Small-sized vessel vasculitis: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 00:13, 30 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]

Abbreviations: ABG= Arterial blood gas, ANA= Antinuclear antibody, ANP= Atrial natriuretic peptide, ASO= Antistreptolysin O antibody, BNP= Brain natriuretic peptide, CBC= Complete blood count, COPD= Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CRP= C-reactive protein, CT= Computed tomography, CXR= Chest X-ray, DVT= Deep vein thrombosis, ESR= Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, HRCT= High Resolution CT, IgE= Immunoglobulin E, LDH= Lactate dehydrogenase, PCWP= Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, PCR= Polymerase chain reaction, PFT= Pulmonary function test.

			Symptoms					Physical examination			Lab Findings				Imaging				Histopathology
Diseases			Clinical manifestations								Para-clinical findings									Gold standard	Additional findings
			Symptoms					Physical examination			Para-clinical findings
			Headache	Fever	Weight loss	Arthralgia	Claudication	Bruit	HTN	Focal neurological disorder	Biomarker	CBC	ESR	Other	CT scan	Angiography	Ultrasound/ Echocardiography	Other	Histopathology
Small-Vessel Vasculitis	ANCA-associated vasculitis	Microscopic polyangiitis^[1]	+	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	+	Anti-PR3 antibody (C-ANCA) (40%), Anti-MPO antibody (P-ANCA) (60%)	Leukocytosis, Normocytic anemia	↑	Proteinuria, Erythrocyte casts	Suspected pancreatitis	Mesenteric angiography for differentiating from polyarteritis nodosa	-	Bilateral nodular, and patchy opacities in CXR	Glomerulonephritis with focal necrosis, crescent formation, and lack or paucity of immunoglobulin deposits	Histological confirmation	Rash, Hemoptysis
		Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s)^[2]	+	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	-	+	Anti-PR3 antibody (C-ANCA) (90%), Anti-MPO antibody (P-ANCA) (10%)	Leukocytosis, Normochromic normocytic anemia	↑	↑Cr or BUN, Hypoalbuminemia	Consolidation, Patchy or diffuse ground-glass opacities	Occlusion or stenosis of LAD and RCA in coronary angiography	-	Single or multiple nodules and masses with cavitation in CXR	Parenchymal necrosis, Granulomatous inflammation	Histological confirmation	Conjunctivitis, Episcleritis, Uveitis, Optic nerve vasculitis
		Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss)^[3]	+/-	-	-	+	-	-	-	+	Anti-MPO antibody (P-ANCA) (40%), Eotaxin-3	Eosinophilia, Anemia	↑	↑Cr or BUN, Proteinuria, Erythrocyte casts, ↑IgE levels	Significant enlargement of peripheral pulmonary arteries	Myocardial ischemia and infarction in coronary angiography	Congestive heart failure (CHF) in echocardiography	Extensive air-space opacities in CXR	Small necrotizing granulomas with eosinophilic core surrounded by macrophages and epithelioid giant cells	Histological confirmation	Allergic rhinitis, Asthma, Urticarial rash
		Hydralazine-associated ANCA-associated vasculitis^[4]	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	+/-	Anti-MPO antibody (P-ANCA), Anti-histone antibodies	Anemia	-	↑Cr or BUN, Hypoalbuminemia	Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates	Aneurysms or occlusions of the visceral arteries	-	-	Pauci-immune necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis	Histological confirmation	Sinusitis, Hemoptysis
	Immune complex small-vessel vasculitis	Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease^[5]	+	+/-	-	-	-	-	+	-	Anti-GBM antibodies	Hypochromic microcytic anemia, Thrombocytopenia	-	↓C3 level	Pulmonary hemorrhage	-	Normal kidneys	Alveolar infiltrates spreading from the hilum in CXR	Cellular crescents in the glomeruli, Intra-alveolar hemorrhages	Anti-GBM antibodies	Hemoptysis, Hematuria
		Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis^[6]	+/-	+/-	-	+	+/-	-	-	-	C4 component	Leukocytosis, Anemia	↑	ANA, hypocomplementemia	R/O underlying malignancy	Stenosis or occlusions of the visceral arteries	Bacterial endocarditis in echocardiography	Interstitial involvement or pleural effusions in CXR	HCV-associated proteins in vasculitic skin, Intraluminal cryoglobulin deposits	Histological confirmation	Acrocyanosis, Retinal hemorrhage, Purpura
		Hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemic vasculitis^[7]	+/-	+/-	+	+	-	-	+	+/-	HCV RNA, Cryoglobulins	Leukocytosis, Anemia	↑	↓Serum C4, Positive RF	Increased hepatic echogenicity	-	Hepatomegaly, Splenomegaly	Increased hepatic echogenicity in MRI	Vasculitic skin, Antigen infilteration in lesions	HCV RNA, Histological confirmation	Palpable purpura, Microscopic hematuria
