-130 cases annually per 100,000 women and 30-40 cases per 100,000 men. Females are more commonly affected with pyelonephritis than males.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
- On yearly basis pyelonephritis effects 250,000 individuals and is responsible for over a 100,000 hospitalizations.[1][2]
- Pyelonephritis effects 120-130 cases annually per 100,000 women and 30-40 cases per 100,000 men.[3][4]
- The incidence of pyelonephritis in 15-34 year old women is 25 cases per 10,000 women annually.[5]
- The annual outpatient pyelonephritis rate in female population is 12-13 per 10,000 and inpatient rate is 3-4 per 10,000.
- The annual outpatient pyelonephritis rate in male population is 2-3 per 10,000 and inpatient rate is 1-2 per 10,000.
Prevalence
- Pyelonephritis is not as common as cystitis. Cystitis is 28 times more common than pyelonephritis.[6][7]
- The factors affecting prevalence of pathogens in the urinary tract and thus pyelonephritis include:[8][9]
- Recent hospitalisation
- History of antibiotic use
- Immunocompromised status
- Nephrolithiasis
- History of acute pyelonephritis
Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate
- Pyelonephritis has a mortality rate of 10% to 20%, if it is accompanied by bacteremia.[10]
Age
- The incidence of pyelonephritis is highest in young women. Infant and old individuals are the other categories more prone to pyelonephritis.
- Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis mostly affects middle aged or older women.
- The incidence of pyelonephritis in 15-34 year old women is 25 cases per 10,000 women annually.
Race
- Various studies have shown that pyelonephritis is more prevalent within Asian populations as compared to Caucasians.
Gender
- Urinary tract infections are the most frequent bacterial infection in women with at least half the women by age 32 reporting at least one episode.[11]
- Pyelonephritis tends to affect women more than men. This can be attributed to various reasons including the higher incidence of lower UTIs in women due to their shorter and straighter urethra.
Region
- Pyelonephritis is a common disease that affects everyone worldwide.
References
- ↑ Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC (2005). "Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults". Am Fam Physician. 71 (5): 933–42. PMID 15768623.
- ↑ Hooton TM, Besser R, Foxman B, Fritsche TR, Nicolle LE (2004). "Acute uncomplicated cystitis in an era of increasing antibiotic resistance: a proposed approach to empirical therapy". Clin Infect Dis. 39 (1): 75–80. doi:10.1086/422145. PMID 15206056.
- ↑ Czaja CA, Scholes D, Hooton TM, Stamm WE (2007). "Population-based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis". Clin Infect Dis. 45 (3): 273–80. doi:10.1086/519268. PMID 17599303.
- ↑ Kurowski K (1998). "The woman with dysuria". Am Fam Physician. 57 (9): 2155–64, 2169–70. PMID 9606306.
- ↑ Ikäheimo R, Siitonen A, Heiskanen T, Kärkkäinen U, Kuosmanen P, Lipponen P; et al. (1996). "Recurrence of urinary tract infection in a primary care setting: analysis of a 1-year follow-up of 179 women". Clin Infect Dis. 22 (1): 91–9. PMID 8824972.
- ↑ Czaja CA, Scholes D, Hooton TM, Stamm WE (2007). "Population-based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 45 (3): 273–80. doi:10.1086/519268. PMID 17599303.
- ↑ Foxman B, Brown P (2003). "Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: transmission and risk factors, incidence, and costs". Infect Dis Clin North Am. 17 (2): 227–41. PMID 12848468.
- ↑ Efstathiou SP, Pefanis AV, Tsioulos DI, Zacharos ID, Tsiakou AG, Mitromaras AG; et al. (2003). "Acute pyelonephritis in adults: prediction of mortality and failure of treatment". Arch Intern Med. 163 (10): 1206–12. doi:10.1001/archinte.163.10.1206. PMID 12767958.
- ↑ Copp HL, Halpern MS, Maldonado Y, Shortliffe LD (2011). "Trends in hospitalization for pediatric pyelonephritis: a population based study of California from 1985 to 2006". J Urol. 186 (3): 1028–34. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2011.04.101. PMID 21784477.
- ↑ Efstathiou, Stamatis P.; Pefanis, Angelos V.; Tsioulos, Dimitrios I.; Zacharos, Ioannis D.; Tsiakou, Aphrodite G.; Mitromaras, Athanasios G.; Mastorantonakis, Stylianos E.; Kanavaki, Sophie N.; Mountokalakis, Theodore D. (2003). "Acute Pyelonephritis in Adults". Archives of Internal Medicine. 163 (10): 1206. doi:10.1001/archinte.163.10.1206. ISSN 0003-9926.
- ↑ Czaja CA, Scholes D, Hooton TM, Stamm WE (2007). "Population-based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 45 (3): 273–80. doi:10.1086/519268. PMID 17599303.