		IgA vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein purpura)^[8]	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	IgA	Normochromic anemia, Leukocytosis	↑	Stool OB, ↓C3, ↓C4	-	-	Increased bowel wall thickness, hematomas, peritoneal fluid, and intussusception	Dilated loops of bowel consistent in abdominal X-ray	Leukocytoclastic vasculitis in postcapillary venules with IgA deposition	History and physical examination	Hematuria, Palpable purpura
		Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis (anti-C1q vasculitis)^[9]	-	-	+/-	+	-	-	-	-	C1q	Mild anemia	↑	ANA, ↓C1q, ↓C3, ↓C4	-	-	Hepatomegaly, Splenomegaly	-	Deposits of immunoglobulins, complement, or fibrin around blood vessels	Urticaria, Histological confirmation	Urticaria, Hematuria
	Gastrointestinal disease	Acute mesenteric ischemia^[10]	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	I-FABP, Alpha-GST, Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA)	Leukocytosis, ↑HCT	-	↑Amylase	Bowel wall thickening, Intestinal pneumatosis, Portomesenteric thrombosis	Mesenteric venous thrombosis	Arterial stenosis or occlusion of the celiac or superior mesenteric arteries in duplex ultrasound	Ileus with distended loops of bowel, Bowel wall thickening in abdominal X-ray	Superficial mucosal hemorrhage, edema and necrosis	History and physical examination	Abdominal pain, Distension, Absent bowel sounds
	Cardiovascular disease	Infective Endocarditis^[11]	+	+	+	-	-	-	-	+	NT-proBNP	Normochromic-normocytic anemia	↑	Hyperglobulinemia, Cryoglobulinemia	Metastatic infections, such as splenic infarct, renal infarcts, or psoas abscess	-	Vegetation, abscess, or new dehiscence of a prosthetic valvein echocardiography	Vertebral osteomyelitis in MRI	Vegetation or intracardiac abscess demonstrating active endocarditis	Echocardiography (TTE)	Janeway lesions, Osler nodes, Roth spots, Vertebral osteomyelitis
	Cardiovascular disease	Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis^[12]	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	+	IgM, IgA, IgG	Leukocytosis, Anemia	↑	Hypocomplementemia	-	Vascular stenosis and obstruction in visceral angiography	-	-	Perivascular inflammatory infiltrate of neutrophils with leukocytoclasia (releasing nuclear debris)	Histological confirmation	Palpable purpura, Petechiae
	Pulmonary disease	Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis^[13]	+/-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	CD1a, CD207,BRAF-V600E	Anemia	↑	Hypercalcemia	Pulmonary cysts and nodules, Bone lytic lesions	-	Hepatomegaly, Splenomegaly	Cerebellum and pons hyperintensity in MRI	Birbeck granules by electron microscopy	Histological confirmation	Brown to purplish papules, Eczematous rash
		Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer^[14]	-	+/-	+	-	-	-	-	+/-	EGFR, ROS1, EML4-ALK, PD-L1	Leukocytosis, Anemia	↑	Hypercalcemia, Hyponatremia	Pulmonary lesion or mass	-	Pulmonary marginal lesions	Staging and response to treatment in PET-CT	Adenocarcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma	High resolution CT-scan	Cough, Hemoptysis
		Small Cell Lung Cancer^[15]	-	+/-	+	-	-	-	-	+/-	p53, Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF1)	Anemia	↑	Hyponatremia	Large hilar mass with bulky mediastinal adenopathy	-	Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)	Standard staging	Spindled cells with dark nuclei, scant cytoplasm, and fine, granular nuclear chromatin	High resolution CT-scan	Cough, Hemoptysis
		Pulmonary Infarction^[16]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	D-dimer	Mild leukocytosis, Mild anemia	-	Hypoxemia, Hypocarbia or Hypercarbia, Respiratory alkalosis	Pulmonary embolism	Low-density filling defect within the pulmonary artery	Pericardial effusion in echocardiography	Pulmonary infiltrates, atelectasis, and pleural effusions in CXR	Infarct induced apoptosis	Pulmonary artery angiography	Cough, Hemoptysis
	Renal disease	Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis^[17]	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	+/-	Antistreptolysin-O (ASO) titers	Leukocytosis	↑	Hypocomplementemia	-	-	Normal to slightly enlarged kidneys	Central venous congestion in a hilar pattern in CXR	Hypercellularity of endothelial and mesangial cells, Infiltration of the glomerular tuft with polymorphonuclear cells	Histological confirmation	Hematuria
	Hematologic disease	Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome^[18]	+	+	-	+	-	-	+	+	C5b-9, ADAMTS13	Anemia, Thrombocytopenia, Reticulocytosis	↑	↑Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Hypercalcemia	Thalami, brainstem, or cerebellum abnormality	Cerebral microangiopathy or hypertension	Hypoechoic kidney	Abnormal hyperintensity in the brain cisterns in MRI	Microthromboses include fibrin thrombi that may occlude the glomerular tuft	Clinical findings coupled with laboratory abnormalities	Hematuria, Proteinuria
		Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)^[19]	+	+	+	+	+/-	-	-	+/-	CD5, CD19, CD20, IgV_H	Absolute lymphocytosis, Smudge cells	↑	Flow cytometry	Staging	-	-	-	Large atypical cells, cleaved cells, and prolymphocytes	Chromosomal and genetic testing	Easy bruising
		Multiple Myeloma^[20]	+	-	+	+	+	+	+/-	+/-	Ig light chain	Anemia, Thrombocytopenia, Leukopenia	↑	Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, ↑Cr	Osseous involvement and lytic lesions	Peripheral zone of increased vascularity in lesions	-	Punched-out lesion in skull X-ray	Clonal proliferation of plasma cells	Protein electrophoresis plus conventional X-rays	Constipation
		Hypereosinophilic Syndrome^[21]	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	IgE, CD117 with CD2	Eosinophilia	-	↑Serum tryptase	Lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly	-	Intracardiac thrombi in echocardiography	-	Reticulin stain for myelofibrosis and tryptase staining for mast cells	Clinical findings coupled with laboratory abnormalities	Splinter hemorrhages, Raynaud phenomenon
		Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma^[22]	+	+	+	+	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	MYC, BCL2, BCL6, and TP53	Lymphocytosis, Anemia, Thrombocytopenia	↑	↑Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Hypercalcemia	Enlarged lymph nodes, Hepatosplenomegaly, Filling defects in the liver and spleen	-	Hepatosplenomegaly	Mediastinal lymphadenopathy	Small cleaved or noncleaved, intermediate, or large cell with a follicular or diffuse pattern	Surgically excised tissue biopsy	Easy bruising, Testicular mass, Skin lesion
		Serum Sickness^[23]	+	+	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+/-	IL-1, IL-6, TNF	Leukopenia	↑	Polyclonal gammopathy, ↑Cr, Cryoglobulinemia	-	-	-	-	Arteritic lesions are focal, necrotizing, and inflammatory involving all layers of the artery	Clinical findings coupled with laboratory abnormalities	Hematuria, Skin rash
		Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation^[24]	+/-	+	-	+/-	-	-	+	+	Fibrin degradation product (FDP)	Thrombocytopenia, Schistocytes	↑	↑D-dimer, aPTT and PT	Intracranial hemorrhage	-	-	-	Ischemia and necrosis due to fibrin deposition in small and medium-sized vessels	Clinical findings coupled with laboratory abnormalities	Acral cyanosis, Hemorrhagic skin infarctions
		Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura^[25]	+	+/-	-	+	-	-	-	+	FC gamma receptors (FCGR) IIb	Anemia, Thrombocytopenia	-	HIV, ANA	R/O other causes	-	R/O splenomegaly	-	Increased number of normal morphologic megakaryocytes	Clinical findings coupled with thrombocytopenia	Easy bruising, Purpura
	Systemic disease	Sarcoidosis^[26]	+	+	+	+	-	-	-	+/-	IL-2 and IFN-γ	Mild anemia	↑	↑ACE, ↑1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D	Active alveolitis or fibrosis	-	Hepatosplenomegaly	Bilateral hilar adenopathy	Noncaseating granulomas (NCGs)	Histological confirmation	Heart block, Ocular lesion
		Legionella Infection^[27]	+	+	+	+	-	-	-	+/-	Inflammatory cytokines	Leukocytosis with left shift, Thrombocytosis	↑	↑D-dimer, FDP, Hyponatremia	Pleural effusion	-	-	Nonspecific and indistinguishable CXR	Intra-alveolar inflammation, Microabscesses in the parenchyma	Sputum culture	Cough, Diarrhea
		Systemic lupus erythematosus^[28]	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+	Anti dsDNA, ANA	Leukopenia, Lymphopenia, Anemia, Thrombocytopenia	↑	↑Cr or BUN, ↑ALT or AST, Proteinuria	Interstitial lung disease, Pneumonitis, Pulmonary emboli, Alveolar hemorrhage	Aneurysms	Pericardial effusion, pulmonary hypertension, or verrucous Libman-Sacks endocarditis in echocardiography	Central nervous system (CNS) lupus white-matter changes in MRI	Staging lupus nephritis	Anti-dsDNA antibody test	Skin rashes or photosensitivity
		Rheumatoid arthritis^[29]	-	-	+	+	+	+	-	-	RF, Anti-CCP antibody	Anemia	↑	↑Cr or BUN, ↑ALT or AST, ANA	Microfractures	Aneurysms	Effusions in joints	Basilar invagination with cranial migration of an eroded odontoid peg in MRI	Influx of inflammatory cells into the synovial membrane, with angiogenesis, proliferation of chronic inflammatory cells	Clinical findings coupled anti-CCP antibody	Rheumatoid nodules
		Relapsing polychondritis^[30]	-	+/-	+/-	+	+	-	-	-	-	Leukocytosis, Anemia	-	Cryoglobulins, ANA, C-ANCA	Calcification of cartilaginous structures	Aortic root dilatation	Aortic root dilatation and degree of aortic regurgitation in echocardiography	Tracheal stenosis in CXR	Chondrolysis, Chondritis, Perichondritis	Clinical findings coupled with imaging	Ear pain and redness, Polyarthritis

References

↑ Chung SA, Seo P (2010). "Microscopic polyangiitis". Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 36 (3): 545–58. doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2010.04.003. PMC 2917831. PMID 20688249.
↑ Kubaisi B, Abu Samra K, Foster CS (2016). "Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's disease): An updated review of ocular disease manifestations". Intractable Rare Dis Res. 5 (2): 61–9. doi:10.5582/irdr.2016.01014. PMC 4869584. PMID 27195187.
↑ Keogh KA, Specks U (April 2006). "Churg-Strauss syndrome". Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 27 (2): 148–57. doi:10.1055/s-2006-939518. PMID 16612766.
↑ Keasberry J, Frazier J, Isbel NM, Van Eps CL, Oliver K, Mudge DW (2013). "Hydralazine-induced anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive renal vasculitis presenting with a vasculitic syndrome, acute nephritis and a puzzling skin rash: a case report". J Med Case Rep. 7: 20. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-7-20. PMC 3565908. PMID 23316942.
↑ McAdoo SP, Pusey CD (July 2017). "Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease". Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 12 (7): 1162–1172. doi:10.2215/CJN.01380217. PMID 28515156.
↑ Ferri C, Mascia MT (January 2006). "Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis". Curr Opin Rheumatol. 18 (1): 54–63. PMID 16344620.
↑ Guo QY, Wu M, Wang YW, Sun GD (2017). "Hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemia with membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis treated with prednisolone and interferon: A case report". Exp Ther Med. 14 (2): 1395–1398. doi:10.3892/etm.2017.4671. PMC 5525644. PMID 28810602.
↑ Farhadian JA, Castilla C, Shvartsbeyn M, Meehan SA, Neimann A, Pomeranz MK (December 2015). "IgA vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein purpura)". Dermatol. Online J. 21 (12). PMID 26990342.
↑ Buck A, Christensen J, McCarty M (2012). "Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome: a case report and literature review". J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 5 (1): 36–46. PMC 3277093. PMID 22328958.
↑ Sise MJ (February 2014). "Acute mesenteric ischemia". Surg. Clin. North Am. 94 (1): 165–81. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2013.10.012. PMID 24267504.
↑ McDonald JR (2009). "Acute infective endocarditis". Infect Dis Clin North Am. 23 (3): 643–64. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2009.04.013. PMC 2726828. PMID 19665088.
↑ Einhorn J, Levis JT (2015). "Dermatologic Diagnosis: Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis". Perm J. 19 (3): 77–8. doi:10.7812/TPP/15-001. PMC 4500485. PMID 26176572.
↑ Margo CE, Goldman DR (2008). "Langerhans cell histiocytosis". Surv Ophthalmol. 53 (4): 332–58. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.04.007. PMID 18572052.
↑ Molina JR, Yang P, Cassivi SD, Schild SE, Adjei AA (2008). "Non-small cell lung cancer: epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and survivorship". Mayo Clin Proc. 83 (5): 584–94. doi:10.4065/83.5.584. PMC 2718421. PMID 18452692.
↑ Jackman DM, Johnson BE (2005). "Small-cell lung cancer". Lancet. 366 (9494): 1385–96. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67569-1. PMID 16226617.
↑ Parambil JG, Savci CD, Tazelaar HD, Ryu JH (April 2005). "Causes and presenting features of pulmonary infarctions in 43 cases identified by surgical lung biopsy". Chest. 127 (4): 1178–83. doi:10.1378/chest.127.4.1178. PMID 15821192.
↑ VanDeVoorde RG (January 2015). "Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis: the most common acute glomerulonephritis". Pediatr Rev. 36 (1): 3–12, quiz 13. doi:10.1542/pir.36-1-3. PMID 25554106.
↑ Corrigan JJ, Boineau FG (November 2001). "Hemolytic-uremic syndrome". Pediatr Rev. 22 (11): 365–9. PMID 11691946.
↑ Byrd JC, Stilgenbauer S, Flinn IW (2004). "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program: 163–83. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2004.1.163. PMID 15561682.
↑ Michels TC, Petersen KE (March 2017). "Multiple Myeloma: Diagnosis and Treatment". Am Fam Physician. 95 (6): 373–383. PMID 28318212.
↑ Klion A (2009). "Hypereosinophilic syndrome: current approach to diagnosis and treatment". Annu. Rev. Med. 60: 293–306. doi:10.1146/annurev.med.60.062107.090340. PMID 19630574.
↑ Shankland KR, Armitage JO, Hancock BW (September 2012). "Non-Hodgkin lymphoma". Lancet. 380 (9844): 848–57. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60605-9. PMID 22835603.
↑ Lin RY (January 1986). "Serum sickness syndrome". Am Fam Physician. 33 (1): 157–62. PMID 2867672.
↑ Venugopal A (2014). "Disseminated intravascular coagulation". Indian J Anaesth. 58 (5): 603–8. doi:10.4103/0019-5049.144666. PMC 4260307. PMID 25535423.
↑ Nomura S (2016). "Advances in Diagnosis and Treatments for Immune Thrombocytopenia". Clin Med Insights Blood Disord. 9: 15–22. doi:10.4137/CMBD.S39643. PMC 4948655. PMID 27441004.
↑ Chiarchiaro J, Chen BB, Gibson KF (2016). "New molecular targets for the treatment of sarcoidosis". Curr Opin Pulm Med. 22 (5): 515–21. doi:10.1097/MCP.0000000000000304. PMC 5152532. PMID 27454074.
↑ Murdoch DR (January 2003). "Diagnosis of Legionella infection". Clin. Infect. Dis. 36 (1): 64–9. doi:10.1086/345529. PMID 12491204.
↑ Tsokos, George C. (2011). "Systemic Lupus Erythematosus". New England Journal of Medicine. 365 (22): 2110–2121. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1100359. ISSN 0028-4793.
↑ Scott JT (1991). "The gold standard in rheumatoid arthritis". J R Soc Med. 84 (9): 513–4. PMC 1293405. PMID 1682491.
↑ Emmungil H, Aydın SZ (2015). "Relapsing polychondritis". Eur J Rheumatol. 2 (4): 155–159. doi:10.5152/eurjrheum.2015.0036. PMC 5047229. PMID 27708954.

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid20688249-1] Chung SA, Seo P (2010). "Microscopic polyangiitis". Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 36 (3): 545–58. doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2010.04.003. PMC 2917831. PMID 20688249.

[pmid27195187-2] Kubaisi B, Abu Samra K, Foster CS (2016). "Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's disease): An updated review of ocular disease manifestations". Intractable Rare Dis Res. 5 (2): 61–9. doi:10.5582/irdr.2016.01014. PMC 4869584. PMID 27195187.

[pmid16612766-3] Keogh KA, Specks U (April 2006). "Churg-Strauss syndrome". Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 27 (2): 148–57. doi:10.1055/s-2006-939518. PMID 16612766.

[pmid23316942-4] Keasberry J, Frazier J, Isbel NM, Van Eps CL, Oliver K, Mudge DW (2013). "Hydralazine-induced anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive renal vasculitis presenting with a vasculitic syndrome, acute nephritis and a puzzling skin rash: a case report". J Med Case Rep. 7: 20. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-7-20. PMC 3565908. PMID 23316942.

[pmid28515156-5] McAdoo SP, Pusey CD (July 2017). "Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease". Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 12 (7): 1162–1172. doi:10.2215/CJN.01380217. PMID 28515156.

[pmid16344620-6] Ferri C, Mascia MT (January 2006). "Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis". Curr Opin Rheumatol. 18 (1): 54–63. PMID 16344620.

[pmid28810602-7] Guo QY, Wu M, Wang YW, Sun GD (2017). "Hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemia with membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis treated with prednisolone and interferon: A case report". Exp Ther Med. 14 (2): 1395–1398. doi:10.3892/etm.2017.4671. PMC 5525644. PMID 28810602.

[pmid26990342-8] Farhadian JA, Castilla C, Shvartsbeyn M, Meehan SA, Neimann A, Pomeranz MK (December 2015). "IgA vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein purpura)". Dermatol. Online J. 21 (12). PMID 26990342.

[pmid22328958-9] Buck A, Christensen J, McCarty M (2012). "Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome: a case report and literature review". J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 5 (1): 36–46. PMC 3277093. PMID 22328958.

[pmid24267504-10] Sise MJ (February 2014). "Acute mesenteric ischemia". Surg. Clin. North Am. 94 (1): 165–81. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2013.10.012. PMID 24267504.

[pmid19665088-11] McDonald JR (2009). "Acute infective endocarditis". Infect Dis Clin North Am. 23 (3): 643–64. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2009.04.013. PMC 2726828. PMID 19665088.

[pmid26176572-12] Einhorn J, Levis JT (2015). "Dermatologic Diagnosis: Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis". Perm J. 19 (3): 77–8. doi:10.7812/TPP/15-001. PMC 4500485. PMID 26176572.

[pmid18572052-13] Margo CE, Goldman DR (2008). "Langerhans cell histiocytosis". Surv Ophthalmol. 53 (4): 332–58. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.04.007. PMID 18572052.

[pmid18452692-14] Molina JR, Yang P, Cassivi SD, Schild SE, Adjei AA (2008). "Non-small cell lung cancer: epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and survivorship". Mayo Clin Proc. 83 (5): 584–94. doi:10.4065/83.5.584. PMC 2718421. PMID 18452692.

[pmid16226617-15] Jackman DM, Johnson BE (2005). "Small-cell lung cancer". Lancet. 366 (9494): 1385–96. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67569-1. PMID 16226617.

[pmid15821192-16] Parambil JG, Savci CD, Tazelaar HD, Ryu JH (April 2005). "Causes and presenting features of pulmonary infarctions in 43 cases identified by surgical lung biopsy". Chest. 127 (4): 1178–83. doi:10.1378/chest.127.4.1178. PMID 15821192.

[pmid25554106-17] VanDeVoorde RG (January 2015). "Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis: the most common acute glomerulonephritis". Pediatr Rev. 36 (1): 3–12, quiz 13. doi:10.1542/pir.36-1-3. PMID 25554106.

[pmid11691946-18] Corrigan JJ, Boineau FG (November 2001). "Hemolytic-uremic syndrome". Pediatr Rev. 22 (11): 365–9. PMID 11691946.

[pmid15561682-19] Byrd JC, Stilgenbauer S, Flinn IW (2004). "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program: 163–83. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2004.1.163. PMID 15561682.

[pmid28318212-20] Michels TC, Petersen KE (March 2017). "Multiple Myeloma: Diagnosis and Treatment". Am Fam Physician. 95 (6): 373–383. PMID 28318212.

[pmid19630574-21] Klion A (2009). "Hypereosinophilic syndrome: current approach to diagnosis and treatment". Annu. Rev. Med. 60: 293–306. doi:10.1146/annurev.med.60.062107.090340. PMID 19630574.

[pmid22835603-22] Shankland KR, Armitage JO, Hancock BW (September 2012). "Non-Hodgkin lymphoma". Lancet. 380 (9844): 848–57. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60605-9. PMID 22835603.

[pmid2867672-23] Lin RY (January 1986). "Serum sickness syndrome". Am Fam Physician. 33 (1): 157–62. PMID 2867672.

[pmid25535423-24] Venugopal A (2014). "Disseminated intravascular coagulation". Indian J Anaesth. 58 (5): 603–8. doi:10.4103/0019-5049.144666. PMC 4260307. PMID 25535423.

[pmid27441004-25] Nomura S (2016). "Advances in Diagnosis and Treatments for Immune Thrombocytopenia". Clin Med Insights Blood Disord. 9: 15–22. doi:10.4137/CMBD.S39643. PMC 4948655. PMID 27441004.

[pmid27454074-26] Chiarchiaro J, Chen BB, Gibson KF (2016). "New molecular targets for the treatment of sarcoidosis". Curr Opin Pulm Med. 22 (5): 515–21. doi:10.1097/MCP.0000000000000304. PMC 5152532. PMID 27454074.

[pmid12491204-27] Murdoch DR (January 2003). "Diagnosis of Legionella infection". Clin. Infect. Dis. 36 (1): 64–9. doi:10.1086/345529. PMID 12491204.

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 <span style="font-size:85%">'''Abbreviations:'''
 ABG= [[Arterial blood gas]], ANA= [[Antinuclear antibody]], ANP= [[Atrial natriuretic peptide]], ASO= [[Antistreptolysin O|Antistreptolysin O antibody]], BNP= [[Brain natriuretic peptide]], CBC= [[Complete blood count]], COPD= [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], CRP= [[C-reactive protein]], CT= [[Computed tomography]], CXR= [[Chest X-ray]], DVT= [[Deep vein thrombosis]], ESR= [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]], HRCT= [[High Resolution CT]], IgE= [[Immunoglobulin E]], LDH= [[Lactate dehydrogenase]], PCWP= [[Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure]], PCR= [[Polymerase chain reaction]], PFT= [[Pulmonary function test]].</span>
+<small><small>
 {| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center"
 ! colspan="3" rowspan="4" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diseases
@@ Line 684: / Line 685: @@
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Clinical findings coupled with imaging
 ! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Ear pain]] and redness, [[Polyarthritis]]
-|-
-! colspan="3" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Diseases
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Headache
-! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Fever
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Weight loss
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Arthralgia
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Claudication
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Bruit
-! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |HTN
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Focal neurological disorder
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Biomarker
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CBC
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |ESR
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |CT scan
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Angiography
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Ultrasound/ Echocardiography
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Other
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Histopathology
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |'''Gold standard'''
-! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" |Additional findings
-|-
-! rowspan="5" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |Variable-vessel vasculitis
-! colspan="2" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Behçet's disease|Behçet’s syndrome]]<ref name="pmid17334337">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yazici H, Fresko I, Yurdakul S |title=Behçet's syndrome: disease manifestations, management, and advances in treatment |journal=Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=148–55 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17334337 |doi=10.1038/ncprheum0436 |url=}}</ref>
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+/-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[CXCL1]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Mild [[anemia]], [[Neutrophilia]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Factor V Leiden]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Focal [[CNS]] lesions
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Aneurysm]] formation and [[thrombosis]] areas
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Valve [[Vegetation (pathology)|vegetations]] and [[Thrombi|ventricular thrombi]] in [[echocardiography]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Meningoencephalitis]]   in [[MRI]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Lymphocytic]] and [[plasma cell]] invasion in the [[prickle cell]] layer of the [[epidermis]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Clinical criteria
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Genital skin lesions|Genital ulcerations]], [[Oral ulcerations|Oral ulceration]]
-|-
-! colspan="2" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Cogan syndrome|Cogan's syndrome]]<ref name="pmid27373108">{{cite journal| author=Iliescu DA, Timaru CM, Batras M, De Simone A, Stefan C| title=COGAN'S SYNDROME. | journal=Rom J Ophthalmol | year= 2015 | volume= 59 | issue= 1 | pages= 6-13 | pmid=27373108 | doi= | pmc=5729811 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27373108  }}</ref>
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+/-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+/-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | [[Hsp70|Anti-Hsp70 antibodies]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Anemia]], [[Thrombocytosis]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[RF]], [[ANA]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Thickening and enhancement of both posterior [[sclera]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | [[Stenosis]], [[thrombosis]] or more lesions in [[aortic root]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Aortic insufficiency]] in [[echocardiography]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Early [[interstitial keratitis]] by [[slit lamp]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Muscle]] [[necrosis]] and [[atrophy]] resembling [[myositis]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |'''[[Red eye]], [[Hearing loss]], [[Vertigo]]'''
-|-
-! rowspan="3" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Gastrointestinal diseases|Gastrointestinal disease]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Inflammatory bowel disease|Inflammatory Bowel Disease]]<ref name="pmid26900160">{{cite journal| author=Wehkamp J, Götz M, Herrlinger K, Steurer W, Stange EF| title=Inflammatory Bowel Disease. | journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int | year= 2016 | volume= 113 | issue= 5 | pages= 72-82 | pmid=26900160 | doi=10.3238/arztebl.2016.0072 | pmc=4782273 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26900160  }}</ref>
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+/-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Anti-[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae|Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody]] (ASCA), [[P-ANCA]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Leukocytosis]], [[Anemia]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | [[Iron deficiency anemia|Iron]] or [[vitamin deficiency]], [[Fecal occult blood|Stool OB]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Mesenteric]] fat stranding, bowel wall enhancement, increased [[vascularity]] (comb sign)
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Fistulas]], [[Abscesses]], [[Stenosis]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Grossly denuded [[Mucosal|mucosa]] with active [[bleeding]] in [[colonoscopy]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Crypt abscess|Crypt abscesses]] and [[Ulceration|mucosal ulceration]], [[Granulomas]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Endoscopy]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Gastrointestinal bleeding|GI bleeding]]
-|-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Whipple's disease]]<ref name="pmid11432814">{{cite journal| author=Dutly F, Altwegg M| title=Whipple's disease and "Tropheryma whippelii". | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2001 | volume= 14 | issue= 3 | pages= 561-83 | pmid=11432814 | doi=10.1128/CMR.14.3.561-583.2001 | pmc=88990 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11432814  }}</ref>
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+/-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[CCR4|CCR6]], [[Integrin, beta 6|Gut-homing marker integrin β7-chain]], ''[[Tropheryma whipplei|T whippelii DNA]]''
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Mild [[anemia]], [[Neutrophilia]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Fecal fat|72-hour fecal fat determination]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Nonspecific [[malabsorption]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Periodic acid-Schiff]]–positive [[macrophages]] infiltration in [[lamina propria]] of the [[small bowel]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Broad-spectrum [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]] amplifications
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Cachexia]],
-[[Glossitis]]
-|-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Sjögren's syndrome]]<ref name="pmid28610655">{{cite journal| author=Stefanski AL, Tomiak C, Pleyer U, Dietrich T, Burmester GR, Dörner T| title=The Diagnosis and Treatment of Sjögren's Syndrome. | journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int | year= 2017 | volume= 114 | issue= 20 | pages= 354-361 | pmid=28610655 | doi=10.3238/arztebl.2017.0354 | pmc=5471601 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28610655  }}</ref>
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+/-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Anti-Ro and Anti-La, Anti-alpha-fodrin [[antibody]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Anemia]],
-[[Leukopenia]],
-[[Eosinophilia]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Hypergammaglobulinemia]], Low [[bicarbonate]] level, [[Hypokalemia]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Salt and pepper or honeycomb appearance in [[parotid glands]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Multicystic or reticular pattern in [[atrophic]] [[salivary gland]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |R/O [[Obstruction|obstructions]] or [[strictures]] with [[Sialography]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Focal aggregates of [[lymphocytes]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Schirmer's test|Schirmer test]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Keratoconjunctivitis]], [[Gingival|Gingival inflammation]]
-|-
-! rowspan="6" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |Single-organ vasculitis
-! colspan="2" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |Primary [[central nervous system]] [[vasculitis]]<ref name="pmid16575852">{{cite journal |vauthors=Benseler SM, Silverman E, Aviv RI, Schneider R, Armstrong D, Tyrrell PN, deVeber G |title=Primary central nervous system vasculitis in children |journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=1291–7 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16575852 |doi=10.1002/art.21766 |url=}}</ref>
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Von Willebrand factor (vWF)|von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF)]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Normal
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[CSF]] [[pleocytosis]], predominantly [[lymphocytes]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Cerebral]] [[Infarction|infarcts]] or [[hemorrhages]] with [[mass effect]], or [[hydrocephalus]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Aneurysm]] in [[circle of Willis]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Progression of the disease or response to therapy in [[MRI]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Chronic [[granulomatous]] [[inflammation]] and [[giant cells]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Histopathology|Histological confirmation]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Skin rash]], [[Purpura]]
-|-
-! rowspan="3" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Infectious disease]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Aspergillosis]]<ref name="pmid10194462">{{cite journal| author=Latgé JP| title=Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 1999 | volume= 12 | issue= 2 | pages= 310-50 | pmid=10194462 | doi= | pmc=88920 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10194462  }}</ref>
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Aspergillus]] [[nucleic acid]] in [[blood]], [[Galactomannan]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Eosinophilia]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑Serum [[Immunoglobulin E|IgE]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Aspergilloma]] mass within a cavity
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Mass effect]] [[stenosis]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Aspergilloma]] mass within the brain in [[MRI]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Septate [[hyphae]], branching at acute angles, and tissue [[necrosis]] with  [[Granuloma|granulomata]] and [[blood vessel]] invasion
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Histopathology|Histological confirmation]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Hemoptysis]], [[Aspergilloma]]
-|-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Histoplasmosis]]<ref name="pmid20445761">{{cite journal| author=Guimarães AJ, Nosanchuk JD, Zancopé-Oliveira RM| title=DIAGNOSIS OF HISTOPLASMOSIS. | journal=Braz J Microbiol | year= 2006 | volume= 37 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-13 | pmid=20445761 | doi=10.1590/S1517-83822006000100001 | pmc=2863343 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20445761  }}</ref>
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Mild [[anemia]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑[[Alkaline phosphatase|ALP]], ↑[[LDH]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Cerebral]] [[histoplasmosis]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Valvular Diseases|Valvular involvement]] in [[echocardiography]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[PFTs|PFT]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Presence of [[yeast]] forms in tissue through [[Hematoxylin and eosin stain|hematoxylin and eosin staining]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Sputum cultures]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Pneumonia]], [[Mediastinitis]]
-|-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Herpes Simplex Encephalitis]]<ref name="pmid9163027">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sköldenberg B |title=Herpes simplex encephalitis |journal=Scand J Infect Dis Suppl |volume=100 |issue= |pages=8–13 |date=1996 |pmid=9163027 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Herpes simplex virus|HSV]] [[DNA]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Mild [[lymphocytosis]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[CSF]] [[pleocytosis]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Low-density lesions in the [[Temporal lobe|temporal]] and/or [[frontal lobe]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Hemorrhagic]] lesion in [[white matter]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Multinucleated giant cell|Multinuclear giant cells]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[PCR]] or [[brain biopsy]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Seizures]],
-[[Vomiting]]
-|-
-! rowspan="2" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Systemic diseases|Systemic disease]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Eclampsia]]<ref name="pmid21822394">{{cite journal| author=Uzan J, Carbonnel M, Piconne O, Asmar R, Ayoubi JM| title=Pre-eclampsia: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. | journal=Vasc Health Risk Manag | year= 2011 | volume= 7 | issue=  | pages= 467-74 | pmid=21822394 | doi=10.2147/VHRM.S20181 | pmc=3148420 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21822394  }}</ref>
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Vascular endothelial growth factor|VEGF]], [[PlGF]], Soluble [[FLT1|FLT-1]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Anemia]], [[Thrombocytopenia]], [[Schistocytes]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑[[Bilirubin]], ↓[[Haptoglobin]], ↑[[Lactate dehydrogenase|LDH]], ↑[[Creatinine|Cr]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Cortical hypodense areas in the [[Occipital lobe|occipital lobes]], Diffuse [[cerebral edema]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Fetal growth retardation|Poor fetal growth]], [[Oligohydramnios]], Abnormal [[umbilical artery]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Increased signal at the [[Gray matter|gray-white matter junction]] in [[MRI]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Urinalysis|24-hour urine study]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Seizure]], [[Edema]]
-|-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Fibromuscular dysplasia]]<ref name="pmid17555581">{{cite journal| author=Plouin PF, Perdu J, La Batide-Alanore A, Boutouyrie P, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Jeunemaitre X| title=Fibromuscular dysplasia. | journal=Orphanet J Rare Dis | year= 2007 | volume= 2 | issue=  | pages= 28 | pmid=17555581 | doi=10.1186/1750-1172-2-28 | pmc=1899482 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17555581  }}</ref>
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+/-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |+/-
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Transforming growth factor β|Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Normal
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |↑ [[Creatinine|Cr]] or [[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Alternating [[stenosis]] and [[Dilatation|dilatations]] in [[CT angiography]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Stenosis]] in the [[renal arteries]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Luminal narrowing alternating with [[dilatation]] (Beads sign)
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Focal [[concentric]], long-segment [[tubular]] [[stenosis]] or outpouching in [[MRA]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Fibrodysplastic changes, [[Collagen]] deposition
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Digital subtraction angiography|Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)]]
-! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Spontaneous coronary artery dissection|Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD)]]
 |-
 |}
+</small></small>
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|2}}
-[[Category: Medicine]]
-[[Category: Up-To-Date]]
-[[Category: Primary care]]
-[[Category: Rheumatology]]
 {{WH}}
 {{WS}}
+[[Category:Medicine]]
+[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
+[[Category:Rheumatology]]

Small-sized vessel vasculitis: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 00:13, 30 July 2020

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